梅雨锋的典型结构、多样性和多尺度特征

在天气尺度梅雨锋的天气学定义基础上,利用GMS-5静止卫星红外云图、常规气象探空资料、NCEP再分析与最终分析资料对2002年长江流域典型梅雨期6月26—28日和二度梅期间7月23日、1998年5月梅雨与7月二度梅共4个梅雨锋个例进行了分析与比较,归纳了梅雨锋结构多样性;并着重对典型梅雨期的梅雨锋发展过程、水平以及垂直结构进行了多种物理量场(包括风场、温度场、急流、锋区、假相当位温、散度、垂直速度、静力稳定度等)的综合分析。结果表明,不同的个例,不同的地区和时期,一次梅雨过程的不同阶段,梅雨锋的结构和性质都有可能不同,它可以从比较接近极锋的性质过渡到接近赤道锋的性质。在水平结构上梅雨锋是在高、低纬度不同尺度的环流系统共同作用下形成的,从而造成了梅雨锋结构具有丰富的多样性。对典型梅雨锋结构进行综合分析表明梅雨锋对流层中下层锋面由强假相当位温水平梯度形成;梅雨锋南侧为暖湿气团、北侧为变性气团;梅雨锋南面为西南季风、北面为偏东气流;梅雨锋的上升运动和强降水主要发生在梅雨锋的前沿;梅雨锋上方对流层上半部存在与副热带高空急流相配合的高空副热带锋;对流层上部的高空热带东风与副热带高空西风急流构成了梅雨锋降水的高空辐散流场。根据典型期梅雨锋以及二度梅倾斜型梅雨锋的对流层上、中、下水平环流特征,给出了梅雨锋的多尺度概念模型,主要包括中低纬度系统相互作用、对流层高层的行星尺度的环流系统副热带高空西风急流、高空热带东风急流与南亚高压、对流层中层的副热带高压与北方的短波槽以及对流层低层的行星尺度季风和切变线。     

梅雨锋云带内α-中尺度对流系统周边水汽风的分析

应用准静止卫星水汽图像导出的风 (简称为水汽风 )分析东亚梅雨锋云带内中尺度对流系统 (MCS)在对流层上层的流出通道。结果表明梅雨锋云带内MCS有二类流出通道。一类MCS在对流层上层呈现为一个中尺度反气旋。MCS的东部有一支中尺度高空急流 ,这支中尺度高空急流向东流出后转向南 ,流入 2 0°N附近的南亚东风急流内 ,是MCS在对流层上层的主要流出通道。另一类MCS发生在中纬度西风急流的南侧。中纬度西风与MCS南部的偏东北风构成一个反气旋环流带。MCS前方的流出通道 (中尺度高空急流 )是中纬度西风急流的一个中尺度分支。梅雨锋云带内垂直方向水平风速切变小于 1m/ (s·10 0hPa) ,垂直方向“不通风”有利于云带内MCS的维持。初步分析验证了以前数值模拟得到的中尺度高空急流及其流出通道。     

2017年梅雨期浙江中部连续暴雨过程的环流特征

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°的FNL再分析资料和FY-2E卫星云图资料对2017年梅汛期前后浙江中部大尺度环流背景进行分析,同时对梅汛期三次强降水过程的梅雨锋结构、对流层低层风场对中尺度对流系统发展的影响以及中尺度云团特征等进行了诊断分析。结果表明：1） 进入梅汛期,贝加尔湖长波脊发展及长久维持,带状分布的西太平洋副热带高压较常年偏强,有利于冷暖空气交汇于浙江一带,形成范围大、持续时间长的强降水;2） 在垂直方向上,高空西风急流的入口区右侧与低空急流核左前方相叠加,高低空急流耦合作用明显,为中尺度对流系统维持提供了必备的不稳定机制;3） 三次强降水过程均具有正涡度带随时间东移的现象,揭示了梅雨锋区低值系统沿切变线东移的特点。其中,第三次暴雨过程正涡度东移特点最明显,对流层低层的有利动力条件导致中尺度对流系统的发展及强降水的出现;第二次过程的副热带西风急流中心风速明显较第一次和第三次小,但西风急流中心位置南移至30°—35°N,正好位于梅雨锋区上空,补偿了因急流风速减小对高层辐散的影响。     

The intraseasonal oscillations of precipitation and circulations from January to March in 2010 in East Asia

The rainfall from January to March in 2010 in East Asia is positive anomaly and the temporal evolution characteristics present the cycle of 20–40 days. In the present paper, the low-frequency circulations and its formation mechanism are analyzed. The results show that during the peak rainfall phase, the upstream of the rainfall regions is controlled by low-frequency cyclone, and the downstream is controlled by low-frequency anticyclone in the middle and low troposphere. In the upper troposphere, the westerly jet presents the oscillation characteristics between the north and the south. Both the integrated (from the surface to 100 hPa) diabatic heating and the horizontal vorticity advection contribute to the vertical velocity. In addition, the vorticity vertical advection has effects on the vertical speed, which is a self-feedback process. The latent heating in the precipitation has influences on the westerly jet in the upper troposphere. The interactions between the precipitation and the westerly jet are mainly manifested as the intraseasonal oscillations.     

The Propagation of Wave Packets and Its Relationship with the Subtropical Jet over Southern China in January 2008

The propagation of wave packets and its relationship with the subtropical jet was investigated for the period 26-29 January 2008 over southern China using ECMWF Interim re-analysis data.Wave packets propagated from the north to the south side of an upper front with eastward development along the upper front during this period.Due to the eastward development of propagation,the acceleration of geostrophic westerly winds shifted eastward along the front.There were two primary sources of the propagation of wave packets at around 30 N.The first was the temperature inversion layer below 500 hPa,and the second was baroclinic zones located along the polarward flank of the subtropical jet in the middle and upper troposphere.Most wave packets propagated horizontally from the baroclinic zones and then converged on the zero meridional gradients of zonal winds.     

1991年梅雨锋暴雨与锋生环流的诊断分析

利用原始方程模式锋生环流诊断方程对１９９１年７月一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行诊断分析。计算结果表明，锋面横向次级环流在低层是一个热力正环流，低空急流出口区的次级环流使锋面附近的上升运动得到加强：１００ｈＰａ青藏高压东侧的偏北风与中层的偏南风耦合形成择流层上层的反环流叠加在锋面横向环流上形成深厚的上升气流区是暴雨发生的动力条件。     

1958年7月亚洲东南部西南季风区和太平洋信风区平均流场和平均经圈环流

亚洲东南部西南季风区和太平洋信风区环流特点有显著的不同。在季风区有南部下沉、北部高原地区上升的垂直季风环流,高层有东风急流,下层有达400毫巴高度的深厚的西南气流。在信风区、低纬度则存在着典型的Hadley环流,高层有夏季太平洋中部副热带西风急流,下部有东北信风,东风随高度减弱。 季风垂直环流的存在,进一步说明了季风形成的因子。     

高空西风急流东西向形态变化对梅雨期降水空间分布的影响

利用40年的NCEP/NCAR再分析候平均资料和同期长江中下游地区逐日降水资料,使用合成方法分析了梅雨期东亚副热带高空西风急流的东西位置和形态变化特征,探讨了高空西风急流对梅雨期降水空间分布的影响.分析结果表明,梅雨期东亚大陆上空西风急流强度减弱且持续维持、西太平洋上空西风急流核分裂减弱直至出梅后消失,这是梅雨期200 hPa东亚高空西风急流东西向位置变化的主要特征.梅雨期,200 hPa副热带西风急流中心呈现东西向位置变化和海陆分布形态差异,西风急流中心东西向位置变化对梅雨起讫有着较好的指示意义.梅雨期东亚副热带高空西风急流东西形态分布差异不仅影响到长江中下游地区降水空间集中区的位置而且还影响到降水中心强度.进一步分析表明,当东亚西风急流主体位于西太平洋上空时,在长江下游地区形成高低空急流耦合的环流形势,强烈的辐合上升运动加上充足的水汽条件供应,有利于在长江下游形成集中的强降水区域.当高空西风急流位于东亚大陆上空时,在长江中下游地区高低空急流无耦合形势存在,长江中下游地区也没有强的集中降水区域.因此,东亚副热带高空西风急流东西向形态变化对长江中下游地区的高低空环流结构、地面集中降水区域的空间分布具有重要的影响.     

Relationships between the West Asian subtropical westerly jet and summer precipitation in northern Xinjiang

The relation between the spatial and temporal variations of the West Asian subtropical westerly jet (WASWJ) and the summer precipitation in northern Xinjiang has been explored using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the summer precipitation data at 43 stations in northern Xinjiang during 1961 to 2007. Results show that the position of the WASWJ is more important than its strength in influencing the summer precipitation in northern Xinjiang. When the jet position is further south, the anomalous southwesterly flow crossing the Indian subcontinent along the southern foothill of the Tibetan Plateau is favorable for the southwestward warm and wet air penetrating from low latitudes into Central Asia and northern Xinjiang and more rainfall formation. Further analysis shows that the interannual variations of the jet position are well correlated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO). In the weak AO years, the middle to upper troposphere becomes colder than normal and results in an anomalous cyclonic circulation at 200 hPa over Western and Central Asia, which enhances the westerly wind over middle and low latitudes and leads to the WASWJ located further south.     

卫星导风资料所揭示的对流层上部环流形势与我国夏季主要雨带之间的关系

综合运用1998—2002年的降水资料和卫星导风资料, 统计分析了对流层上部的流场特征, 证实我国夏季出现重要降水过程时, 对流层上部存在3种特定的环流形势:我国南方雨带上空, 在对流层上部常伴有一个反气旋脊, 是中心位于青藏高原上空的反气旋向东的延伸, 强降水区位于该反气旋脊线和副热带西风急流之间的气流辐散区或脊线南侧热带东风的速度辐散区里, 以6—7月在我国长江流域和华南地区较为多见; 强降水区位于我国东部沿海对流层上部不对称反气旋外流区的西侧、高空变形场东侧, 常见于7—9月下旬; 强降水区位于高空槽前的西南气流里, 这种流型以7—8月时在我国30°N以北地区居多。     

一次梅雨锋暴雨的中尺度对流系统及低层风场影响分析

本文利用常规气象观测资料,地面自动站加密观测资料和FY-2D、FY-2E卫星云图以及NCEP 1°×1°的FNL分析资料、EC 0.25°×0.25°的细网格模式数据等,对2015年6月15—18日梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统(MCS)活动特征、对流层低层风场对MCS发展的影响以及梅雨锋暴雨的垂直环流特征等进行了研究,结果表明:天气尺度梅雨锋上叠加的MCS的产生及向下游移动,以及其在安徽中部到江苏南部正涡度带作用下的发展增强,造成了江苏南部的局地强降水。强降水与中尺度低空急流核的位置吻合较好。在垂直方向上,高空急流入口区右侧与低空急流核左前方叠加,高低空急流耦合作用明显。在降水过程中,对流层低层具有较强的垂直风切变,有利于垂直涡度的增强和MCS的发展。对流层低层的垂直风切变也有利于不同源地的水汽在梅雨锋区汇集。梅雨锋北侧的干冷空气在对流层低(中)层以东北(西北)路径向锋区移动。南侧的暖湿气流沿西南路径移动、抬升,接近锋区后质点在上升过程中逐渐转向东移,在高空急流的抽吸作用下,快速向东流出,近地面层空气存在跨锋面环流。梅雨锋系统垂直方向上的次级环流是高层风场强烈辐散以及空气运动过程中质量补充和循环的结果。     

1999年6月长江中下游梅雨暴雨的环流特征分析

利用客观分析资料和加强观测期资料,对1999年6月发生在我国长江流域的持续性梅雨期降水过程的大尺度环流特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)1999年梅雨期,我国长江中下游强降水带状分布非常明显,强降水主要发生在长江中下游地区,强降水带呈东西向分布,并且雨带的南北边界非常清楚。(2)在对流层低层,从孟加拉湾来的西风气流和西太平洋副热带高压前缘的东南气流在长江流域维持,为此次强暴雨过程产生和发展提供了有利的大尺度条件。高空急流和低空急流的存在和维持为此次梅雨锋暴雨过程的发生提供了有利的抬升机制,而对流层中低层的中性对流不稳定特征则为持续性暴雨过程的发生提供了有利的不稳定机制。(3)梅雨锋区对流层低层的水汽辐合非常明显,水汽输送主要来自孟加拉湾和西太平洋,同时南海季风槽在向梅雨锋区输送水汽的过程中起到了非常重要的作用,它是热带海洋地区向我国内陆输送水汽的通道。(4)平均纬向风速u对流层高层出现了与高空西风急流与高空东风急流相对应的两个强风速核;径向平均风速v在400 hPa以下层次盛行南风,而在400 hPa以上的高层盛行北风;受两侧下沉气流的制约,梅雨锋降水带南北两侧存在位势不稳定层结中的不稳定能量无法释放,因此没有出现明显的降水。     

Analysis on the 10-yr Simulation of the Meiyu Precipitation and Its Associated Circulation with the GAMIL Model

The major features of Meiyu precipitation and associated circulation systems simulated by the grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG (GAMIL) with Zhang-McFarlane and Tiedtke cumulus parameterization schemes are examined in this paper. The results show that the model with both schemes can reproduce the heavy precipitation center over the Yangtze-Huai River Basin (YHRB) during the Meiyu period. The horizontal and vertical structures of the circulation systems during the Meiyu period are also well simulated,such as the intensive meridional gradients of moisture and μse (pseudo-equivalent temperature), the strong low-level southwesterly flow in the lower troposphere over East China, the location of the westerly jet stream in the upper troposphere, the strong ascending motion in heavy precipitation zone, and compensation downward motion on the northern and southern sides of the heavy precipitation belt. However, obvious discrepancies occur in the simulated temperature field in the mid-lower troposphere,especially with the Zhang-McFarlane scheme. In addition, the simulated Meiyu period (onset and duration) is found to be associated with the temperature difference in the lower atmosphere over the land and ocean, and with the cumulus parameterization schemes. The land-sea thermal contrast (LSTC) simulated by the Zhang-McFarlane scheme increases faster than that in the reanalysis from April to July, and changes from negative to positive at the end of May. Consequently, the simulated Meiyu onset begins in May, one month earlier than the observation. On the other hand, since the LSTC simulated by the Tiedtke scheme is in agreement with the reanalysis during June and July, the simulated Meiyu period is similar to the observation. The different LSTCs simulated by the GAMIL model with the two cumulus parameterization schemes may affect the Meiyu period simulations. Therefore, it is necessary to refine the cumulus parameterization scheme in order to improve the Meiyu precipitation simulation by the GAMIL model.     

Heavy Rainfall Associated with a Monsoon Depression in South China: Structure Analysis

A heavy rainfall associated with the deepening of a monsoon depression happened in the summer of 2005. This process was first diagnostically analyzed and the 3D structure of the monsoon depression was discussed~ then this structure was compared with those of the monsoon depression in South Asia and the low vortex in the Meiyu front. The results showed that the heavy rainfall directly resulted from a monsoon depression in South China~ and the large-scale environment provided a favorable background for the deepening of the monsoon depression. The 3D structure of the monsoon depression was as follows. In the horizontal direction, there existed a convective cloud band to the south of the monsoon depression, which lay in a convectively instable area, with a relatively strong ascending motion in the mid and low levels of the troposphere, and the ascending motion matched well with a moist tongue, a convergence area, and a band of positive vorticity in the mid and low levels of the troposphere. In the vertical direction, the depression had an obviously cyclonic circulation in the mid and low levels of the troposphere, but no circulation from above 300 hPa. The monsoon depression corresponded to convergence and positive vorticity in the low levels, but to divergence and negative vorticity in the upper levels. The upward draft of the depression could reach the upper levels of the troposphere in the west of the depression, while the descending motion lay in the east. There was a low-level jet to the south of the depression, while the upper-level jet was not obvious. The depression was vertically warm in the upper levels and cold in the low levels, and the axis of the depression tilted southeastward with height, whose characteristics were different not only from the monsoon depression in South Asia but also from the low vortex in the Meiyu front.     

Synoptic Features of the Second Meiyu Period in 1998 over China

1. IntroductionThe Meiyu, translated as plum rain, is a majorannual rainfall event over the Yangtze River Basin inChina and southern Japan in June and July. Theheavy rainfall is mainly caused by a quasi-stationaryfront, known as the Meiyu front, extended from east-ern China to southern Japan (Tao, 1958; Matsumotoet al., 1971; Akiyama, 1990; Gao et al, 1990). Studiesof Zhang and Zhang (1990) and Chen et al. (1998)pointed that the Meiyu front is one of the most signif-icant circulation s…     

安徽暴雨落区与一些物理量关系的统计分析

从概率统计的思路出发，用1994-2003年的降水资料对安徽省夏半年（4—9月）暴雨落区、频数等与5840gpm线的关系进行了统计分析，并用2003年淮河洪涝期间20个暴雨区域与某些实况物理量场对比，分析了暴雨落区与一些物理量分布的关系，表明了安徽省暴雨主要集中在梅雨期到7月份，暴雨日数多寡和暴雨范围大小，基本上主导汛期降水多少和旱涝趋势。暴雨落区集中出现在5820～5840gpm的区域，而〈5750gpm和〉5870gpm的区域很少出现暴雨。因此梅雨期主雨带位置预报大致可以用5840gpm线的移动作参考。在物理量上，西风急流北侧以及500hPa上升运动中心南侧到850hPa上升运动中心北侧，有利于暴雨发生发展。     

北太平洋增暖对我国西北秋雨的影响

利用1979-2012年我国160站逐月降水资料、NOAA全球海洋表面温度资料和NCEP-DOE大气环流再分析资料,采用统计分析方法研究了北太平洋海表增暖对我国西北秋雨年代际变化的影响。结果表明:西北秋雨在2000年前后经历了年代际跃变,1986-1999年为少雨期,2000-2012年为多雨期。进一步分析表明:西北秋雨的年代际变化与北太平洋海表增暖关系密切,北太平洋海温偏暖时,东亚一北太平洋地区的大气温度升高,引起东亚地区的南北温差减弱,使东亚西风急流减弱,急流中心偏北,东亚中纬度地区气压升高,导致异常东风水汽输送带偏强,造成西北秋雨异常偏多。     

Projected changes in the characteristics of the East Asian summer monsoonal front and their impacts on the regional precipitation

Summer monsoonal rainfall over East Asia is dominated by precipitation associated with the East Asian summer monsoonal front (EASMF). A Community Atmospheric Model (CAM5.1) with a high horizontal resolution of 50 km is employed in this study to investigate the interannual variability as well as projected future trends in the EASMF under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario. Seasonal march of the EASMF is reproduced reasonably well in the model’s present-day simulation despite a northward shift of the simulated front from its observed position. Based upon a suite of objectively-defined daily indices of the EASMF, we show that the EASMF in the late twenty-first century will be more intense and displaced eastward and southward from its present-day mean location. Moreover, EASMF events will exhibit a wider meridional expansion and a longer duration. Monsoonal precipitation over East Asia is particularly sensitive to the meridional displacements of EASMF. In conjunction with the projected southward shift of EASMF, an enhanced rain band is seen to extend northeastward from southern China to the northwestern Pacific south of Japan. This precipitation feature is associated with strengthened and southward-shifted westerly jet streams at 250 and 700 hPa, which are respectively linked to tropical warming in the upper troposphere and warming over the South China Sea in the lower troposphere during the twenty-first century. Within the latitudinal “gap” south of the upper-level jet and north of the lower-level jet, the local vorticity tendencies are maintained by upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence, thus accompanied by enhanced upward motion and precipitation. The site at which this “jet stream-precipitation” relationship prevails is notably modulated by long-term trends in the temperature and circulation patterns associated with climate change.

     

浙江省梅雨锋强降水的锋生及环流特征分析

为了研究浙中西（浙江省中部和西部）梅雨锋强降水的锋生及环流特征,以2016年6月15日一次典型梅雨为代表,采用ERA-INTERIM（0.25°×0.25°）再分析资料、FY-2E卫星云顶亮温和雷达资料,运用风场分解、合成分析等方法对锋生与强降水的对应关系及环流结构进行分析。结果表明:此次典型梅雨处于有利的天气尺度背景下,强降水区与中低层锋生区有较好对应。锋区维持时,强降水区伴随中层倾斜锋生和形变锋生;锋区南压时,强降水区伴随中层倾斜锋生和低层水平锋生。低层梅雨锋北侧为超地转偏西气流,南侧为非地转东南气流,它们分别影响了北侧非平衡偏北气流和南侧平衡西南气流的发展,从而影响锋生系统。在锋区存在低层地转偏差辐合、高层辐散的上升运动,形成次级环流上升支,锋后反之。此外,锋前低空纬向风为次地转,而锋后低空纬向风为超地转,高空纬向风为次地转,这进一步促进了次级环流的发展。合成场中,在200 hPa西风槽槽后及槽前分别存在西北气流和西南气流显著增强区;在700 hPa浙北（浙江北部）地区存在东北气流显著增强区。合成锋生各分解项的水平及垂直分布与典型个例较类似。低层锋生主要由散度项贡献,形变项次之,倾斜项则起负作用;中层锋生主要由倾斜项贡献,形变项次之;高层锋消主要由倾斜项贡献。     

江淮流域两次中尺度对流涡旋的结构特征研究

对2003、2007年江淮梅雨期的中尺度对流涡旋（MCV）进行了统计分析,结果表明我国梅雨锋上MCV活跃,这些MCV与强降水有关。2003、2007年江淮梅雨期有9个MCV发生,大多数的MCV发生在32°N～35°N之间的江苏境内。采用ARPS（Advanced Regional Prediction System）的资料分析系统（ADAS）和WRF模式模拟了2个MCV的发展过程,并使用数值模拟结果分析了它们的结构特征。MCV一般发生在强对流系统的北侧,其涡旋环流一般在600 hPa以下,对应涡旋区域对流层高层为强辐散,涡度最强的中心在对流层中层,但正涡度区可伸展到300 hPa。初始阶段MCV的中心为上升运动和中性层结,成熟阶段MCV的中心转为下沉运动,同时其南侧有新的对流发生。发展型和不发展型的MCV对比发现,涡旋对流层高层有涡度增加以及二次对流的潜热释放多,可能是发展型MCV维持时间较长的原因。此外,MCV发展过程中南侧急流的增强对MCV中对流的触发和维持有一定作用。