羌塘盆地泥火山发育区天然气水合物地球化学勘查

泥火山是天然气水合物赋存的标志之一,是天然气水合物存在的主要证据。羌塘盆地冻土区发育大量泥火山。对泥火山发育区进行了地球化学勘查,结果表明,泥火山周围具有酸解烃、荧光光谱、碳酸盐、蚀变碳酸盐、微量元素等地球化学指标显著异常,甲烷碳同位素和三维荧光结果显示地球化学烃类异常为原油伴生气和凝析油成因,表明泥火山外围烃类富集是由油气藏渗漏形成。该结论对羌塘盆地天然气水合物勘查突破具有重要意义。     

祁连山哈拉湖坳陷天然气水合物地球化学勘查

自祁连山冻土区木里坳陷发现天然气水合物以来,南祁连盆地开始成为中纬度冻土区天然气水合物调查的重点地区。2014年在哈拉湖坳陷开展了1∶10万地球化学调查,目的是为天然气水合物远景预测提供地球化学依据。调查面积3 000 km~2,采样密度1点/2 km~2,分析了天然气水合物和油气化探指标。在哈拉湖坳陷圈出了与三露天水合物矿藏类似的地球化学综合异常,面积大于30 km~2,异常组合为酸解烃甲烷、酸解烃干燥系数、丁烷异构比、顶空气甲烷和荧光F320,这些指标存在组分分带现象。进一步研究表明,烃类气体主要来源于深部的凝析油伴生气和煤型气,异常区发育有利于天然气水合物形成的冻土厚度。调查结果表明,地球化学技术适用于中纬度冻土区天然气水合物勘查,能够圈出天然气水合物远景区。     

南海琼东南盆地-西沙海槽天然气水合物地球化学勘探与资源远景评价

研究工区范围为南海琼东南盆地至西沙海槽一线的海域。数据来自：中国地质大学参加了2000年和2006年在中国南海西沙海槽工区天然气水合物地球化学勘探,通过现场快速勘查实测和室内分析测试得到的多种烃类数据;申请到大洋钻探3个航次典型钻井的样品,经国内实验室实测得到的酸解烃指标和酸解烃微量甲烷碳同位素数据;搜集的其他文献涉及研究区的酸解烃指标数据和酸解烃微量甲烷碳同位素数据。依据甲烷的地球化学特征、湿度比值分布和甲烷碳同位素的组成特征对研究区天然气水合物的成因进行了分析研究;依据数据对比探讨了酸解烃微量甲烷同位素值的地球化学意义,对中国海区天然气水合物的成因进行了讨论判别。最后,依据上述结论对区内天然气水合物资源的远景进行了评价和预测。     

极地冻土区浅表土壤烃类组成特征及指示意义

漠河盆地是我国主要极地冻土分布区,通过在漠河盆地西北部冻土区进行地球化学方法试验,浅表土壤中检出酸解烃和吸附烃两种烃类气体,其中吸附烃含量较高,甲烷平均值为12.48μL/L,最高值达49.93μL/L,酸解烃相对偏低。烃类三维荧光光谱显示凝析油特性,为热解成因气,表明深源气体不断迁移到地表表现出地球化学微观信息,结合该地区冻土、温压等条件,指示冻土区深部具有油性气和天然气水合物的存在。     

青海南部陆域冻土区钻孔岩芯地球化学特征及其水合物指示意义

为探讨青海南部陆域冻土区烃源岩地球化学异常成因及气源条件,通过分析青海开心岭冻土区TK- 1钻孔岩芯样品中酸解烃、荧光光谱、甲烷碳同位素含量及垂向迁移变化特征,解析其烃类地球化学异常成因,剖析岩芯中烃类异常与裂隙或破碎带、水合物稳定带、烃类运聚成藏过程的响应关系,研究其对天然气水合物及烃类运聚的地球化学指示意义。结果显示：钻孔岩芯中烃类在62~80 m、112~119 m、150~169 m和254~350 m深度段出现明显的地球化学异常富集特征,钻孔岩芯酸解烃中烃类组成、参数比值(C1/ΣC1- 5、C1/ΣC2- 5、C1/ΣC2- 3、iC4/nC4等)、甲烷碳同位素(δ13CPDB)显示烃类以热解成因为主,包括油型裂解气、凝析油伴生气、煤成气和少量的无机成因气。二叠系那益雄组煤系烃源岩处于高—过成熟阶段,其热演化过程中的生排烃气可能是形成水合物所需气体的重要来源。冻土带的封盖“挡板效应”,在冻土层下方形成烃类地球化学强异常,可作为天然气水合物及烃类运聚等异常现象的指示。裂隙或破碎带内岩芯酸解烃组分含量相对较高,随着深度变化,烃类组分呈现明显的“色层效应”,显示裂隙或破碎带对烃类的运移、聚集具有一定控制作用。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物DK-8孔岩芯顶空气地球化学特征及其运移指示意义

通过对祁连山木里冻土区天然气水合物DK-8孔不同深度岩芯中气体组分和甲烷碳同位素分析测试,对比分析其变化特征与天然气水合物及异常现象产出层段、断层或破碎带分布之间的空间关系,指出它们对天然气水合物及烃类运移作用的地球化学指示意义.岩芯中气体含量(μL/kg)在149～167m、228～299m、321～338m、360～380m等深度段具异常值特征,它们与天然气水合物及主要异常现象产出层段基本一致,表明岩芯中烃类含量的异常值特征主要是天然气水合物及异常现象的反映.根据离断层或破碎带不同距离岩芯烃类总体积百分比(vol％)、甲烷碳同位素δ13C1值(‰PDB)及C1/∑C1-5、C1/∑C2-5、C1/∑C2-3、C1/C2、C2/C3、C2/∑C3-4、iC4/nC4、iC5/nC5等特征,代表天然气水合物及其异常的具异常值特征的岩芯中烃类主要由运移而来,它们与断层或破碎带关系密切,下部断层或破碎带是主要烃类运移通道,中上部断层或破碎带可成为天然气水合物赋存空间.     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物DK-8孔岩心顶空气地球化学特征及其指示意义

通过对祁连山木里冻土区天然气水合物DK-8孔不同深度岩芯中气体组分和甲烷碳同位素分析测试,对比分析其变化特征与天然气水合物及异常现象产出层段、断层或破碎带分布之间的空间关系,指出它们对天然气水合物及烃类运移作用的地球化学指示意义。岩芯中气体含量(μL/kg)在149～167m、228～299m、321～338m、360～380m等深度段具异常值特征,它们与天然气水合物及主要异常现象产出层段基本一致,表明岩芯中烃类含量的异常值特征主要是天然气水合物及异常现象的反映。根据离断层或破碎带不同距离岩芯烃类总体积百分比(vol%)、甲烷碳同位素δ13C1值(‰PDB)及C1/C1-5、C1/ΣC2-5、C1/ΣC2-3、C1/C2、C2/C3、C2/ΣC3-4、iC4/nC4、iC5/nC5等特征,代表天然气水合物及其异常的具异常值特征的岩芯中烃类主要由运移而来,它们与断层或破碎带关系密切,下部断层或破碎带是主要烃类运移通道,中上部断层或破碎带可成为天然气水合物赋存空间。     

陆域冻土区天然气水合物地球化学勘查中顶空气轻烃应用模式试验

为探索顶空气轻烃技术在陆域冻土区天然气水合物地球化学勘查中的应用,选择祁连山木里已知天然气水合物矿区和哈拉湖未知区作为方法技术的试验区.试验指标包括土壤顶空气、土壤酸解烃、岩芯顶空气轻烃测井、甲烷碳同位素.研究表明:祁连山木里已知天然气水合物矿藏上方,土壤顶空气轻烃组分以甲烷为主,甲烷所占比例非常高,90.6％的样品C1含量都在78％以上,甲烷含量显著高于常规油气盆地;未发现天然气水合物的哈拉湖试验区,无明显的土壤顶空气轻烃异常现象.顶空气轻烃异常模式为:平面上,矿藏上方近地表土壤中存在明显的顶空气甲烷强异常;剖面上,在天然气水合物稳定带上方呈现"前缘晕"异常特征;其空间分布与祁连山水合物矿藏展布空间具有套合关系.甲烷碳同位素和烃类组成判断地表油气化探异常为热解成因,与祁连山冻土区天然气水合物的气体为同一成因来源.陆域冻土区天然气水合物顶空气轻烃地球化学勘查技术试验结果表明:顶空气轻烃地球化学方法既可以判断水合物成因类型,也可以圈出水合物矿藏范围.     

陆域天然气水合物地球化学勘查技术试验研究

选择青海省木里地区天然气水合物已知区作为试验区,探索和研究了传统油气地球化学方法(酸解烃、顶空气、ΔC)对陆域天然气水合物勘查的适用性和有效性。试验结果表明,天然气水合物已知区浅表层土壤酸解烃、顶空气、ΔC等地球化学指标具有顶部异常特征,各指标按累积频率圈定了3处异常,异常范围基本吻合且与地下天然气水合物分布具有良好的相关性,初步提出了"酸解烃+顶空气+ΔC"异常是地下天然气水合物赋存的重要标志。     

青海木里三露天天然气水合物土壤热释烃技术应用研究

吸附烃(酸解烃和热释烃)技术在常规油气地球化学勘查中已显示出良好的应用效果。选择青海木里三露天进行土壤热释烃地球化学方法试验,通过对土壤样品热释烃特征值和地球化学异常分布特征的分析,显示研究区已知矿藏区上方存在良好的土壤热释烃地球化学环状异常,异常的空间展布受到地下矿藏的控制,二者具有良好的对应关系 。通过对研究区烃类甲烷碳同位素分析,指示土壤热释烃地球化学异常为热解成因,与天然气水合物具有相似的成因类型。试验结果表明,土壤热释烃技术适用于天然气水合物地球化学勘查,能够圈出水合物矿藏范围,可与其他水合物化探技术互相补充。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)