临淄地区地下水中氮的水文地球化学行为

临淄地区地下水普遍受到氮的污染其主要形式为ＮＯ３＾－、ＮＯ２＾－和ＮＨ４＾＋三种溶解离子态。这三种离子在包气带及其上部土壤层中产生交换吸附及氧化还原现象。实验表明：该区土壤对ＮＨ４＾＋的吸附净化率９９％以上，且吸附量由层表向下递减；同时有Ｃａ＾２＋等被解吸，导致地下水总硬度增高，其总硬度与Ｃａ＾２＋的历时曲线完全相似；氮在包气带中的氧化还原反应主要表现为一级硝化作用。     

唐山地区施肥（化肥）引起浅层下水中NO3^—浓度增加的估算与实现情况对？…

通过本文的估算表明,唐山地区大田区下渗水的ＮＯ３＾－浓度为７７．４２ｍｇ／ｌ￣２２５．８１ｍｇ／ｌ,而菜田区下渗水的ＮＯ３＾－浓度为２０６．４６ｍｇ／ｌ￣６０２．１６ｍｇ／ｌ,从一个侧面说明了唐山地区农田区浅层地下水严重的氮污染的原因为过量施化肥。     

天然气中N2来源及其地球化学特征分析

天然气中Ｎ２来源很多,其地球化学特征也各不相同：①大气源Ｎ２：Ｎ２／Ａｒ≤８４,且δ＾１５ＮＮ２≈０‰（ＡＴＭ）;②地壳超深部和上地幔来源的原生Ｎ２：δ＾１５ＮＮ２≈－２‰－＋１‰,且伴生Ａｒ的＾４０Ａｒ／＾３６Ａｒ〉２０００和Ｈｅ／＾４Ｈｅ〉１０＾－６;③微生物反硝化作用生成的Ｎ２：δ＾１５ＮＮ２〈－１０‰和地下水中的ＮＯ＾３－及ＮＯ＾２－浓度异常高;④未成熟沉积有机质经微生物氨化作用形成的Ｎ２     

北京典型溶洞土壤中的CO2及其对岩溶作用的驱动

本文通过对北京万佛堂孔水洞观测站土壤ＣＯ２及泉水中ＨＣＯ＾－３等为期一年的观测资料的分析评价,得出结论：土壤中的ＣＯ２驱动着岩溶作用,表现在土壤中ＣＯ２含量的季节性变化－夏季土壤ＣＯ２含量和泉水中ＨＣＯ＾－３浓度也相应升高。     

ISE—FIA法测定水中NO^—3和NO^—2

依据ＫＭｎＯ４氧化ＮＯ＾－２为ＮＯ＾－３，使用自制ＩＳＥ－ＦＩＡ装置连续测定水中ＮＯ＾－３和ＮＯ＾２。方法快速，精密，准确。     

钢铁工业废水,含F^—废水与电厂粉煤灰污染与净化的初步试验

本文通过钢铁工业废水淋溶钢铁工业渗漏区土壤，不同ｐＨ值，不同含Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｆ＾－浓度与放心水与工业淋溶各种土壤，以及电厂冲灰水淋溶粉煤灰的三种试验，讨论废水中Ｃ６Ｈ５ＯＨ、ＣＮ＾－ＡＳ、Ｃｒ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｈ２Ｓ，ＢＯＤ，ＣＯＤ，Ｆ＾－，Ｃｌ＾－，ＳＯ＾２－Ｒ，ＮＯ＾－３，ＮＨ＾＋４，Ｎａ＾＋和硬度等的污染与自净规律，并提出了防治地下水污染的措施。     

羊拉地区含矿矽卡岩成因的地球化学证据

滇西北羊拉铜矿化集中区现已发现４个矽卡岩体,按成因分为喷流－沉积和接触交代矽卡岩两大类,前者呈层状,是铜的主要赋矿围岩,不同成因的矽卡岩具有不同的岩石化学组成,组成喷流－沉积矽卡岩有贫Ａｌ２Ｏ３,ＴｉＯ２,ＲＥＥ和富铁（ＴＦｅＯ）等特征。在ω（ＴｉＯ２）－ω（Ａｌ２Ｏ３）,ω（ＳｉＯ２）－（Ａｌ２Ｏ３）－Ｎ（Ｆｅ）／Ｎ（Ｔｉ）－Ｎ／（Ａｌ）／Ｎ（Ａｌ＋Ｆｅ＋Ｍｎ）,ω（ＳｉＯ２）２－ω（ＴＦｅＯ）     

热液体系中Si的络合作用

在不同温度、ＰＨ和硅浓度条件下,实验标定了Ａｕ－ＳｉＯ以及Ｓｎ－ＳｉＯ２之间的络合反应：Ａｕ＾＋＋Ｈ３ＳｉＯ４＾－之间的络合反应：Ａｕ＾＋＋Ｈ４ＳｉＯ＝ＡｕＨ３ＳｉＯ４ ｌｇＫ＝－１．６５４３６＋９６１１．２１／Ｔ;Ｓｎ＾４＋＋４Ｈ３ＳｉＯ４＾－＝Ｓｎ（Ｈ３ＳｉＯ４）４;ｌｇＫ２００ｃ＝４２．７３。通过与Ａｕ－Ｃｌ、Ａｕ－ＨＳ以及Ｓｎ－ＯＨ络合物迁移能力的比较,表明在具地质意义的Ｐ睡ＥＨ条件下,Ａ     

新疆哈图金矿成矿流体地球化学

新疆哈图金矿床赋存在石炭系基性火山岩－火山碎屑岩中,矿体受古火山口断裂系控制。矿脉内流体包裹体较为丰富,主要为气液相ＮａＣｌ－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体和少量的ＮａＣｌ－ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体。成矿热液中富含ＣＯ２、Ｎ２、Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃｌ－和ＳＯ２－４,而所含的成矿元素以Ａｕ－Ａｓ－Ａｇ－Ｓｂ组合为特征。成矿热液为低盐度流体,主成矿阶段的盐度为４．１ｗｔ％～６．３ｗｔ％ＮａＣｌ,密度为０．８８～０．８０ｇ／ｃｍ３,ｆＯ２为１０－３５～１０－３１Ｐａ,Ｅｈ为０．６０～０．８０ｅＶ,为还原环境。金沉淀成矿的最佳温度为２３０～２６０℃。哈图金矿成矿热液不是典型的岩浆热液,而是受到了古大气水混入的火山晚期热液。流体不混溶、水－岩反应及古大气水的混入是造成本区金沉淀成矿的主要因素。     

对碘偶氮氯膦与铅显色反应及其应用

研究了对碘偶氮氯膦（ＣＰＡ－ｐＩ）与Ｐｂ￣２＋的显色反应。在ｐＨ５．８的（ＣＨ＿２）＿６Ｎ。－ＮＯ＿３缓冲介质中，Ｐｂ￣２＋与ＣＰＡ－ｐｌ形成１：２的蓝绿色配合物，在６７５ｎｍ处测定配合物的吸光度，其表现摩尔吸光系数为２．４７×１０￣４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ￣－１·ｃｍ￣－１Ｐｂ￣２＋浓度在０～１．１６×１０￣－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ即０～２．４μｍｌ）符合比尔定律。试验了２０余种共存离子的影响，经共沉淀结合巯基棉分离预处理试样溶液后，测定了硫精砂中微量Ｐｂ的含量。     

Indoor experiment and numerical simulation study of ammonia-nitrogen migration rules in soil column

The riverbank soil is a natural purifying agent for the polluted river water(Riverbank filtration, RBF). This is of great importance to groundwater safety along the riverbank. This paper examines the migration and transformation rules of ammonia-nitrogen in three typical types of sand soil using the indoor leaching experiment of soil column, and then makes comparison with the indoor experiment results in combination with the numerical simulation method. The experiment process shows that the change in ammonia-nitrogen concentration goes through three stages including "removal-water saturation-saturation". As the contents of clay particles in soil sample increase, the removal of ammonia-nitrogen from soil sample will take more time and gain higher ratio. During the removal period, the removal ratio of Column 1, Column 2 and Column 3 averages 68.8%(1-12 d), 74.6%(1-22 d) and 91.1%(1-26 d). The ammonia-nitrogen removal ratio shows no noticeable change as the depth of soil columns varies. But it is found that the ammonia-nitrogen removal ratio is the least of the whole experiment when the soil columns are at the depth of 15 cm. It can be preliminary inferred that the natural purifying performance of soil along the river for ammonia-nitrogen in river water mainly depends on the proportion of fine particles in soil. HYDRUS-1D model is used to simulate this experiment process, analyze the change of the bottom observation holes by time and depth in three columns(the tenth day), and make comparison with the experiment result. The coefficients of determination for fitting curves of Column 1, Column 2 and Column 3 are 0.953, 0.909, 0.882 and 0.955, 0.740, 0.980 separately. Besides, this paper examines the contribution of absorption, mineralization and nitrification in the simulation process. In the early removal stage, mineralization plays a dominant role and the maximum contribution rate of mineralization is 99%. As time goes by, absorption starts to function and gradually assumes a dominant position. In the middle and late removal stage, nitrification in Column 1 and Column 2 makes more contribution than mineralization. So the experiment result of the ammonia-nitrogen concentration is 0.6% and 2.4% lower than that in effluent and the maximum contribution ratio of nitrification is -4.53% and -5.10% respectively when only the function of absorption is considered. The mineralization in Column 1 and Column 2 in the middle and late removal stage still plays a more important role than nitrification. So the experiment result is 1.4% higher than that in effluent and the maximum contribution ratio of nitrification is -2.51% when only the function of absorption is considered. Therefore, absorption, mineralization and nitrification make different contributions during different part of the stage. This means that the natural purifying performance of soil along the river for ammonia-nitrogen in river water not only depends on the proportion of fine particles in soil, but depends on the mineralization and nitrification environment. This can offer some insights into the protection and recovery of groundwater along the riverbank.     

Nitrogen Removal in Wastewater Irrigation Systems and Its Influence on Groundwater Pollution

The experiment included ten soil columns and field investigation in 1-2 year duration. Data on the columns continuously flooded with waste water indicated that when total input of NH_4-N reached to above 70％ of the NH_4-N adsorption capacity in soil the breakthrough would appear in the output . Adequate removal of nitrogen from the waste water would require at least 170 cm deep groundwater table . Fine textured soil would promote denitrification . The columns simulating discontinuous waste water irrigation indicated that denitrification existed only in the partial microenviroument of reduction . Groundwater table depth had no strong influence on nitrogen removal . The investigation in field revealed that the groundwater recharged with waste water was not polluted by nitrogen when the aeration profile was in finer textures owing to the combined contribution of nitrification and denitrification.     

饮用水NO-3污染与食管癌发病率及死亡率相关性探讨--以河南省林州安阳地区为例

阐明了林州市食管癌流行的4个特征。根据46个饮用水的NO3^-分析资料，论证亚硝胺的前体物NO3^-的分布与食管癌的地理分布具有明显的相关性：林州市的发病率是北部高于南部；林州市－安阳县－范县的发病率是西部大于东部。居民饮用NO3^-超标的浅层地下水，旱井水是导致食管癌的重要原因之一。70年代以来，大量施用化肥是引起饮用地下水NO3^-污染的根本原因，它导致的后果是林州市食管癌发病率和死亡率下降缓慢。指出了必须坚持“防霉、去胺、施钼肥、治增生、改变不良饮食习惯”五项预防措施，特别要把饮用水治理好。     

地下水硝酸盐中氧同位素研究进展

硝酸盐中氧同位素在某些情况下能弥补氮同位素组成无显著差别的不足以及更有效地识别反硝化作用。文中综述了氧同位素检测技术、NO-3 源的氧同位素组成特征和氧同位素的应用等方面的研究进展。检测技术经历了 5个发展过程。大气和土壤环境形成的NO-3 具明显的氧同位素组成差异 ,由此可识别地下水NO-3 是来自含NO-3 化肥或大气沉降NO-3 还是来自土壤环境中的NH+ 4 经微生物硝化作用形成的NO-3 。反硝化作用使δ15N和δ18O成比例线性增加。今后的研究方向是完善检测技术、研究NO-3 中氧来自水和大气比例的影响因素及氮、氧同位素与地球化学和水文模型的结合等。     

粗粒土渗透损伤特性试验研究

为深入认识渗透变形对粗粒土渗透性及压缩性的影响,利用自主研发的加载式大型渗透变形仪对不同级配的粗粒土试样进行渗透变形全过程试验及侧限压缩对比试验,获得了不同试件产生渗透变形的临界水力梯度、渗透系数演化规律及损伤变化特性。研究成果表明：渗透变形过程中渗流路径中下游部位产生了渗透挤密效应,引起局部渗透性降低;在后期增加的水头作用下,先前产生渗透挤密部位的渗透性逐渐增大。试样产生渗透变形后,压缩模量减小;颗粒级配不同,渗透破坏引起的压缩损伤程度亦不相同。试件产生渗透变形后,在重力和渗透力作用下,试件结构将产生重构现象。     

蔗渣生物质炭对喀斯特农田石灰性土壤氮转化过程的短期影响

生物质炭对于土壤中不同形态氮库的含量影响已有较多研究,但对西南喀斯特区石灰性土壤氮素形态,尤其是控制氮素形态的转化过程研究较为缺乏。本研究设置土壤中添加1%(C1)和3%(C2)蔗渣生物质炭2个用量水平,并以不施用蔗渣生物质炭作为对照(CK),共3个处理,通过 15 NH 4 NO 3 和NH^15 4 NO 3 成对标记技术,结合MCMC氮素转化模型研究了不同用量的蔗渣生物质炭对石灰性土壤氮转化过程的短期影响,为该地区蔗渣资源化利用和土壤氮保持提供理论支撑。结果表明,与CK相比,添加蔗渣生物质炭能够快速提高土壤pH和有机碳含量。添加生物质炭并没有显著改变土壤氮的矿化、铵态氮(NH^+ 4 )和硝态氮(NO^- 3 )的微生物同化和异养硝化速率,但NH^+ 4 吸附速率随生物质炭用量的增加而提高,以添加量最高的C2处理最大。添加生物质炭同样提高了土壤NH^+ 4 释放速率,但C1和C2处理的土壤NH^+ 4 释放速率并无显著性差异。与CK和C1处理相比,施用高量蔗渣生物质炭通过抑制自养硝化速率而显著降低了硝态氮净产生速率。这些结果表明,施用高量蔗渣生物质炭于石灰性土壤中可快速实现对NH^+ 4 吸附,降低自养硝化速率,减少NO^- 3 产生,从而降低了其损耗和淋失风险。     

贾鲁河中牟段河岸带地下水流及水质特征研究

该文以河南省贾鲁河中牟段为研究区,探究贾鲁河与河岸带浅层地下水的补排关系以及河水对浅层地下水的影响。通 过野外地质调查、水文地质试验、水位监测及水质检测,分析河岸带地表水与地下水的补排关系及污染特征。结果表明,受 中牟县抽取地下水的影响,该河段周围浅层地下水位低于河水位,河流补给地下水,平均单宽补给量为2.04 m2·d-1;河水中 NH3和COD污染较为严重,地下水中“三氮”均超标,其中NO2和NH3污染严重;河水NH3-N浓度远高于地下水,接受河 流补给的地下水NH3污染严重;因硝化作用,远离河流地下水NH3-N浓度逐渐降低,而NO3-N浓度逐渐升高。     

氮迁移转化对地下水硬度升高的影响

城市地下水硬度升高是一个普遍的环境问题,研究表明地下水硬度高值区与硝酸盐污染在空间上的分布具有一致性。通过室内土柱试验和化学热力学模拟,讨论了污水入渗过程中氮迁移转化对水土系统钙镁迁移的影响。结果表明：在连续入渗条件下,阳离子交换作用是控制地下水硬度升高的主要过程;在间歇入渗条件下,硝化作用改变了土水系统的酸碱条件,使钙镁难溶盐溶解,导致地下水硬度升高。     

黑龙江省松嫩平原南部土壤硒元素循环特征

硒(Se)是生态环境中重要的微量元素,其丰缺与人和动植物健康有着密切关系。选择黑龙江省松嫩平原南部,在多目标区域地球化学调查获取的Se元素数据基础上,采集大气干湿沉降、灌溉水、化肥等土壤硒输入端元,以及植物收割、下渗水等输出端元样品,计算土壤Se输入输出通量,研究土壤硒循环特征,并预测土壤Se未来发展趋势。结果发现:研究区总体上为土壤低Se区,Se不足和潜在Se不足面积占总面积的35.20%;土壤Se的主要输入途径为大气干湿沉降,可达总输入量的70%～90%,主要输出途径为土壤下渗水,约占总输出量的73%;研究区土壤Se为净积累状态,预测表明20年后土壤Se不足和潜在Se不足面积将从目前的35.20%下降到31.7%。     

Laboratory experiments and field study for the detection and monitoring of potential seepage from CO2 storage sites

Potential CO₂ seepages from geological storage sites or from the injection rig may affect the surrounding environment. To develop reliable detection techniques for such seepages a laboratory rig was designed that is composed of three vertical Plexiglas columns. The columns can be filled with sediments and water; CO₂ can be injected from the bottom. Two columns are used to simulate the impact of CO₂ on soils; while the third one, which is larger in size, simulates CO₂ seepage in aquatic environments. The main results of the laboratory experiments indicate that increased levels of CO₂ generate a quick drop in pH. Once the seepage is stopped, a partial recovery towards the initial values of pH is recorded. The outcomes of the laboratory experiments on the aquatic seepage are compared with observations from a submarine natural emission of CO₂. In this natural underwater seepage multi-parametric probes and laboratory analysis were used to analyze the composition and the chemical effects of the emitted gas; basic acoustic techniques were tested as tools for the prompt detection of CO₂ bubbles in water.