布设间距对人工鱼礁流场效应影响的数值模拟

人工鱼礁在海中不同的布局方式会产生不同的流场效应.通过水槽与风洞模型实验很难对组合鱼礁流场全局进行观测,为此提出1种基于CFD原理的人工鱼礁流场特性的计算机数值模拟方法,模拟了不同流速条件下布设间距对方形组合礁体流场效应的影响.结果表明:数值模拟较好地反映了人工鱼礁周围上升流和背涡流的分布情况;当两礁体布设间距为1.5倍礁体尺寸时,所产生的上升流高度达到最大值;当布设间距为1倍/时,其上升流的影响面积为最大;当布设间距为1.5倍时所产生的背涡流效果最好;两礁体之间的最佳布设间距应为礁体尺寸的1～1.5倍.数值模拟结果与风洞实验结果基本相符,该结论可为人工鱼礁实际投放提供理论参考.     

三种叠放形式的圆管型人工鱼礁流场效应数值模拟与PIV试验研究

人工鱼礁单体按不同的数量和排列方式组合投放会产生不同的流场效应。圆管型礁为目前黄渤海区增殖礁的重要礁体型式,为优化该礁体的投放数量与排列方式,选择了3种不同叠放个数(1个、3个和6个)的圆管礁,设定了5个流速梯度(4.5、9.0、13.5、18.0和22.5cm/s),利用PIV粒子图像测速技术和Fluent数值模拟软件对圆管型人工鱼礁的流场进行水槽模型试验和数值模拟。结果表明,数值模拟结果与水槽试验结果基本吻合,误差在20%以下,表明数值模拟能够反映人工鱼礁的流场效应;当礁体叠放个数一定时,最大上升流流速、上升流高度和上升流面积均随来流速度的增加而增大,背涡流面积呈现不规则的变化;当来流速度一定时,最大上升流流速、上升流面积、上升流高度和背涡流面积均随礁体叠放个数的增加而增大。     

不同布设间距和来流速度下方型人工鱼礁上升流效应的数值模拟

合理的人工鱼礁组合可以有效改善投放水域的流场效应,提高投放水域底层与上层水体之间的扰动。通过使用并行大涡模拟模式及被动示踪物模块,并通过调整人工鱼礁布设间距,研究了在不同背景流速条件(0.1、0.5、0.6和1.0 m/s)下,在不同的横向间距(1L、2L、3L)(L表示人工鱼礁的边长)或纵向间距(1L、2L、3L、4L、5L)情况下,方型人工鱼礁对上升流体积、营养盐的抬升和垂向涡黏系数的影响。研究结果表明,在同一布置条件下,单排布置下的三块人工鱼礁形成的上升流体积大小与来流速度成正相关,体积随来流流速增加而增大6.4%～80.5%;在同一流速条件下,上升流体积大小与纵向布置的间距成正比,与横向布置的间距成反比;在横向布置条件下,当来流速度为1.0 m/s、布设间距为1L时,上升流体积参数最佳。总体来说,上升流体积参数、示踪物浓度差和垂向涡黏性系数均显示横向布置优于纵向布置,相较于布设间距,来流速度是影响上升流体积最重要的因素。     

三圆管型人工鱼礁布设间距的数值模拟及物理稳定性研究

本文采用RNG K-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC数值模拟方法,分析了不同雷诺数条件下,布设间距和摆放方式对三圆管型人工鱼礁流场效应的影响。研究显示:采用FLUENT软件模拟,雷诺数能较好地反应人工鱼礁上升流和背涡流的分布情况,上升流的规模和强度随雷诺数的增大而增加,背涡流随雷诺数变化的趋势不明显。三圆管型人工鱼礁横向组合方式下,2个单位礁布设间距等于礁体尺寸时,获得的上升流和背涡流的规模和强度最大;纵向组合方式下,2个单位礁布设间距为礁体尺寸的1.5~2.0倍时,获得的上升流和背涡流的规模和强度最大。在不同实验流速和波况下三圆管型人工鱼礁的抗滑移系数、抗翻滚系数均大于1。研究结果表明,数值模拟能够较好地反应布设间距对礁体周围流场效应的影响,可为人工鱼礁的实际投放提供理论参考。     

人工鱼礁建设对福建霞浦海域营养盐输运的影响

根据2012年—2013年对霞浦人工鱼礁海域调查所获得的实验数据,应用CFD软件,对礁区投放的三类不同结构单位的鱼礁组合在非定常流作用下的三维流场进行了数值模拟试验,分析了各鱼礁组合之间的流场差异,并估算了诸营养盐垂直输送通量。研究表明:三种鱼礁迎流面上升流最大高度为礁高的2.27~3.73倍,上升流最大速度与来流速度之比为0.40~0.72,上升流平均速度与来流速度之比为0.10~0.17;计算域内单位鱼礁组合上升流平均速度为10–2 cm/s量级,三种单位鱼礁组合区域营养盐垂直通量大小关系为:方型鱼礁船礁梯形台鱼礁,方型鱼礁区4PO??-P、3NO?-N、3Si O??-Si的平均垂直通量分别为438.3 mg/(m2·d)、2212.5 mg/(m2·d)、7288.3 mg/(m2·d),鱼礁投放会改善该海域的水动力环境,形成典型的上升流区,海域初级生产力得以明显提升。     

不同布设间距下梯形台人工鱼礁体的水动力特性研究

为研究空心梯形台人工鱼礁体布设间距的变化对其水动力特性的影响,通过物模实验实测了开口比为0.1的梯形台人工鱼礁体在平行水流方向布设间距为1.0L、2.0L、3.0L(L为礁体的底边边长),前后共6个测点的流速及礁体受力。分析得到了双礁体的上升流规模、阻力系数在平行和垂直水流方向随布设间距变化的规律。采用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)方法模拟了双礁体分别在垂直水流方向布设间距为0.5L、1.0L、1.5L、2.0L,平行水流方向布设间距为0.5L、1.0L、2.0L、3.0L、4.0L时的水动力场。结果表明:本研究数模与物模相同工况下,即双礁体在平行水流方向布设间距1.0L、2.0L、3.0L时,数值模拟的流速值和阻力值与相应的实验结果吻合较好,说明数值模拟方法可行,结果可靠。数值模拟结果得到双礁体的上升流规模、阻力系数均与垂直水流方向布设间距成反比。当垂直水流方向布设间距为0.5L时,流场效应最佳;双礁体的上升流规模随平行水流方向布设间距成正比,前方礁体阻力系数变化幅度较小,后方礁体阻力系数逐渐增大;当平行水流方向布设间距为4.0L时,流场效应最佳。本文研究结果可为单位鱼礁布局设计和参数确定提供参考。     

多孔方形鱼礁对水动力环境影响的试验研究

借助声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了水槽中的中空有盖、无盖多孔方形人工鱼礁模型在0(°)及45(°)迎流方向时尾流场的流速分布与素动强度分布,并对鱼礁周边冲刷后的地形进行了精细测量,由试验资料分析可知:无盖鱼礁0(°)布置时,阻流垂向范围沿程增大,局部冲刷宽度、深度最小,且其对水流的阻减强度呈下强上弱的垂线分布,沿程阻...     

方型人工鱼礁水动力性能试验研究

人工鱼礁水动力性能的研究对于鱼礁的设计、礁区布局具有非常重要的意义。本研究设计2种方型人工鱼礁模型,在回流水槽中测量不同水流速度下的鱼礁阻力,并计算阻力系数(Cd)与雷诺数(Re)。结果表明:无盖礁体模型正面迎流时(θ=0(°)),当Re超过7.5×104时,Cd为1.64,其自动模型区域为Re>7.5×104;45(°)方向(θ=45(°))迎流时,当Re超过6.36×104时,Cd为1.3,其自动模型区域为Re>6.36×104。有盖礁体模型正面迎流时,当Re超过6×104时,Cd为1.69,其自动模型区域为Re>6×104;45(°)方向迎流时,当Re超过8.48×104时,Cd为1.43,其自动模型区域为Re>8.5×104。1种礁体模型在不同迎流方式下所受的阻力不同,45(°)方向迎流比正面迎流时的阻力大。在相同的迎流方式下,有盖礁体所受的阻力比无盖礁体大。     

五圆柱体结构群绕流特性及互扰效应研究

基于Fluent流体计算平台,运用大涡模拟方法对亚临界雷诺数Re=3900下“X”形排列五圆柱体结构群三维绕流特性进行研究,主要分析来流攻角α与间距比L/D两个关键参数对五圆柱体结构群的尾流区三维涡结构演化与流体力系数的影响,并揭示其内在流动互扰机理。研究表明:来流攻角和间距比的变化对五圆柱体结构群流动控制及互扰效应的影响显著。在小间距比工况下,观察到柱体群间隙区域内流体高速流动的现象,导致五圆柱体之间的互扰作用十分强烈。间隙流对中间圆柱体和下游圆柱体有较强的冲击作用,对其表面的流体力分布特性有显著的影响。另外,大间距比工况下,当α=0°与L/D≥5.0工况时,柱体群尾流效应强于其间隙流效应。当α=22.5°与L/D=7.0时,位于下游与中间处的圆柱体流体绕流特性存在较大差异。而当α=45°与L/D≥6.0时,位于上游与中间处的圆柱体尾流区均会产生正负交替的漩涡结构。     

不同来流条件下四圆柱尾流场试验研究

基于粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对小间距比比L/D=1.5工况下方形布置四圆柱在不同来流角角α(α=0°、15°、30°、45°)条件下的尾流流场特性进行了试验研究,分析了不同来流角度条件下四圆柱瞬时和时均尾流流场特征,获得了瞬时和时均速度矢量、涡量等值线、流线拓扑及雷诺应力分布随来流角度变化的规律。试验结果表明,来流角度对方形布置四圆柱尾流形态有显著影响。四圆柱瞬时尾流形态随来流角度增大可分为延伸体流动流态(α=0°)、尾流剪切层附着流态(α=15°、30°)及尾流剪切层共同脱落流态(α=45°)三种流态。当来流角度增大时,四圆柱下游断面平均流向速度分布由"W"形向"U"形转变,时均雷诺正应力及雷诺剪切应力等值线分布特征也会发生明显改变。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.