新疆阿尔泰印支期伟晶岩的成矿年代学研究

阿尔泰的伟晶岩长期以来被认为是海西期造山过程的产物。为了查明伟晶岩矿床的成矿时代,本文通过对伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床中白云母的40Ar 39Ar法同位素定年研究,首次在阿尔泰中部的大喀拉苏大型稀有金属矿床和小喀拉苏稀有金属矿床获得了新的同位素年龄数据,其坪年龄分别为248.42±2.11Ma和233.79±0.41Ma,从而证实了印支期稀有金属成矿作用的存在,提出了伟晶岩型矿床形成于多个时代,且稀有金属成矿作用主要发生在海西期造山运动之后的看法。     

新疆哈密镜儿泉伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床40Ar-39Ar年龄及其地质意义

文章通过对哈密镜儿泉伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床中白云母的40Ar/39Ar同位素定年研究,测得该矿床的同位素年龄数据,其坪年龄为(243±2)Ma。这一结果显示,镜儿泉的含稀有金属伟晶岩脉是在印支期形成的,并且在形成之后没有再受到后期地质事件的影响。与阿尔泰成矿省相似,东天山在印支期也发生了伟晶岩型稀有金属的成矿作用。这表明,东天山地区的成矿演化与阿尔泰地区具有可比性,从而为2个地区的地质找矿指出了新的方向。     

江西大吉山钨矿成矿年代学研究

大吉山钨矿床是一个大型的石英脉型钨矿床。矿床在空间上与燕山早期复式花岗岩相伴。利用云母单矿物的K Ar同位素年龄测试方法,测定了矿床有关的花岗岩及矿脉的同位素年龄。结果表明,黑云母花岗岩中黑云母K Ar年龄为(160 3±3 03)Ma和(164 2±3 5)Ma,二云母花岗岩中白云母K Ar年龄为(160 6±2 8)Ma,含钨石英脉中白云母K Ar年龄为(152 6±2 35)Ma和(158 1±2 8)Ma。钨成矿与花岗岩的成岩基本不存在时差,推测含钨石英脉的形成可能与岩浆分异出的富含矿化剂和成矿元素的流体有关。     

青海茶卡北山锂稀有多金属矿床白云母40Ar-39Ar定年及其地质意义

宗务隆构造带南侧的成矿环境与"马尔康-雅江-喀喇昆仑巨型锂矿带"具有很大的相似性,新发现的茶卡北山伟晶岩型锂多金属矿床证实此带是青藏高原北部的一条重要的锂、铍矿成矿带,该矿床内含矿伟晶岩主要为含锂辉石花岗伟晶岩和含绿柱石白云母花岗伟晶岩,形成于晚三叠世。对含矿白云母伟晶岩进行白云母⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar同位素测年结果显示,随着温度从750 ℃逐渐升到1100 ℃,白云母⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar年龄坪非常平坦,其年龄值为210.4 Ma—212.7 Ma,坪年龄为212.60 Ma±0.64 Ma,与晚期伟晶岩结晶年龄相近,基本限定茶卡北山伟晶岩型锂稀有多金属矿床的成矿年龄为晚三叠世晚期。     

广西中部大明山钨矿白云母40Ar/39Ar定年 及其地质意义

大明山钨矿床是一个与岩浆活动有关的多金属矿床。为确定钨矿床的成矿时代,对钨矿床中的白云母进行40Ar/39Ar快中子活化测年,获得白云母坪年龄为(97.10±0.86)Ma,相应的等时线年龄和反等时线年龄分别为(96.6±1.7)Ma和(96.5 ±1.1)Ma。结果表明,钨矿矿化年龄为97Ma,为燕山晚期本区成岩成矿活动的产物。该成果为进一步认识大明山钨矿的成因机制和成矿动力学背景提供了新的年代学证据。     

新疆西昆仑造山带康西瓦含绿柱石白云母伟晶岩的地质特征与年代学研究

新疆康西瓦-大红柳滩伟晶岩带是西昆仑造山带重要的LCT型稀有金属伟晶岩矿床密集区,其中康西瓦绿柱石白云母伟晶岩和大红柳滩锂辉石伟晶岩分别为矿带内具代表性的伟晶岩型铍矿床和锂矿床。该矿带受自然条件所限,研究程度不高。现有的对矿带中伟晶岩的研究主要针对大红柳滩岩体及大红柳滩锂矿床的地球化学及成岩成矿时代,获得的成岩成矿年龄为220～210Ma,而对于康西瓦铍矿的研究成果很少。笔者在野外地质调研的基础上,总结了康西瓦铍矿床的地质特征,利用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年方法,获得康西瓦绿柱石白云母伟晶岩结晶年龄为(209±4.4)Ma,与大红柳滩锂辉石伟晶岩及大红柳滩岩体形成时代一致,反映了三者为同一期岩浆活动产物。同时康西瓦伟晶岩中锆石还记录了200Ma左右经历了一次热液活动和160Ma左右的变质作用。前人利用白云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar法获得康西瓦伟晶岩的年龄为185～156Ma,明显年轻于该地区岩体与伟晶岩中锆石、锡石及铌钽铁矿的U-Pb年龄,可能为康西瓦伟晶岩遭受变质作用使白云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar同位素体系发生热扰动所致。     

阿尔泰成矿省地质建造的成矿系列家族

根据地质建造和成矿特征,借鉴我国地质学家创立的矿床成矿系列理论,对阿尔泰成矿省的成矿系列进行了深化研究。按照成矿作用与地质建造的时间关系,将成矿系列细化为"同生"、"准同生"、"后生"、"表生风化"等类别,再将同一套地质建造有关的几个世代的成矿系列构成一个成矿系列家族。本次将北阿尔泰成矿带(Ⅲ-1)总结为4个成矿系列家族:加里东期伟晶岩有关RM-白云母-宝石成矿系列家族、华力西期火山-沉积岩系有关Fe-Pb-Zn-Cu-Mo-Au-Ag成矿系列家族、华力西期中酸性伟晶岩有关RM-白云母-宝石成矿系列家族、新生代沉积物有关的Au成矿系列家族;将南阿尔泰成矿带(Ⅲ-2)总结为5个成矿系列家族:加里东期伟晶岩有关RM-白云母-宝石成矿系列家族、华力西期火山-沉积岩系有关Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn-Au-Ag成矿系列家族、华力西期中酸性侵入岩有关Cu成矿系列家族、印支期伟晶岩有关RM-白云母矿床成矿系列家族、新生代陆相沉积物有关Au-RM-石英砂成矿系列家族。该成矿系列家族的建立为阐明区域成矿规律奠定了基础。     

幕阜山东部麦埚铍矿床伟晶岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

幕阜山是中国重要的稀有金属矿集区,区域内多期次岩浆活动形成的复式花岗岩基与稀有金属成矿关系密切.目前,区域内黑云母花岗岩阶段和二云母花岗岩阶段的稀有金属成矿作用已有报道,而岩浆演化晚期白云母花岗岩阶段的相关成矿作用缺乏研究.文章选取了幕阜山东部麦埚铍矿床内由白云母花岗岩分异形成的含绿柱石伟晶岩作为研究对象,对其进行了 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素组成测试.结果显示,伟晶岩中锆石U-Pb年龄为(124.9±0.34)Ma,表明麦埚地区以铍为主的稀有金属成矿作用发生在早白垩世,同时也代表了幕阜山地区与白云母花岗岩相关的稀有金属成矿作用.此外,麦埚含绿柱石伟晶岩的εHf(t)值为-7.6～-5.2,二阶段模式年龄为1668～1512 Ma,与复式岩体中各阶段花岗质侵入体的εHf(t)和二阶段模式年龄值大致吻合,显示出它们相似的源区特征.综合区域内已有的年代学数据,与稀有金属成矿相关的岩浆活动主要分布在早白垩世,大致可分为3个阶段:黑云母花岗岩阶段(145 Ma)以Be矿化为主,矿化强度较低;二云母花岗岩阶段(140～138 Ma)为区域稀有金属成矿的主阶段,矿化种类包括Be-Nb-Ta-Li-Cs,矿化强度高;白云母花岗岩(125～122 Ma)阶段以Be-Nb-Ta矿化为主,矿化强度不高.幕阜山岩体是典型的"体中体"模式复式岩基,白云母花岗岩作为晚期分异程度最高的侵入体,却未发生大规模成矿作用,其原因在于受到了岩浆活动规模、岩浆冷却速率和容矿空间等多重因素的制约.     

内蒙古沙麦钨矿白云母40Ar/39Ar年龄及其地质意义

内蒙古沙麦钨矿床位于中亚造山带东段（或称兴蒙造山带）,矿体主要赋存在黑云母二长花岗（斑）岩内,主要矿化类型为伟晶岩型和云英岩型。本文利用40Ar/39Ar同位素测年方法对沙麦钨矿成矿阶段形成的白云母进行了年龄测定,获得白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为138.4 ± 0.84 Ma,对应的正、反等时线年龄分别为137.32 ± 0.73 Ma和137.35 ± 0.73 Ma。所测坪年龄与正反等时线年龄具有很好的一致性,可以代表矿床钨矿体的形成年龄,表明该矿床的形成与沙麦地区燕山晚期的岩浆活动有关,这与区域上的成矿事件相吻合。结合区域地球动力学背景的研究成果,认为沙麦钨矿床形成于陆-陆碰撞造山后的陆内伸展环境。     

四川丹巴伟晶岩型白云母矿床的成矿时代及构造意义

四川丹巴地区是中国最重要的白云母产地之一,所产白云母以质量好、晶体大而闻名于世,是40Ar-39Ar测年的理想对象。文章通过野外调查和同位素年代学研究,获得该区二道桥和李家工地伟晶岩脉内白云母的40Ar-39Ar法坪年龄,分别为(125.01±0.58)Ma和(114.68±0.32)Ma,属燕山中晚期产物。丹巴伟晶岩脉的形成与区域地壳活动构成构造→岩浆→变质→伟晶岩脉的旋回,形成于喜马拉雅运动开始之前。因此,丹巴白云母矿化伟晶岩脉是地壳活动相对宁静期的产物,与世界上一些重要伟晶岩型矿床的成矿规律一致。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.