工程开挖活动诱发堆积层滑坡变形机理及加固效果分析

位于川西高原雅砻江两河口水电站库区的杜米村移民安置点由于切坡建房,诱发后山斜坡强烈变形,威胁移民安置点和S220省道安全。首先,基于现场调查、测绘、钻探、槽探等勘查手段,查明了滑坡发育的工程地质条件和变形特征;通过对滑体和滑带土开展室内直剪、反复剪试验,以及对滑床基岩进行抗压强度试验,结合反分析,合理确定了滑坡稳定性计算参数。然后,采用有限元程序Phase2建立滑坡数值计算模型,模拟再现了滑坡在开挖前、开挖后、降雨后的应力、变形特征和稳定性变化过程,在此基础上分析了滑坡的变形机理。研究认为：不良的地形地貌、地质结构和地下水是滑坡发生的内在因素,坡脚开挖是滑坡变形启动的诱发因素,后期持续降雨入渗是滑坡变形加剧直至失稳破坏的直接因素;开挖导致滑体前缘抗滑力降低、滑带和开挖边坡坡脚产生剪应力集中是滑坡变形启动的力学机制,而饱水和持续剪切变形导致滑带土强度不断衰减接近饱和残余状态是滑坡变形加剧的本质原因;滑坡的变形破坏模式为牵引式蠕滑-拉裂。最后,采用有限元强度折减法对加固治理后的滑坡稳定性进行了计算分析。结果表明：天然条件下滑坡变形主要出现在桩后填土,降雨条件下变形范围扩大至强变形区,地震条件下变形范围进一步扩大至整个滑坡范围;三种工况下滑坡的稳定系数均能达到设计要求,表明加固设计方案和工程结构参数是合理的。研究成果可为类似滑坡工程案例的机理研究及防治提供参考。     

坡脚开挖诱发古滑坡复活的机制分析

黄土地区存在许多古滑坡体,由于滑后土体土质疏松,裂隙发育,在坡脚开挖作用下极易发生变形破坏,造成大量财产损失,同时也对开挖施工安全构成了极大的威胁,因此对坡脚开挖诱发古滑坡复活的失稳机制的研究十分迫切和必要。以延安市王窑村滑坡为例,通过室内试验分析了三轴应力环境下围压、含水量对土体变形破坏的影响,并运用数值模拟研究了开挖过程中最危险滑面上的应力及强度变化趋势,揭示了坡脚开挖诱发古滑坡复活的变形破坏机理。研究结果表明:坡脚开挖改变了坡体中下部的应力分布,抗滑段土方开挖减小了滑坡抗滑力,增大了下滑力,最终滑坡下滑力超过抗滑力,导致古滑坡复活。     

间歇型降雨对堆积层斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究

为研究间歇型降雨作用下缓倾堆积层斜坡的变形破坏特征,以樱桃沟滑坡为例,进行了降雨作用下斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究。试验结果表明：前期降雨作用下坡体变形特征表现为前缘滑移沉陷、中部滑移、后缘沉陷、坡体裂缝生成,且前缘裂缝扩张明显,后期降雨作用下坡脚区域首先发生滑塌,然后依次向后缘传递发生逐阶滑塌破坏;降雨入渗易在基岩面上储存,形成暂态地下水位、高孔隙水压力区域和坡向渗流场,基岩面附近土体饱水时间长,软化程度高,抗剪强度弱化显著,边坡易沿基覆界面土层发生滑坡;坡体滑动易发生在降雨间歇期,触发特征表现为雨后坡体暂态饱和区水分和坡表积水持续下渗,导致地下水位上升滞后于降雨,造成坡体内浮托力、渗透力和孔隙水压力增大,有效应力降低,诱发滑坡。     

三峡库区典型顺斜向岩质滑坡变形破坏特征及失稳机制分析

近年来,三峡库区城集镇开发区顺斜向岩质滑坡失稳破坏现象时有发生,研究顺斜向岩质滑坡的变形破坏特征及失稳机制对防治此类滑坡具有重要意义。本文以巫山县白杨湾滑坡为例,通过现场踏勘、钻探和多种监测手段,对这一典型顺斜向岩质滑坡的变形破坏特征及失稳机制进行了深入研究。此滑坡所处地层为巴东组第二段泥岩,岩体破碎,地下水较丰富。滑坡岩层向右边界倾斜,右边界受断层控制,断层面与岩层面相交切割形成楔形体顺斜向滑移。滑坡体积约320×104 m3,滑动方向与岩层倾向夹角60°。受坡脚开挖和坡体建筑荷载等人类工程活动的影响,滑坡于2019年7月开始出现显著变形,滑坡中部的位移速率达到2～5 mm/d。2019年9月中旬,滑坡前部设置应急抗滑桩后,滑坡变形开始减缓至0～0.5 mm/d。白杨湾滑坡对城集镇开发区金科城造成巨大威胁,建议采取“搬迁避让+工程治理+专业监测”的防治对策。本文的研究成果对指导三峡库区顺斜向岩质滑坡防治和人工开挖诱发滑坡的防治具有重要借鉴意义。     

延安市阳崖黄土边坡开挖破坏离心模拟试验研究

人工开挖是黄土地区滑坡形成的主要诱发因素之一,开挖导致斜坡一定范围内产生卸荷回弹和应力重分布,斜坡应力重新平衡的过程伴随着斜坡形变,甚至破坏。延安市宝塔区枣园镇阳崖滑坡为典型开挖诱发的黄土边坡,本文选取阳崖滑坡为地质原型,采用TLJ-500大型土工离心机对边坡坡脚开挖状态下变形破坏过程进行模拟试验,通过对模型控制点监测数据分析,研究边坡坡脚开挖前后坡体形变位移特征、坡体内部土压力响应特征以及边坡变形破坏机理。结果表明:坡脚开挖后临空面附近产生局部垮塌,其坡体位移、潜在滑移面以及拉张裂缝均由坡体前缘往后部渐进性变化发展。开挖后坡体内部产生明显的应力松弛,且越靠近开挖面卸荷效应越明显,开挖主要影响坡体的中前部分,对坡体后部影响较小甚至无影响,分析得知坡体变形破坏机理为典型的渐进后退式。     

Mechanism and failure process of Qianjiangping landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The Qianjiangping landslide is a large planar rock slide which occurred in July 14, 2003 shortly after the water level reached 135 m in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. The landslide destroyed 4 factories and 129 houses, took 24 lives, and made 1,200 people homeless. Field investigation shows that the contributing factors for the landslide are the geological structure of the slope, the previous surface of rupture, the water level rise, and continuous rainfall. In order to reveal the mechanism and failure process of the landslide, numerical simulation was conducted on Qianjiangping slope before sliding. Based on the characteristics and the engineering conditions of the landslide, the topography and the geological profiles of Qianjiangping slope before sliding is reconstructed. The seepage field of Qianjiangping slope before sliding was simulated with the Geostudio software. The results show that ground water table rises and bends to the slope during the rise of water level, and the slope surface becomes partially saturated within the period of continuous rainfall. Using the ground water table obtained above, the failure process of Qianjiangping slope is simulated with the Flac3D software. The results demonstrate that the shear strain increment, displacement, and shear failure area of the slope increased greatly after the water level rose and continuous rained, and the landslide was triggered by the combined effect both of water level rise and continuous rainfall. The development of shear strain increment, displacement, and shear failure area of the slope shows that the landslide was retrogressive in the lower part of the slope and progressive in the upper part of the slope.     

基于PFC3D的鱼鳅坡滑坡运动过程分析

以贵州省开阳县鱼鳅坡滑坡为研究对象,采用颗粒流离散元（PFC3D）对其破坏运动过程进行数值模拟。采用Ball-Wall建模方法建立滑坡模型,对滑坡不同关键部位颗粒进行位移、速度监测,阐明其破坏运动特征。结果表明,降雨为鱼鳅坡滑坡的直接诱发因素。该滑坡在破坏初始阶段以蠕滑变形为主,随着变形量的增加,滑坡体不断挤压坡脚,滑坡岩土体到达应力平衡极限,坡脚产生剪切破坏,并向上牵引发展,滑坡发生整体滑动,斜坡变形破坏模式为蠕滑-拉裂,按照力学条件为牵引式破坏。滑坡滑动最高时速12.4 m/s,最大滑移80 m,滑动阶段持续50 s。研究成果可为对该类滑坡影响范围预测,以及工程措施的制定具有一定的参考意义。     

四川省盐源玻璃村特大型玄武岩古滑坡复活机制

受前期14 d持续累计350.6 mm降雨影响,2018年7月19日盐源玻璃村一巨型玄武岩古滑坡体发生大规模复活,复活体积为1 390×104 m3,损坏房屋186间,造成重大经济损失。基于现场调查、无人机航测、钻探揭露、物理力学试验及数值模拟分析,在查明滑坡体地质结构、失稳特征基础上,对其影响因素及复活机制进行了探讨。研究结果表明,破碎岩土体及地形地貌是滑坡复活的孕灾基础,持续降雨及其引起的地下水位升高是滑坡复活的诱发因素。复活滑坡可分为主滑区和侧滑区两种破坏模式不同的区域。降雨作用下滑坡体内渗流场明显变化,孔隙水压力增大,导致7月13日古滑坡体开始发生变形,稳定性系数逐渐降低。受微地貌约束,主滑区具有多级、多次失稳,渐进破坏的特点。侧滑区斜坡前缘临空条件受坡脚主滑坡控制,在主滑坡运动过程中,侧滑区坡体位移量、最大剪切应变增量逐渐增大,塑性区扩展,破坏过程表现出与主滑坡一定的关联性和滞后性。分析表明,受地下水长期影响,滑带土体强度逐渐削弱,降雨导致坡体渗流作用加剧,抗剪强度降低,从而诱发滑坡复活。     

Characteristics and mechanism of a landslide at Anqian iron mine,China

Owing to the heavy rainfall, a landslide occurred at the Anqian Iron mine, at 18:00(UTC + 8) on November 24, 2019, in China. The landslide was about 3.0?×?10⁴ m³ and caused damage to the road of transporting waste materials. Failure characteristics and the mechanism of this landslide were analyzed in this study. The landslide area was divided into three parts: the rear tension cracking area, the middle sliding deformation area, and the front colluvium area. A contact-free measuring technique using the new ShapeMetrix3D system was applied and 204 joints were analyzed based on equal-angle stereographic projection. Thus, a conceptual model of the mechanism of the landslide was constructed and the formation process of the landslide was divided into three stages: the first shearing and dislocation stage; the second sliding, front bulging, and rear tractive cracking stage; and the third local rock mass collapse and colluvium depositing stage. Numerical modeling was performed to discover the landslide mechanism by progressively reducing the shear strength of rock mass. The results showed that the original slope was stable, whereas heavy rainfall triggered the landslide, and the predicted failure surface matched closely the field investigations. The factor of safety obtained by real three-dimensional analyses was slightly higher than that obtained by plane problem analyses, and the difference was attributed to the three-dimensional effect of the landslide. This paper also presents the results obtained from the parametric analysis in order to understand the impact of shear strength parameters on the overall stability of the slope.

     

Investigation of the failure mechanism and stabilization of a landslide in weathered tuffite,Giresun, northeastern Turkey

This study investigates the causes and failure mechanism of the Aksu landslide that occurred during the construction of the Giresun–Espiye road between KM: 1 + 030–1 + 170 in northern Turkey and recommends proper stabilization techniques. For the purpose of investigating the causes and mechanism of this slope failure, engineering geological mapping, geotechnical investigation and rock mass characterization were performed. From top to bottom, weathered tuffite, tuffite, flysch, and dacitic tuffite were the major units in the study area. The disturbance of the slope by the excavations performed at the toe of the slope (i.e., due to the foundation excavation for the Tünel restaurant building and for the road cut) led to a “translational slide”. The “translational slide” occurred in completely weathered tuffite due to the disturbance of the stability of the slope by the excavations performed at the toe of the slope, particularly for the foundation excavation of the Tünel restaurant building and for the road cut along the Giresun–Espiye road. The rise in the groundwater level was also another important factor that has contributed to the occurrence of the landslide. After establishing the geometry of the landslide in detail, the shear strength parameters of the failure surface were determined by the back analysis method. Sensitivity analyses were performed and landslide failure mechanisms were modeled to quantify the contributing factors that have caused the formation of the Aksu landslide. The influence of an earthquake was investigated through pseudostatic slope stability analysis. Toe buttressing, ground water drainage, and surface water drainage alternatives were considered for stabilizing the slope.     

成仁高速红层分布区开挖边坡变形特征及机制

四川盆地红层分布广泛,其特殊的工程特性常导致严重的地质灾害。通过分析成仁高速文宫连接线边坡的变形破坏特征,得出边坡在开挖和降雨的影响下破坏机制为蠕滑-拉裂。进一步用FLAC3D进行数值分析,显示开挖卸荷和降雨影响导致滑坡灾害,其后缘发生拉裂破坏,并引发滑坡前部发生剪切滑移破坏。针对该类型的边坡,开挖后应对路堑以上部分及时采取加固措施,避免降雨入渗软化土体,加剧滑坡变形破坏。      

中等倾角岩层顺向坡滑坡发育特征及形成机制分析

中等倾角岩层顺向坡,受坡体结构和岩体物理力学性质控制,多存在变形、崩塌、滑坡等工程地质问题,常常会诱发大规模的地质灾害。该类斜坡潜在滑动面不直接出露地表,一般具有变形机制复杂、隐蔽性强和危害大的特点,是滑坡领域关注与研究的重点。拖担水库大坝左岸为一古滑坡,在水库扩建开挖过程中,诱发古滑坡体复活。在分析古滑坡工程地质条件的基础上,结合地质勘察和变形监测结果,研究了其变形特征及形成机制。研究结果表明:①左岸古滑坡具有岩层倾角“上陡下缓”、滑体底部存在反倾坡内的剪切破碎带、滑床岩体产生弧状弯曲的特点;②古滑坡体为一基岩顺层滑坡,滑动模式为“滑移（弯曲）—剪断”型,其变形破坏过程包括三个阶段:弯曲隆起阶段、滑移剪出阶段和扰动变形阶段;③该类斜坡变形破坏后,坡体易沿“上陡下缓”的椅型软弱层面发生二次滑动,滑坡控制关键是对下部变形区的保护。     

Analysis of a progressive slope failure in the Xiangjiaba reservoir area,Southwest China

The rehabilitation construction in the reservoir area of Xiangjiaba hydropower station in Southwest China has caused many landslides. A shallow progressive failure that occurred on the resettlement site of Xin’an Town of Pingshan County in Sichuan Province was selected as a case study. This landslide occurred in a long and gently inclined area by slope excavation under rainfall conditions. It is about 3.0 m deep with a total length of 35 m and is composed of some subfailures. Undisturbed samples were retrieved, on which the basic properties, shear strength, expansive potential, mineral compositions, and microstructures were tested and analyzed. The results show (1) the landsliding materials belong to medium expansive soil, consisting of the clay minerals of illite–smectite (I/S) and chlorite–smectite (C/S); (2) shear strength of the soil is sensitive to water, which greatly decreases once saturated; and (3) many fractures and relatively large pores are developed in the soils. Back analysis of the landslide shows that the shear strength at failure is less than the residual shear strength obtained from lab tests, indicating that some processes contributing to the slope failure could not be reflected by the shear box test. Based on the above analysis, the progressive process of the slope failure was interpreted, and it is inferred that the rainfall entered into the slope mainly through fractures and relatively large pores in the soil. It caused not only the great decrease in soil strength but also the swelling trend. The latter one would lead to growth, interaction, and coalescence of the fractures. Soon after, these fractures formed the shear planes (zones), which further decreased the resistance of the landslide. Under these favorable conditions, the slope excavation directly triggered the failure.     

降雨条件下酉阳大涵边坡滑动机制研究

以某厚堆积层滑坡为例,基于非饱和土力学理论,利用有限元方法,对雨水入渗条件下坡体的渗流及动态稳定性进行了计算和分析,研究了水分在坡体内的运移对边坡稳定性的时间效应。结果表明：边坡堆积体结构松散,土体强度差,边坡前缘坡降大,坡脚的开挖,为滑坡形成提供了便利条件;强降雨条件下使得坡脚附近首先发生变形失稳,牵引坡体后缘产生张拉裂。雨水沿坡面入渗,在坡体内形成渗流场,弱化岩土体参数,同时坡面形成饱和径流,使滑坡体前缘产生向下的渗透力,促使前缘坡体发生滑动,进而引发分级坡体产生滑移;强降雨初始阶段,滑坡体安全系数降低较快,很容易发生滑坡。该研究揭示了降雨入渗诱发厚堆积层边坡滑动机制,并以此建议采取以截、排、堵措施对边坡进行排水,同时设置嵌岩锚索抗滑桩及进行削坡清方措施对边坡进行综合治理,通过稳定性计算,效果良好。     

甘肃通渭“9·14”常河滑坡成因机理

2019年9月14日11时,受多日降雨影响,甘肃省定西市通渭县常家河镇小庄村发生大规模黄土滑坡,体积约800万m³。滑坡造成部分农田、公路及阳坡大桥损毁,直接经济损失约2 347.2万元。在对滑坡现场进行大量地面调查的基础上,通过无人机航拍、现场测绘、走访调查和数值模拟等手段对滑坡的变形破坏特征进行了分析,并在此基础上探讨了其成因机制。结果表明:斜坡体是在震裂、蠕变、软化、水动力等多种条件下按照一定的先后顺序由稳态逐步演化至失稳;该滑坡的失稳演化过程和灾变机制可以概括为原始斜坡(黄土、泥岩二元层状结构)-地震触发(滑坡堆积体、坡体震裂损伤)-蠕变弱化(层间剪切带、裂缝和落水洞扩展)-降雨激发(滑带软化、泥化,水压力作用)-失稳滑动(滑面贯通)5个阶段;由于长期的蠕变和雨水的渗透冲蚀,坡体上的落水洞和地下暗河十分发育,且是控制本次滑坡边界的关键因素;滑坡后缘和前缘变形剧烈,中部变形相对稍弱,推断该滑坡为受地形及地下水作用控制明显的牵引-推移式复合滑坡。     

基于物理模型试验的含多层软弱夹层顺层开挖高边坡变形破坏特征分析

含有多层软弱夹层的开挖边坡具有坡体结构复杂、稳定性评价及治理难度大的特点。以黔西地区现场开挖高边坡为研究对象,建立室内物理试验模型,通过不同的工况开挖,呈现变形破坏演化过程,分析变形破坏模型及形成机理,确定失稳破坏范围。结果显示:开挖边坡裂隙产生由表及里,由上及下,由最初的陡倾短小裂隙扩展延伸,最终贯通,形成近似平行岩层的长大裂缝;缓坡度开挖变形破坏为浅表层,整体稳定性较好,失稳范围及规模较小;陡坡度开挖变形破坏规模大,稳定性较差,以滑移-拉裂深层失稳为主;浅层滑坡滑面以层间泥化夹层剪切为主,基本呈直线状;深层滑坡滑面以层间泥化夹层剪切以及陡倾裂隙组合形成阶梯状。该研究成果对于黔西地区的顺层开挖高边坡设计、稳定性评价、治理措施选择等具有重要的指导意义。     

Identification of deformation and failure characteristics in cataclinal slopes using physical modeling

This study investigates the deformation characteristics of cataclinal slopes in central Taiwan prior to landslide failure. Field surveys and physical model tests were performed to explain the gravitational deformation characteristics of cataclinal slopes under various conditions and to derive the deformation process and failure characteristics. The results show that the distribution of erosion gullies (different length of the slope mass), the extent of erosion (different thickness of the slope mass), the foliation dip angle, and the geological material critically affect the deformation of cataclinal slope masses in the study area. The results of physical model tests indicate that increasing the foliation dip angle, the thickness and the length of sliding mass, particle size (spacing between foliations) increases the depth of slope deformation. Foliation dip angle is the most critical factor that controls the deformation of slate slopes. When the cataclinal slopes reached maximum deformation, a shear failure and translational slide occurred within a short period. The deformation zone exhibited significant cracking at the scarp and the bulging of the slope toe, which facilitated the infiltration of surface water and groundwater, accelerating the deformation to failure.     

Analysis of an anti-dip landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China

The Guantan landslide, with a total displaced mass of about 468 × 10⁴ m³, was triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and succeeding rainfall in Jushui Town, Sichuan Province, China. The landslide occurred on an anti-dip hard rock slope with a weak rock founding stratum of 200 m in thickness. To investigate the failure mechanism of the Guantan landslide, dynamic behaviors of hard and soft rock slopes were investigated by means of large scale shaking table tests. The laboratory models attempted to simulate the field geological conditions of the Guantan landslide. Sinusoidal waves and actual seismic waves measured from the Wenchuan Earthquake were applied on the slope models under 37 loading configurations. The experimental results indicated that deformation mainly developed at a shallow depth in the upper part of the hard rock slope and in the upper (near the crest) and lower (near the toe) parts of the soft rock slope. An equation for predicting the depth of sliding plane was proposed based on the location of the maximum horizontal acceleration. Finally, it was concluded that the failure process of the Guantan landslide occurred in three stages: (1) toppling failure caused by compression of the underlying soft rock strata, (2) formation of crushed hard rock and sliding surface in soft rock as the result of seismic shocks, particularly in the horizontal direction, and (3) aftershock rainfall accelerates the process of mass movement along the sliding plane.     

三峡库区大型斜倾顺层滑坡失稳机理分析

长江三峡库区位于我国地形第二、三级阶梯过渡地带,地质环境复杂,斜倾顺层基岩滑坡较为发育。本文以重庆石柱龙井滑坡为例,详细分析了大型斜倾顺层基岩滑坡的变形特征、成因机理和破坏模式、并采用极限平衡法计算了滑坡在四种工况条件下的稳定性。结果表明:（1）龙井滑坡位于扬子准地台石柱向斜北西翼,体积约1.42×106 m3,主滑方向162°,前缘发育两个次级滑坡;（2）受地形地貌、地层构造、地下水和降雨等因素影响,滑坡目前处于蠕滑变形阶段,变形方式主要为拉张裂缝、剪切裂缝和局部鼓胀变形;（3）滑坡同时处于暴雨和前缘次级滑坡滑动条件下,稳定性为1.03,处于欠稳定状态,滑坡易沿软弱夹层发生整体滑动破坏。     

A Review of the Study of Loess Slump

There has widely developed a specific kind of landslide-loess slump in the north of loess plateau in China, which is different from loess slide or loess fall because of the high sandy ingredient in loess. Due to the weak cement of sandy loess, the slump shows some other features than “typical” loess landslide. In distribution scopes, it often occurres in sandy loess belt, beyond that there are clay loess belt and silty clay loess belt. Due to the extreme shortage of land resources, the local people often choose the concave banks of valley as the cave dwellings sites whereas the convex banks are kept to develop agriculture. Generally, the concave banks have already been eroded much by rivers which makes the level stress of the slope release. However, the excavation for constructions reduces the level stress furthermore. Therefore, it causes the shear stress increase at the feet of the slope. The equilibrium state of the slope is destroyed, and then the failure occurres. The triggering factors of loess slump include rainfall, freeze thawing, freeze swelling, excavation, etc. In fact, these factors often comprehensively affect the slumps. In terms of their deformation and failure mechanism, scientists put forward different views, which include falling firstly and sliding secondly, sliding firstly and fall secondly, from middle parts rupture extending to top and bottom, and integrated sliding and falling. The nearest research implies that the failure mechanism be the bottom shearing failure and then the top tension failure. Referring to the failure mechanism at a micro level, few researches have been done to this kind of landslide. Future studies should investigate the triggering factors widely and deeply, summarize the characteristics of the deformation and failure, apply the numerical and physical simulation methods comprehensively, build up the geological-mechanic model, analyze and clarify the deformation and failure mechanisms quantitatively on the basis of strain and stress relationship, and study the failure mechanisms on a micro level.