华北地台太古宙变质岩系金的丰度及其意义

本文在论述了地球、地幔和地壳中金丰度的最新研究动态以及世界某些太古宙绿岩带金丰度的研究现状的基础上,讨论了华北地台太占宙变质岩的金丰度。国内外太古宙变质岩系的金丰度均比过去人们一般认为的金含量要低。华北地合除胶东群的金丰度可能高于克拉克值外,其它太古宙变质岩如大华群、迁西群、鞍山群、建平群等均低于克拉克值。金丰度的降低对于金矿化探、资源总量预测,矿源层乃至成矿理论的研究都将产生深刻影响。     

豫西主要岩石建造的金丰度

本文以板块构造理论为指导,简述了豫西不同构造单元的岩石建造划分及性质。根据作者和其他学者1982年后获得较精确的金分析数据,计算了不同岩石建造的金丰度。据不同岩性或岩石建造的金丰度不同,探讨了金丰度的分布规律和部分金矿化机制。揭示出绝大多数岩石建造金丰度低于4.3×10~(-9)的维氏克拉克值。     

前寒武纪变质岩大别变质地体金矿矿源层问题的讨论

本文列举的国内外大量较精确的前寒武纪变质岩中的金丰度和大别变质地体1270个变质岩样金的分析数据表明,前寒武纪变质岩和大别变质地体中金丰度值大多数在1.0—2.36ppb之间,明显低于金克拉克值,指出前寒武纪变质岩、大别变质地体中的金丰度与金矿床之间不存在必然联系,不能单纯依据岩石中金丰度值的高低来判别金矿床的矿源层,应着重研究岩石中易溶金的含量和使金活化、迁移、富集的各种机理。     

江西银山铅锌矿中金的分布特征

银山铅锌矿床矿区内主要出露地层为双桥山群第三岩组和上侏罗统鹅湖岭组，金的含量远高于其他岩层，是陆壳丰度值的9．3倍和7．8倍。矿区出露的侵入岩中，花岗岩中金的含量最低，低于陆壳丰度值；最高为辉长－辉绿岩金的含量，是陆壳丰度值的39倍；除石英斑岩外，其他斑岩中的金含量也较高，是陆壳丰度的6－17倍。蚀变岩中金的含量是陆壳丰度的17．3倍，构造碎裂岩金的含量是陆壳丰度的116倍。含铜矿物和黄铁矿是本矿床金的载体矿物。矿床中90％以上的金全独立金矿物相。     

前寒武系变质岩的含金性及其研究意义

本文列举的国内外大量、较精确的前寒武系变质岩中金丰度值及佳木斯中间地块624个变质岩金的分析数据表明,前寒武系变质岩中的金丰度值绝大多数在1.0-2.0ppb之间,明显低干金克拉克值。本文指出前寒武系变质岩中的金丰度值与金矿床之间不存在必然联系。研究前寒武系变质岩的含金性,应在于研究引起变质岩金异常值变化的各种地质因素,也就是使金活化、迁移及富集的种种机制。     

金厂峪金矿有关岩石金丰度的研究

金丰度对矿床形成的意义是值得深入研究的课题。世界上多数金矿与变质岩有关,但在事实上,后者的金丰度并不是很高。金厂峪矿区变质岩金丰度亦较低,作为金矿围岩的斜长角闪岩中的金仅为3.1ppb,但是金的“易溶性”是所有与金矿有关岩石中最好的。这就使它易于在适当的成矿条件下活化、迁移和富集成矿。因此,斜长角闪岩应是金矿的最佳矿源层。     

太古宙绿岩带金的“下迁预富”作用：——以豫狭太华群地层为例

太古宙太华群绿岩带金的丰度低于克拉克值。本文论证了中生代成矿以前金的大规模活化迁移是造成现有低金丰度的根本原因，并依据世界超深钻探及其它大量实际资料，提出了变质期后金的迁移方向主要是向下并在太华群深部形成衍生矿源源层－－“下迁预富”的新理论，较合理地解释了“低金丰度”与“矿质来源”问题，阐述了金的下迁条件和机制，同时就有关问题进行了讨论。     

陕西秦巴地区金区域地球化学特征

陕西秦巴地区地层、岩石金的丰度大多低于地壳丰度值；金元素含量在空间上、岩石中以及构造带中的变化，找金综合信息异常分布的若干特征等都说明秦巴地区构造作用是金矿的主导控制因素，成矿物质来源于地幔。     

内蒙古赤峰地区金等成矿元素丰度以及金矿物质来源探讨

早期发表的金丰度数据相互不能对比,除了分析灵敏度不够以外,主要原因是不同作者采用的数据处理方法不同,可能混人蚀变矿化样品所致。该文采用逐步剔除计算成图求拐点以及直方图累积概率曲线求拐点确定金背景上限值为5.0×^-9。据此计算出赤蜂地区花岗岩金丰度为1.23×10^-9,变质岩金丰度为1.88×10^-9,全区岩石金丰度为1.35×10^-9。根据变质岩、花岗岩中Au等成矿元素丰度以及元紊组合特征,指出太古宙变质岩为金矿原始矿源层(间接来源,通过花岗岩重熔),花岗岩类岩石是金矿的再生矿源岩(直接来源),而闪长质岩石则是成矿物质的主要提供者。     

华北地台主要花岗岩—绿岩带含金丰度值的研究

近十余年来，在华北地台太古宙花岗岩－绿岩带金矿的研究中，获取了许多有关地层、岩石金丰度值的资料。早期获取的资料因化验分析方法灵敏度不高且样品中常常包含矿化、蚀变和构造破碎的岩石等原因而使其金丰度值偏高。最新的数值采用了高灵敏度化验分析方法且剔除了矿化、蚀变和破碎的岩石样品，计算出的金丰度值均明显低于或接近于地壳金丰度值。结合其它研究成果，提出绿岩带有关金矿矿源是多源的（变质的、岩浆的），甚至是深源     

3D structure of the Earth's crust beneath the northern part of the Bohemian Massif

The SUDETES 2003 wide-angle refraction/reflection experiment covered the area of the south-western Poland and the northern Bohemian Massif. The good quality data that were gathered combined with the data from previous experiments (POLONAISE'97, CELEBRATION 2000) allowed us to prepare a 3D seismic model of the crust and uppermost mantle for this area. We inverted travel times of both refracted and reflected P waves using the JIVE3D package. This allowed us to obtain a model of P-wave velocity distribution as well as the shape of major boundaries in the crust. We also present a detailed uncertainty analysis for both the boundary depths and the velocity field. In doing the uncertainty analysis we found an interesting, strong dependence between uncertainty and inversion scheme (order of used phases). We also compared the model with surface geology and found good correlation between velocity inhomogeneities in the uppermost crust (down to 2 km) and major geological units. The higher velocity lower crust (6.9–7.2 km/s) could result from remelting of the lower crust or magmatic underplating.     

Sources of the Late Mesozoic magmatic associations in the northeastern part of the Amurian microcontinent

Based on generalization of available geochronological data, Late Mesozoic magmatic associations in the northeastern part of the Amurian microcontinent are divided into three groups: 142–125, 124–115, and <110 Ma. The age of these associations decreases with approaching the Pacific margin of Asia. In the same direction, they show a change in sources of their parental melts: continental crust (142–125 Ma) → continental crust + PREMA (DM) (124–115 Ma) → continental crust + PREMA (DM) + EMII (<110 Ma). Isotope-geochemical (Sr-Nd) study indicates that intrusive and volcanic rocks of the Late Mesozoic magmatic associations in the northeastern part of the Amurian microcontinent were originated in geodynamic settings that provided access of enriched mantle sources to magma formation. The most probable of these settings are as follows: (1) plate sliding accompanying by the formation of slab window beneath continental margin; (2) passage of the Asian margin over the East Asian mantle hot field in the Late Mesozoic; (3) asthenospheric upwelling due to delamination of the lower crust during closure of the Mongolian-Okhotsk ocean caused by collision between the Amurian microcontinent, Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoy, and Selenga-Stanovoy superterranes in the Central Asian fold belt.     

Deep structure of the western part of the Central Caucasus from geophysical data

The paper presents new data on seismotectonic studies along the Adygei profile in the western part of the Central Caucasus and provides an overview of deep geophysical studies of the Greater Caucasus. For the first time, comprehensive geophysical characteristics of a crustal section of the Greater Caucasus across an orogenic structure (along the Adygei profile) have been obtained with a uniform step of observations. Based on factual data obtained by such methods as converted waves from distant earthquakes, magnetotelluric sounding, and gravimagnetic surveys, sinking of the marginal part of the southern microplate into the mantle is verified. It is noted that the contemporary Alpine structure of the Greater Caucasus formed during gentle thrusting of the Earth’s crust (Scythian Plate) from the north on the consolidated crust of the southern microplate.     

The eastern part of the Tasman Orogenic Zone

The eastern part of the Tasman Orogenic Zone (or Fold Belt System) comprises the Hodgkinson—Broken River Orogen (or Fold Belt) in the north and the New England Orogen (or Fold Belt) in the centre and south. The two orogens are separated by the northern part of the Thomson Orogen.The Hodgkinson—Broken River Orogen contains Ordovician to Early Carboniferous sequences of volcaniclastic flysch with subordinate shelf carbonate facies sediments. Two provinces are recognized, the Hodgkinson Province in the north and the Broken River Province in the south. Unlike the New England Orogen where no Precambrian is known, rocks of the Hodgkinson—Broken River Orogen were deposited immediately east of and in part on, Precambrian crust.The evolution of the New England Orogen spans the time range Silurian to Triassic. The orogen is orientated at an acute angle to the mainly older Thomson and Lachlan Orogens to the west, but the relationships between all three orogens are obscured by the Permian—Triassic Bowen and Sydney Basins and younger Mesozoic cover. Three provinces are recognized, the Yarrol Province in the north, the Gympie Province in the east and the New England Province in the south.Both the Yarrol and New England Provinces are divisible into two zones, western and eastern, that are now separated by major Alpine-type ultramafic belts. The western zones developed at least in part on early Palaeozoic continental crust. They comprise Late Silurian to Early Permian volcanic-arc deposits (both island-arc and terrestrial Andean types) and volcaniclastic sediments laid down on unstable continental shelves. The eastern zones probably developed on oceanic crust and comprise pelagic sediments, thick flysch sequences and ophiolite suite rocks of Silurian (or older?) to Early Permian age. The Gympie Province comprises Permian to Early Triassic volcanics and shallow marine and minor paralic sediments which are now separated from the Yarrol Province by a discontinuous serpentinite belt.In morphotectonic terms, a Pacific-type continental margin with a three-part arrangement of calcalkaline volcanic arc in the west, unstable volcaniclastic continental shelf in the centre and continental slope and oceanic basin in the east, appears to have existed in the New England Orogen and probably in the Hodgkinson—Broken River Orogen as well, through much of mid- to late Palaeozoic time. However, the easternmost part of the New England Orogen, the Gympie Province, does not fit this pattern since it lies east of deepwater flysch deposits of the Yarrol Province.     

Shear-wave velocity structure of the western part of the Mediterranean Sea from Rayleigh-wave analysis

The lithospheric structure of the western part of the Mediterranean Sea is shown by means of S-velocity maps, for depths ranging from 0 to 35 km, determined from Rayleigh-wave analysis. The traces of 55 earthquakes, which occurred from 2001 to 2003 in and around the study area have been used to obtain Rayleigh-wave dispersion. These earthquakes were registered by 10 broadband stations located on Iberia and the Balearic Islands. The dispersion curves were obtained for periods between 1 and 45 s, by digital filtering with a combination of MFT and TVF filtering techniques. After that, all seismic events were grouped in source zones to obtain a dispersion curve for each source-station path. These dispersion curves were regionalized and after inverted according to the generalized inversion theory, to obtain shear-wave velocity models for rectangular blocks with a size of 1° × 1°. The shear velocity structure obtained through this procedure is shown in the S-velocity maps plotted for several depths. These maps show the existence of lateral and vertical heterogeneity. In these maps is possible to distinguish several types of crust with an average S-wave velocity ranging from 2.6 to 3.9 km/s. The South Balearic Basin (SBB) is more characteristic of oceanic crust than the rest of the western Mediterranean region, as it is demonstrated by the crustal thickness. We also find a similar S-wave velocity (ranging from 2.6 km/s at the surface to 3.2 km/s at 10 km depth) for the Iberian Peninsula coast to Ibiza Island, the North Balearic Basin (NBB) and Mallorca Island. In the lower crust, the shear velocity reaches a value of 3.9 km/s. The base of the Moho is estimated from 15 to 20 km under Iberian Peninsula coast to Ibiza Island, continues towards NBB and increases to 20–25 km beneath Mallorca Island. While, the SBB is characterized by a thinner crust that ranges from 10 to 15 km, and a faster velocity. A gradual increase in velocity from the north to the south (especially in the upper 25 km) is obtained for the western part of the Mediterranean Sea. The base of the crust has a shear-wave velocity value around of 3.9 km/s for the western Mediterranean Sea area. This area is characterized by a thin crust in comparison with the crustal thickness of the eastern Mediterranean Sea area. This thin crust is related with the distensive tectonics that exists in this area. The low S-wave velocities obtained in the upper mantle might be an indication of a serpentinized mantle. The obtained results agree well with the geology and other geophysical results previously obtained. The shear velocity generally increases with depth for all paths analyzed in the study area.     

Deep structure of the southeastern part of the East European Platform

The results of CMP seismic data acquisition along regional deep profiles that cross large tectonic elements in the east of the East European Platform are considered. It has been established that the Zhiguli-Pugachev Arch and the Stavropol Depression (southern part of the Melekess Basin), as well as the Volga-Kama Anteclise and Pericaspian Syneclise, conjugate along reverse-thrust faults extending to the lower crust and Moho discontinuity. The position of the southeastern reverse-thrust boundary of the South Tatar Arch has been substantially specified in plan view and illustrated by seismic sections. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested that reverse-thrust faults of different orders are widespread in petroleum provinces in the east of the East European Platform, and this suggestion should be used in geological exploration. The CMP seismic data acquisition is efficient in studying the junction zones of large tectonic elements. It also provides insights into the deep structure of the Earth’s crust and its relationship to the structure and petroleum potential of the sedimentary cover and localization of oilfields. It is expedient to reprocess and integrate earlier seismic data in order to compile tectonic (tectonodynamic) regional maps on a new methodical basis.     

中沙地块南部断裂发育特征及其成因机制

利用最新多道地震剖面资料,结合重力、磁力、地形等地球物理资料,揭示了中沙地块南部断裂空间展布特征、断裂发育时期、断裂内部构造形变特征及深部地壳结构,并基于认识探讨了断裂的发育机制。研究结果认为,中沙地块南部陆缘构造属性为非火山型被动大陆边缘：地壳性质从西北向东南由减薄陆壳向洋陆过渡壳再向正常洋壳发育变化;Moho面埋深从中沙地块下方的26 km快速抬升到海盆的10~12 km;从中沙地块陡坡至其前缘海域的重力异常明显负异常区为洋陆过渡带,在重力由高值负异常上升到海盆的低值正、负异常的边界为洋陆边界。中沙地块南部发育有4组阶梯状向海倾的深大正断裂,主要发育时期为晚渐新世到中中新世。断裂早期发育与南海东部次海盆近NS向扩张有关,后期遭受挤压变形、与菲律宾海板块向南海的NWW向仰冲有关。该研究有助于更好认识南海海盆的扩张历史和南海被动大陆边缘的类型。     

Tertiary extension of continental crust and uplift of Psiloritis metamorphic core complex in the central part of the Hellenic Arc (Crete,Greece)

Kinematic analysis of the deformation in central Crete suggests that the structural evolution and exhumation of the high pressure/low temperature (HP/LT) rocks outcropping at the Mount Psiloritis metamorphic core complex are associated with a regional, Miocene, north-south extension and thinning of the continental crust. This tectonic regime developed under bulk coaxial strain conditions, with ductile deformation in the lower and brittle deformation in the upper crust, and followed, on the decompressional path, a north-south compression associated with a HP/LT metamorphism in the lower crust. This compressional event took place during Oligocene—Early Miocene and led to overthickening of the accretionary wedge in the Hellenic Arc. An east-west directed compression accompanied, in the final stages, the Miocene north-south extension of the continental crust.     

Numerical modelling of orogenic processes and gold mineralisation in the southeastern part of the Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia

We use numerical modelling codes to simulate aspects of some current hypotheses for the origin of gold deposits and hydrothermal systems in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia. In particular, we investigate conceptual models advocating vertically continuous hydrothermal systems as well as those invoking extensive lateral flow and possible links with advection of heat by late orogenic granitic magmatism. Numerical models of part of the Eastern Goldfields Province and Southern Cross Province have been built with FLAC3D, to simulate crustal‐scale coupled interaction between deformation and fluid flow. These illustrate the potential for fluid focusing and mixing in shear zones, including downflow of meteoric water, lateral fluid flow driven by topographic elevation and upwards flow of fluids derived from melting and metamorphism in the deep crust. In some cases, downflow also occurs within the middle crust, at depths where fluid influx might trigger melting if the geothermal gradient were appropriate. The models indicate that tectonic wedging within a layered crust and diverging thrust systems that generate ‘pop‐up’ wedges may be important in facilitating efficient fluid upflow and downflow during uplift, while topographic elevation related to asymmetric thrust migration and loading tends to promote lateral fluid flow. However, the effect of topography appears more important than the precise depth or location of the site of fluid production in the deep crust. The effects of thermal convection and fluid‐fluid interaction have also been numerically modelled for a simplified section across the Kalgoorlie Terrane. Modelling under both hydrostatic and lithostatically overpressured pore‐pressure gradients has effectively delineated domains of convective fluid flow within the middle and upper crust, and has identified two generic sites that are favourable for fluid mixing, notably hangingwall and footwall environments in major shear zones, such as the Bardoc Shear, and in broad antiforms, such as the Goongarrie ‐ Mt Pleasant Antiform. The thermal effect of small plutons embedded in a regional metamorphic regime can cause significant lateral displacement of fluid convection patterns, over distances greater than pluton diameter, as well as more proximal effects on precipitation and dissolution of mineral species. However, these results are highly dependent on the pore‐pressure gradient and the permeability structure of the crust, and require magmatic and metamorphic fluid generation to be precisely timed with respect to deformation, thus reinforcing the dynamic feedback between deformation, magmatism and fluid production and migration.     

Chemical composition of crustal xenoliths from southwestern Syria: Characterization of the upper part of the lower crust beneath the Arabian plate

The chemical bulk rock composition of 37 xenoliths, brought from depths of 25–30 km to the surface by penetrating Cenozoic alkali basaltic magma, from the Shamah Harrat, southwestern Syria, was determined by XRF spectroscopy. The geochemical character of these xenoliths points to original marls and within-plate igneous rocks. To obtain the mean chemical composition of the corresponding upper portion of the lower crust, the compositions of the 37 xenoliths were averaged and a leucogranitic and upper crustal component was added to account for assimilation by the Cenozoic magmas. This mean is more basic (SiO₂—50.5 wt%) and richer in HFSE, LREE, and LILE compared to compositions of the lower crust given by Taylor and McLennan [1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 312pp.] and Rudnick and Gao [2005. Composition of the continental crust. In: Rudnick, R.L. (Ed.), The Crust. Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1–64]. Calculations of the seismic compressional-wave velocity from our compositional mean, using the PERPLE_X computer software, yielded values around 6.85 km/s, which are in accordance with reported seismic studies for the corresponding depth levels (6.7–7.1 km/s).