JOINT INVERSION OF AMBIENT NOISE AND SURFACE WAVE FOR S-WAVE VELOCITY OF THE CRUST AND UPPERMOST MANTLE BENEATH WEIHE BASIN AND ITS ADJACENT AREA

The Weihe Basin is the main component of the extrusion and escape shear zone between the ancient North China craton block in Ordos and the ancient Yangtze platform in Sichuan Basin, and carries the dynamic transmission from the main power source of the Qinghai-Tibet Block in the west to the North China and South China regions in the east. The basin itself plays multi roles in the east-west and north-south tectonic movement, and is an excellent site for studying the structural interlacing, dynamic transformation and transmission. At the same time, Weihe Basin is also a famous strong earthquake zone in China. Historically, there was a strong earthquake of magnitude 8 1/4 occurring in Huaxian County in 1556, causing huge casualties and property losses. In view of the special geological structures and the characteristics of modern seismicity activities in the Weihe fault-depression zone, it is necessary to carry out fine three-dimensional velocity structure detection in the deep part of Weihe Basin and its adjacent areas, so as to study the relationship between velocity structure and geological structural units and their evolution process, as well as the deep medium environment where earth￣quakes develop and occur. We investigate the S-wave velocity structure beneath Weihe Basin and its adjacent regions based on continuous background noise data and teleseismic data recorded by 257 broadband stations in Shaanxi Province and its adjacent regions and China Seismological Science Array Exploration Project, and by adopting seismic surface wave inter-station method and background noise cross-correlation method, a total of 10 049 fundamental-mode Rayleigh surface wave phase velocity dispersion curves in the periods of 5~70s are obtained. Firstly, using the average dispersion curve in this study area, we obtain the one-dimensional average S-wave velocity structure model of the study area, and then we apply the ray-tracing surface-wave-dispersion direct inversion method to obtain the S-wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle (3~80km) beneath Weihe Basin and its adjacent regions. The test results of a 1°×1° grid checker board show that the recovery is good, except for the areas east of 111° and south of 32° of the study area, where there is almost no resolution. The imaging results show that the velocity structure beneath each tectonic unit in the study area has a certain distribution rule, and there is a good correlation between surface geological structure and deep velocity structure. Based on the analysis of velocity slices at different depths and S-wave velocity structures of three profiles, and combined with existing geological structures, geophysics and other deep exploration research results, we obtain the following knowledge and conclusions:1)The thick sedimentary layer covering the top of Weihe Basin is the cause of low velocity anomaly in its shallow crust, the middle and upper crust of the basin are of low velocity structure, and the low-velocity zone extends about 25km, the Moho interface uplifts abruptly relative to both the Ordos Block and the Qinling orogenic belt on opposite sides, and high-speed materials from the upper mantle intrude into the lower crust, which may be related to the underplating of mafic-ultramafic materials from the upper mantle in Mesozoic-Cenozoic period; 2)The south Ordos Block is not a homogeneous whole, the low-velocity structure of the shallow crust in southern Ordos Block is thin in east and thick in west, which may be related to the overall tilting of the Ordos Basin since the Phanerozoic, as well as the differential uplift and strong and uneven denudation of the Ordos Block since the Late Cretaceous. The crustal structure of the south Ordos Block is relatively simple and homogeneous. There is no significant low-velocity structure in the curst of the block, which shows that the low-velocity structure in the crust does not penetrate the whole Ordos block. We speculate that the southern Ordos Block still maintains the stable craton property, and has not been reformed significantly so far; 3)The variation characteristics of deep structure of the Qinling orogenic belt reflect the deep crustal structure and tectonic deformation characteristics of the orogenic belt which are strongly reformed by land-land collision and suture between North China plate and Yangtze plate, intracontinental orogeny, uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its northeastern expansion since the Late Hercynian-Indosinian period. The deep structure beneath the eastern and western Qinling orogenic belt is different and has the characteristics of segmentation. The low-velocity anomaly at the bottom of the lower crust of the orogenic belt may be affected by tectonic activities such as uplift and outward extension of the NE Tibetan plateau, and the analysis considers that there is little possibility of the existence of lower crustal circulation channel for the eastward flowing of Tibetan plateau materials in the Qinling orogenic belt. However, since the maximum depth from the inversion of this paper is 80km, which is located at the top of the upper mantle, our results cannot prove that there exists a mantle flow channel for the eastward flow of Tibetan plateau material beneath the Qinling orogenic belt.     

沿107.6°E南北向剖面鄂尔多斯地块及周缘地区地壳结构

鄂尔多斯地块紧邻青藏高原东北缘,位于华北克拉通的西部,在我国中生代、新生代以来东部地区的构造活动中起到了重要作用.对鄂尔多斯及其周缘地区的研究可以提供有关华北克拉通的形成、演化和破坏过程的重要信息.本文选取了纵贯鄂尔多斯的107.6°E附近南北剖面上的44个流动地震台站进行分析,采用接收函数方法,进行Kirchhoff偏移成像,并且结合在该区域内前人的地震面波频散进行联合反演,获得剖面下方的地壳内部精细结构.研究结果显示:(1)莫霍面在鄂尔多斯北部较平缓,约45km深;在鄂尔多斯南部有所加深,达到50km;其北边的河套盆地的地壳厚度约为50km;南边的渭河盆地到秦岭地区及四川盆地的地壳厚度从约为40km增厚到47～50km.(2)河套盆地下方存在大规模的低速异常,最深可达25km,反映了其显著的拉张构造和沉积历史.(3)秦岭造山带下方的低速异常对应于其主要为长英质的地壳组分,可能是由于中生代的拆沉作用导致的地壳下部基性岩石层的缺失.(4)以38°N为界的鄂尔多斯地块,南北部地壳速度结构存在差异,可能表明了这两部分经历的构造历史不同.     

用GPS 资料分析渭河盆地及邻近地区地壳运动特征

利用中国地壳运动观测网络工程1999 ~ 2002 年渭河盆地及邻近地区GPS 观测资料, 以及陕西省地震局2001 ~ 2002 年的GPS 观测资料, 研究了渭河盆地及邻近地区地壳运动速度场。结果表明, 渭河盆地及邻区的运动速率有明显的WE 向条带状变化特征, 鄂尔多斯块体南缘呈整体不连续性逆时针旋转运动, 相对鄂尔多斯块体内部的榆林测点, 平均速率约为5.7mm/ a;渭河盆地中部的彬县— 西安— 蓝田一线两侧存在一个左旋剪切带( 东侧) 和右旋剪切带, 左旋剪切带的北部区域与铜川— 泾阳— 临潼— 渭南小震频发区恰好对应;鄂尔多斯块体东南缘临汾盆地东侧, GPS 观测点资料表现出应力集中的迹象, 该区与临汾-韩城地震带也有较好的对应关系。     

南北地震带北段的远震P波层析成像研究

本文利用"中国地震科学台阵"探测项目在南北地震带北段布设的678个流动地震台站在2013年10月至2015年4月期间记录到的远震波形数据,经过波形互相关拾取到473个远震事件共130309条P波走时残差数据,通过远震层析成像研究获得了该区(30°N-44°N,96°E-110°E)下方0.5°×0.5°的P波速度扰动图像.结果显示,研究区下方P波速度结构显示强烈的不均一性和显著的分区、分块特征.岩石圈速度结构具有显著的东西差异:祁连、西秦岭和松潘甘孜地块组成的青藏东北缘地区显示明显的低速异常,而属于克拉通性质的鄂尔多斯地块和四川盆地则显示高速异常,表明东部克拉通块体对青藏高原物质的东向挤出起到了强烈的阻挡作用.阿拉善地块显示出弱高速和局部弱低速的异常并存的特征.阿拉善地块西部显示低速异常,而东部与鄂尔多斯相邻的地区显示高速异常,可能表明该地区的岩石圈的变形主要受到青藏高原东北缘的挤压作用.在鄂尔多斯和四川盆地之间的秦岭下方100~250 km深度上表现为明显的低速异常,表明该处可能存在软流圈物质的运移通道.鄂尔多斯北部的河套裂陷盆地下方在100~500 km深度内低速异常表现明显,说明该区有深部热物质上涌且至少来源于地幔过渡带.青藏东北缘上地幔显示低速异常且地幔过渡带中出现明显的高速异常,这种结构模式暗示了在青藏高原东北缘可能发生了岩石圈拆沉作用,而高速异常体可能是拆沉的岩石圈地幔.     

Crustal structure of the northeastern Tibetan plateau,the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin from ambient noise tomography

We apply ambient noise tomography to significant seismic data resources in a region including the northeastern Tibetan plateau,the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin.The seismic data come from about 160 stations of the provincial broadband digital seismograph networks of China.Ambient noise cross-correlations are performed on the data recorded between 2007 and 2009 and high quality inter-station Rayleigh phase velocity dispersion curves are obtained between periods of 6 s to 35 s.Resulting Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps possess a lateral resolution between 100 km and 200 km.The phase velocities at short periods (20 s) are lower in the Sichuan basin,the northwest segment of the Ordos block and the Weihe graben,and outline sedimentary deposits.At intermediate and long periods (25 s),strong high velocity anomalies are observed within the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin and low phase velocities are imaged in the northeastern Tibetan plateau,reflecting the variation of crustal thickness from the Tibetan plateau to the neighboring regions in the east.Crustal and uppermost mantle shear wave velocities vary strongly between the Tibetan plateau,the Sichuan basin and the Ordos block.The Ordos block and the Sichuan basin are dominated by high shear wave velocities in the crust and uppermost mantle.There is a triangle-shaped low velocity zone located in the northeastern Tibetan plateau,whose width narrows towards the eastern margin of the plateau.No low velocity zone is apparent beneath the Qinling orogen,suggesting that mass may not be able to flow eastward through the boundary between the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin in the crust and uppermost mantle.     

利用背景噪声成像技术反演陕西及邻区地壳剪切波速度结构

利用地震背景噪声层析成像技术处理陕西及邻区所布设的257个宽频带台站的连续背景噪声数据,采用基于射线追踪的面波频散直接反演方法获得陕西及邻区地壳(6～39 km)高分辨率剪切波速度结构。成像结果显示:(1)渭河盆地顶部形成于新生代,厚的沉积层造成其浅部显著的低速异常,盆地中、上地壳为低速结构。渭河盆地与南北两侧地质构造单元交界区域的下方存在高速与低速结合带,以及在块体间相互运动的作用下,在块体内部,特别是界带深部可能存在着物质与能量的强烈交换,为渭河盆地及邻区的地震孕育发生提供深部环境。(2)南鄂尔多斯块体并不是一个均匀的整体,块体地壳浅层东薄西厚的低速异常结构,可能与鄂尔多斯自显生宙以来的整体掀斜,以及晚白垩纪以来差异性整体抬升和受强烈而不均匀的剥蚀有关。块体中地壳速度比上地壳和下地壳较高。壳内不存在显著的低速体,说明壳内低速体并没有贯穿整个鄂尔多斯地块。我们推测南鄂尔多斯块体仍保留着稳定克拉通的属性,其地壳结构可能反映了克拉通早期形成时的结构特征,至今还未遭受明显改造。(3)秦岭造山带东,西深部结构存在显著差异,具有分段分区的特征。造山带中地壳速度较高,可能因在板块碰撞和造山过程中,下地壳物质被抬升进入中地壳,从而造成中地壳速度偏高。     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘地区现今地壳水平运动与应变

位于青藏块体和华北块体之间的鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘地区是中国大陆构造活动最活跃的地区之一,从1300年至今,在块体周边断陷盆地和西南缘断裂带上发生了五次8级以上的地震.为了了解该地区现今地壳运动、应变状态以及断裂滑动分布,我们收集了中国大陆构造环境监测网络2009—2013年、国家GPS控制网、跨断陷盆地的8个GPS剖面等共527个流动站和32个连续站GPS观测数据,获得了高空间分辨率的地壳水平运动速度场,进一步用均匀弹性模型计算了应变率分布.结果表明,块体内部GPS站点向NEE方向运动,速度变化较小,应变率大多在(-1.0~1.0)×10~(-8)/a之间;山西断陷带构造运动与变形最为强烈,盆地相对于鄂尔多斯块体为拉张变形,应变率为(1.0~3.0)×10~(-8)/a,相对于东部山地则为挤压变形,应变率为(-2.0~-3.0)×10~(-8)/a,盆地西侧断裂(如罗云山断裂、交城断裂)以拉张运动为主,拉张速率为2~3mm·a-1,盆地东侧断裂主要以右旋缩短运动为主,速率为1~3mm·a-1;河套断陷带西部的临河凹陷处于较强的张性应变状态,应变率为(2.0~3.0)×10~(-8)/a;块体西南边缘处于压缩应变状态,应变率为(-1.0~-2.0)×10~(-8)/a,六盘山断裂存在明显的地壳缩短运动,速率约为2.1mm·a-1,速率在断裂附近逐渐减小,反映了断裂处于闭锁状态;相对于鄂尔多斯块体内部渭河断裂带为左旋运动,速率为1.0mm·a-1,盆地处在弱拉张变形状态.     

VELOCITY CHARACTRISTICS OF SHANXI AND ADJACENT AREA AND ITS TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE

In order to acquire a better velocity structure of the crustal and uppermost mantle beneath Shanxi area, we obtain the group and phase velocities of Rayleigh wave of the periods 8s to 50s in Shanxi and adjacent area using ambient seismic noise recorded at 216 broad-band stations. All available vertical-component time series for 2014 have been cross-correlated to yield estimates of empirical Rayleigh wave Green's function. Group and phase velocity dispersion curves for Rayleigh wave are measured for each interstation path by applying frequency-time analysis. It describes finer velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in Shanxi, which reflects the geological structure characteristics at different depths. The resolution is within 50km and the resolution of part periods can reach 40km.The Rayleigh wave group and phase speed maps at short periods(8~18s and 10~22s)show clear correlations with shallow geological structures. Mountain areas on both sides of Shanxi depression zone show apparent high-velocity anomaly, except for low-velocity anomaly in the Taiyuan Basin, Linfen-Yuncheng Basin and Weihe Basin. Especially, the areas of Youyu County-Pianguan County-Kelan County-Shuozhou City and Jingle County-Lishi District of Lüliang City in Lüliang Mountains, and Yu County-Fuping County-Yi County and Yangcheng County-Licheng County in Taihang Mountains, present higher velocity anomaly. In addition, the velocity is lowest in the Weihe Basin, and the amplitude of low velocity decreases gradually from the south to the north of the basins in Shanxi, which probably is related to the process of gradual stretching and development of the Shanxi rift zone from the southwest to the northeast. The obvious velocity difference across the latitude of 38°N exists at 18~30s period of phase and 24~35s period of group velocity maps, which is probably related to the deep and shallow Moho depth variation in the south and north of Shanxi and the suture zone of ancient blocks including "hard" southern block and "soft" northern block. At the same time, the research result of receiver function reveals that partial melting of the lower crust occurs in the northern Taihang Mountains, while the southern section remains stable(Poisson's ratio is above 0.3 in the northern Taihang Mountains and 0.25~0.26 in the southern section). The phase velocity map at 30~50s period clearly shows NW velocity gradient belt, and the low velocity anomaly in the northeast side may be related to Cenozoic volcanism. Meanwhile, the eastern border of Ordos block is the western faults of central basins in Shanxi depression zone. However, some research results indicate that the above border is Lishi Fault in the surface, inferring that the Ordos block shows a shape of wide in the upper and narrow in the lower part from the surface to deep. The Datong volcanic area at 18~45s period of phase and 24~35s period of group velocity maps shows low velocity of trumpet shape from shallow to deep, related to the upwelling of hot material from lower mantle in the Cenozoic causing a large area of intense magmatic activity. It indicates the more specific upwelling channel of Datong volcanoes simultaneously.     

鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘上地幔各向异性分析研究

对布设在鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘的固定宽频带地震台网90个台站记录作远震SKS波形资料偏振分析,采用最小切向能量法求得每个台站的SKS快波偏振方向和快慢波时差,获得块体及其周缘上地幔各向异性图像,并结合1999～2007年相对鄂尔多斯块体的GPS水平地壳运动速度场,分析块体及其周缘的各向异性特征和壳幔耦合特征并重新认识块体...     

Mantle anisotropy across the southwestern boundary of the Ordos block,North China

Located at the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau,the Ordos block is a stable tectonic unit in North China.With its active boundary fault zones,the Ordos block played an important role in the eastward extrusion mechanism of the Tibetan plateau.Peking University deployed a linear array of 15 portable broadband seismometers across the western Weihe graben during September 2005 to August 2006 and later a 2-D seismic array(Southwest Ordos Array) of 14 portable broadband seismometers during 2007-2008 at its southwestern boundary.Analyses of shear wave splitting of SKS and SKKS phases at these stations show that the fast directions trend ～110° with an average delay time of 0.9 s in the southwestern margin of the Ordos block.The agreement between the lithosphere deformation indicated by GPS data and Quaternary fault slip-rate observations and the mantle flow represented by shear wave splitting implies that accordant deformation patterns from lithosphere to asthenosphere in relation to the eastward extrusion of the Tibetan plateau could extend at least to 200 km depth.Spatial distribution of splitting polarization directions indicates that the mantle flow driven by the Tibetan plateau is blocked by the Ordos block and locally restricted in a narrow channel along the Qinling-Dabie fault zones between the Ordos block and Sichuan basin.     

渭河盆地及邻区重力异常小波多尺度分解与解释

基于EGM2008重力场模型计算获得了渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常。采用小波多尺度分解方法对布格重力异常进行了4阶小波逼近和小波细节分解,同时基于平均径向对数功率谱方法定量化地计算出1~4阶小波细节和小波逼近所对应的场源平均埋深。结合区域地质和地震资料,对获得的重力场结果进行分析,得到如下结论:①鄂尔多斯地块、渭河盆地、秦岭造山带3个一级构造单元的布格重力异常之间存在明显差异;构造区内部重力异常也存在横向的显著差异。布格重力异常的走向、规模、分布特征与二级构造区及主要的断裂具有一定的对应关系。②渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常1~4阶细节对应4~23 km不同深度的场源信息,鄂尔多斯地块南缘东、西部的地壳结构存在明显的差异;渭河盆地凹陷、凸起构造区边界清晰,断裂边界与重力异常边界具有较好的一致性;秦岭造山带重力异常连贯性不好,东、西部重力异常变化特征表现出明显的差异。③渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常分布与莫霍面埋深具有非常明显的镜像关系。渭河盆地及邻区地震主要分布在六盘山—陇县—宝鸡断裂带、渭河断裂与渭南塬前断裂交汇处、韩城断裂与双泉—临猗断裂交汇处。渭河盆地及邻区重力异常主要由中上地壳剩余密度体所影响,这可能是该区地震以浅源地震为主的主要原因。     

青海省河南MS5.1和玛沁MS5.0地震后库玛断裂带的地震活动趋势研究

根据地震活动特征、大武地震台尾波持续时间及长宁、湟源和西宁3个台水氡异常变化，讨论了1999年河南Ms5.1和玛沁Ms5.0地震发生后库玛断裂带的地震活动趋势，结果表明，河南-玛沁地区的中强地震活动与库玛断裂带上的强震活动有明显的对应关系；在库玛断裂带中东段存在一个由ML≥3.0地震围成的空区；上述2次地震发生后大武地震台尾波持续时间异常依然存在，长宁、湟源和西宁台水氡趋势异常仍然持续，据此认为库玛断裂带存在发生强震的背景。     

渭河盆地及邻区地壳深部结构特征研究

利用穿越区域南段为秦岭褶皱带山区,中段为渭河断陷盆地,北段为鄂尔多斯地台南缘的宽角反射/折射地震测深剖面所获得的资料对该区地壳结构进行研究.结果表明:该区地壳呈明显的分层、分区结构;上下地壳的分界是由壳内反射波较为连续可靠的P2以及P3所确定的.鄂尔多斯地台是本区M界面最深的地区,地壳厚度大,达42 km左右,结构相对简单,结晶基底浅. 秦岭褶皱带的地壳厚度约37~38 km,结晶基底浅,甚至出露.渭河断陷盆地莫霍界面相对两侧明显且不对称的上隆,地壳结构复杂;而莫霍界面相对鄂尔多斯地块突变隆起和上地幔高速物质侵入于下地壳,是该区发生中强地震的深部构造背景.     

鄂尔多斯西缘北段的地壳结构和块体间变形关系

本文对喜马拉雅计划二期部分台站的远震波形数据进行接收函数提取,利用接收函数共转换点叠加方法获得阿拉善地块、鄂尔多斯地块以及银川—河套盆地下方0~80 km深度的速度间断面结构.结果表明:鄂尔多斯地块成层性好,地壳厚度为38~42 km,康拉德界面为18~22 km,阿拉善地区的Moho面深度为38~45 km.河套盆地地壳厚度约52 km,银川断陷盆地和贺兰山下方的Moho面最深为~55 km.鄂尔多斯西缘构造边界下方Moho面变化明显,且黄河断裂为深大断裂直接切割莫霍界面.根据本文的间断面成像结果我们进一步确定阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯地块分属不同的大地构造单元.与此同时,我们推测贺兰山以西70~80 km范围内和鄂尔多斯地块西缘北段存在地壳增厚变形的可能.     

渭河盆地及邻区现今地壳形变及构造特征研究

基于2009—2014年渭河盆地及邻区GPS资料,利用Shen提出的连续形变场与应变场计算方法,获得渭河盆地及邻区的水平形变场及应变率场,结合构造地质、地震目录等资料对渭河盆地及邻区的现今地壳形变及构造特征进行研究,并得到如下结论:(1)鄂尔多斯地块南缘西段和东段GPS形变场变化差异明显,六盘山—陇县—宝鸡断裂带形变场...     

渭河盆地现代地震活动特点分析

渭河盆地是环鄂尔多斯地块周缘大型断陷盆地之一。在环鄂尔多斯地块的4个边中,渭河盆地的现代地震活动属于最弱的一边,表现为环鄂尔多斯地块最大的地震空段。渭河盆地内部由多个次级断块组成,但它们对盆地内的现代地震活动控制却不明显。作为青藏高原东北缘紧邻的一个大型外侧盆地,盆地内的现代地震活动与青藏高原的大震活动存在着一定的响应,表现为伴随着青藏高原的大震活动,盆地内部的地震活动也明显增强。     

基于GPS数据分析渭河盆地现今地壳形变特征

基于2001—2015年流动及连续GPS观测资料,借助多面函数拟合法建立渭河盆地水平速度场模型,并计算球面坐标下的应变特征参数。结合陕西地区地质构造背景,分析渭河盆地水平速度场及应变场分布特征。结果表明:(1)渭河盆地西部GPS速度场受青藏块体及鄂尔多斯块体共同作用明显,西部GPS速度场大于中东部,且GPS速度场有顺时针旋转的运动特征。(2)渭河盆地西部主应力场变化复杂,中部的西安地区主应变差异变化明显,与2009年11月5日高陵M_S4.4地震对应;渭河盆地西部出现最大剪应变及面应变高值区及差异变化高梯度带,在西安附近出现最大剪应变及面应变差异变化梯度带,高陵地震震中位于零值线附近。(3)2001—2010年的主应变、最大剪应变、面应变变化比2011—2015年显著,表明高陵地震发生后,应力场进行了释放调整,近期渭河盆地地震紧迫性相对较低。     

基于精密水准的鄂尔多斯西北缘现今垂直运动分析

鄂尔多斯块体受青藏块体和华北块体的挤压,在其周缘形成一系列褶皱和压性断层,构造较为复杂。本文利用1980、1990和2014这3期精密水准资料计算了鄂尔多斯块体西北缘的垂直运动速率,分析结果表明:① 位于阴山断块隆起与鄂尔多斯断块隆起之间的河套盆地相对下沉,其中临河盆地最为明显,下沉速率为2-4mm/a,位于鄂尔多斯块体西缘的吉兰泰-银川断陷带沉降速率有所减缓,目前沉降速率约为2mm/a;② 整个测区表现为明显的山区上升、盆地下沉的继承性运动;③ 穿过乌拉山北缘断裂和磴口-本井断裂的2条水准剖面显示断裂两侧的垂直运动速率差异小于0.5mm/a。     

Crustal structure of northeastern Tibetan plateau and Ordos block: Waveform interpretation of the Maqen-Jingbian seismic refraction profile

The Maqen-Jingbian wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction experiment was carried out in 1998, which aims at determining detailed structure in the crust and top of the upper mantle and understanding structural relation between the northeastern Tibetan plateau and the Ordos block. The 1-D crustal models inferred by waveform inversion show strong variations in crustal structure, which can be classified into four different types: ① an Ordos platform with the Proterozoic crust and two high-velocity layers in the northeast section, ② a transitional crust between the northeastern Tibetan plateau and the Ordos block across the Haiyuan earthquake zone, ③ the Qilian orogenic zone in the central part, and 4 the Qinling orogenic zone in the southwestern section. The Moho depth increases from ~42 km to ~62 km from the NE part to the SW part of the profile. The crystalline crust consists of the upper crust and lower crust in northeastern Tibetan plateau. There is an obviously low P-wave velocity layer dipping northeastward, which is 12–13 km thick, at the bottom of the upper crust in Qinling orogenic zone and Haiyuan earthquake zone. The lower crust is characterized by alternating high and low P-wave velocity layers. Beneath Ordos block, i.e., the NE part of the profile, the crust shows quite a smooth increase in P-wave velocity down to the Moho at a depth of about 42 km.     

Crustal structures of the Weihe graben and its surroundings from receiver functions

We use 15 seismic stations,crossing the Qinling orogen(QO),Weihe graben(WG)and Ordos block(OB),to study the crustal structures by receiver functions(RFs)methods.The results show quite a difference in crustal structures and materials of three tectonic units(orogenic belt,extentional basin and stable craton).The average crustal thickness in the northern QO is 37.8 km,and Poisson ratio is 0.247,which indicates the increase of felsic materials in QO.In the southern OB,the average crustal thickness is 39.2 km and Poisson ratio is 0.265.Comparatively high value of Poisson ratio is related with old crystallized base in the lower crust and shallow sediments.The artificial RFs reveal that low-velocity and thick sediments have a significant effect on phases of the Mohorovi i discontinuity(Moho).As a result,the Moho phases in WG are tangled.S-wave velocity(VS)inversion shows that there are shallow sediment layers with 4–8 km’s thickness and high velocity zones in the middle-lower crust in WG.Complex Moho structure and high velocity zone may have been induced by the activities of the Weihe faults series.