基于高频ADCP资料的磨刀门河口羽状流湍流动力特征

利用1 200 kHz的宽频RDI ADCP于2015年7月在磨刀门河口拦门沙前缘的浅水站和沿岸流影响的深水站进行座底观测，采样频率为1 Hz，数据经滤波去噪处理，应用方差方法分析了磨刀门的羽状流湍流动力特征。结果表明，磨刀门河口水流表现出3层流结构，峰值流速出现在表层的羽状流层，深水区雷诺应力量级为10-3~10-5 m2/s2，小于拦门沙前缘的湍流脉动强度；拦门沙前缘和深水区湍流动能密度参数的范围均在0.01~0.6 m2/s2左右，羽状流的湍动能比底边界层高一个数量级。拦门沙前缘羽状流的湍动能生成率量级约为10-3 W/kg，比底层大2~3个量级，且远强于深水区；垂直涡黏系数的大小约为0~0.15 m2/s。总的来说，羽状流表现出层化稳定、混合强烈，以及高的湍动能生成率，为羽状流携带高浊度悬沙离岸远距离搬运提供了湍流动力条件。     

北太平洋涡旋对基于细尺度参数化的海洋内部混合的影响

基于Vector Geometry方法对2016—2018年的高度计资料进行涡旋识别,并使用细尺度参数化方法和Argo数据计算了涡旋附近的海洋内部扩散率,分析了北太平洋的涡旋对海洋内部混合的影响。结果显示,研究区域在涡旋影响下的平均扩散率比无涡旋影响下的值大6%,并且气旋涡增强了600—1200m深度的混合,对600—900m深度的混合影响最大,可达18%;反气旋涡明显增强了300—900m深度的混合,但对900—1200m深度的混合没有明显影响。随着与涡旋中心距离的增大,涡旋外围混合扩散率缓慢减小,涡旋内部混合扩散率变化不明显,此结果与2014年3—10月在24°—36°N、132°—152°E区域的一个个例分析结果一致。此外,随着涡旋强度的增大,海洋内部混合明显增强。统计结果表明,在研究区域, 90%的扩散率值在10~(-5.5)—10~(-4)m~2/s范围内。     

长江口湍流剖面的观测与分析

小尺度湍流过程对河口物质输运与能量交换至关重要。受传统观测方法的限制, 河口浅水区域的剖面观测资料至今较为匮乏, 进而限制了湍流过程的研究。为此, 采用新型5波束声学多普勒流速剖面仪(Nortek Signature 1 000 kHz AD2CP)在长江口开展湍流剖面观测, 获取高频、低噪的高质量湍流剖面数据, 并与声学多普勒点式流速仪(acoustic doppler velocimeters, ADV)同步观测的数据进行对比。结果表明, 通过AD2CP与ADV获得的近底部边界层摩阻流速u_*、拖曳系数C_d、雷诺应力S_R等特征参数基本一致, 底摩擦与波浪能量为河口区域湍动能的主要输入源。湍流垂向结构存在显著的非局地平衡, 即温盐等斜压作用引起的浮力通量、对流项以及强波浪作用影响的脉动压力做功、黏性输运等因素可能为长江口湍流非局地平衡的主因。     

THE STRUCTURE AND HEAT BUDGETS OF LARGE-SCALE DISTURBANCES OVER THE EQUATORIAL TROUGH REGION OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC

The average vertical distribution of equivalent potential temperature, horizontal divergerce, relative vorticity and vertical velocity overthe observation area were computed using 6-days NAVAID wind data from the R/V Shijian and R/V Xiangyanghong 09 during FGGE (the First GARP Global Experiment) and upper air sounding data of two island stations within the same period. Yanai's method was used to compute the vertical distributions of the apparent heat source, apparent moisture sink and total eddy heat flux. Satellite cloud photographs and surface meteorological measurements were used to subdivide the six days of observation into three disturbed days and three undisturbed or trade days. This paper describes the large-scale structure and heat budgets in the disturbed and trade wind periods and compared them with those of the trade wind regions of the Atlantic. Some interesting results of the structure and heat budgets of large-scale disturbances over the equatorial trough region in the western Pacific are     

风生近惯性能通量和地形粗糙度对海洋内部混合的影响

使用细尺度参数化方法和2015—2019年全球的Argo温盐剖面资料,分析了风生近惯性能通量和地形粗糙度对全球海洋300—600m深度的涡流扩散系数的影响。结果表明,在30°—45°N区域,月均涡流扩散系数与月平均风生近惯性能通量随时间的变化趋势较为一致,相关系数可达0.43,前者滞后1个月,与后者的相关系数可达0.65,但在其他区域二者的变化趋势相差较大;相较于中纬度和北半球,低纬度和南半球的地形粗糙度与扩散系数的相关关系更好。基于这些分析结果,拟合并建立了30°—45°N区域300—600m深度的涡流扩散系数与风生近惯性能通量和地形粗糙度的关系式。而且,用此关系式和细尺度参数化方法计算出来的扩散系数平均量级差异为0.47,且91%的值偏差小于一个量级。据此,我们给出了1—12月30°—45°N太平洋区域的涡流扩散系数的网格化结果。     

Influence of Turbulence Intensity and Turbulence Length Scale on the Drag, Lift and Heat Transfer of A Circular Cylinder

Influence of the turbulence intensity and turbulence length scale on the hydrodynamic characteristics and heat transfer of a circular cylinder, streamlined by a viscous fluid flow, is numerically studied. We take the Reynolds number of the oncoming flow equal to 4×10⁴, the turbulence intensity Tu_f and the dimensionless turbulence length scale L_f varying from 1.0% to 40% and from 0.25 to 4.0, respectively. We confirmed that the increase of Tu_f leads to the suppression of the periodic vortex shedding from the cylinder surface, and as a result the stationary mode of streamlining is formed. Consequently, with the increasing turbulence intensity directly in front of the cylinder Tu^*, the amplitude of the lift coefficient decreases monotonically. Nevertheless, the time-averaged drag coefficient of the streamlined cylinder decreases at Tu^*<6.0%, and increases at Tu^*>9.0%. The dependence of the average Nusselt number on Tu^* is near-linear, and with the increasing turbulence intensity, the Nusselt number rises. However, the change of the average Nusselt number depending on L_f is non-monotonic and at L_f=1.0, the value reaches its maximum.     

Modeling the eddy transport of momentum and heat: Comparison with direct measurements in free atmosphere

Direct measurements of eddy diffusivities for momentum K _m and heat K _h by Doppler radar and by a radio acoustic sounding system in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere were used to examine the applicability of three Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) schemes of stratified turbulence in the environment: the E — ? turbulence scheme modified for stratified flows, the algebraic two-parameter E — ? Reynolds-stress scheme, and the three-parameter \(E - \varepsilon - \overline {\theta ^2 } \) turbulence scheme. All turbulence parameters-the turbulent kinetic energy (E), the dissipation rate (?), and vertical profiles of potential temperature (atmospheric stability) and mean wind velocity-were derived from direct measurements for all three turbulence schemes. It is shown that the profile of the vertical diffusivity of momentum (K _m ) obtained from the three-parameter RANS turbulence scheme agrees well with its directly measured analog. The profile of K _m calculated by the two-parameter turbulence schemes fits measurements rather qualitatively.     

Large eddy simulations of a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers surrounding the drag crisis

Large eddy simulations of the flow around a circular cylinder at high Reynolds numbers are reported. Five Reynolds numbers were chosen, such that the drag crisis was captured. A total of 18 cases were computed to investigate the effect of gridding strategy, turbulence modelling, numerical schemes and domain width on the results. It was found that unstructured grids provide better resolution of key flow features, when a ‘reasonable’ grid size is to be maintained.When using coarse grids for large eddy simulation, the effect of turbulence models and numerical schemes becomes more pronounced. The dynamic mixed Smagorinsky model was found to be superior to the Smagorinsky model, since the model coefficient is allowed to dynamically adjust based on the local flow and grid size. A blended upwind-central convection scheme was also found to provide the best accuracy, since a fully central scheme exhibits artificial wiggles, due to dispersion errors, which pollute the solution.Mean drag, fluctuating lift Strouhal number and base pressure are compared to experiments and empirical estimates for Reynolds numbers ranging from 6.31 × 10⁴ to 5.06 × 10⁵. In terms of the drag coefficient, the drag crisis is well captured by the present simulations, although the other integral quantities (rms lift and Strouhal number) show larger discrepancies. For the lowest Reynolds number, the drag is seen to be more sensitive to the domain width than the spanwise grid spacing, while at the higher Reynolds numbers the grid resolution plays a more important role, due to the larger extent of the turbulent boundary layer.     

An estimate of the vertical diffusivity of the deep water

A simple advection-diffusion model is applied to the deep water of the North Pacific Ocean. The physical mixing parameter, i.e., the ratio of vertical advection velocity (W) to vertical eddy diffusivity (D), is obtained from the vertical distribution of a conservative property such as salinity. The rate of decomposition of organic matter is estimated from the oxygen consumption rate which is obtained from dissolved oxygen content. The calcium carbonate flux in the deep water is obtained from alkalinity. Using these values and the vertical distribution of a radioisotope,¹⁴C or²²⁶Ra, the vertical eddy diffusivity and the upwelling velocity are found to be 1.2 cm²/sec and 1.4 ×10^–5 cm/sec, respectively, at the Geosecs 1969 station. The oxygen consumption rate at 3 km depth of the station is found to be 1.4×10^–3ml/l/yr.     

Diapycnal mixing by meso-scale eddies

The mean available potential energy released by baroclinic instability into the meso-scale eddy field has to be dissipated in some way and Tandon and Garrett [Tandon, A., Garrett, C., 1996. On a recent parameterization of mesoscale eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 (3), 406–416] suggested that this dissipation could ultimately involve irreversible mixing of buoyancy by molecular processes at the small-scale end of the turbulence cascade. We revisit this idea and argue that the presence of dissipation within the thermocline automatically requires that a component of the eddy flux associated with meso-scale eddies must be associated with irreversible mixing of buoyancy within the thermocline. We offer a parameterisation of the implied diapycnal diffusivity based on (i) the dissipation rate for eddy kinetic energy given by the meso-scale eddy closure of Eden and Greatbatch [Eden, C., Greatbatch, R.J., 2008. Towards a meso-scale eddy closure. Ocean Modell. 20, 223–239.] and (ii) a fixed mixing efficiency. The implied eddy-induced diapycnal diffusivity (κ) is implemented in a coarse resolution model of the North Atlantic. In contrast to the vertical diffusivity given by a standard vertical mixing scheme, large lateral inhomogeneities can be found for κ in the interior of the ocean. In general, κ is large, i.e. up to o(10) cm²/s, near the western boundaries and almost vanishing in the interior of the ocean.     

基于2005~2019年卫星遥感观测的南大洋印度洋扇区中部涡旋特征分布研究

在南大洋印度洋扇区中部海域,除了地形控制(凯尔盖朗高台),南极绕极流和厄加勒斯回流的汇合流进一步加强了下游的斜压剪切强度,导致涡旋能量显著增强,因此,对该海域涡旋的研究有助于了解该海域的涡旋特征以及地形与涡旋的分布关系。基于2005~2019年卫星遥感数据,对该海域涡旋特征进行统计,并对涡旋产生地分布、跨锋面涡旋的移动状况进行分析,同时结合Argo剖面数据,进一步剖析涡旋内部水文分布特征。结果表明:该海域涡旋生命周期多在20 d以内(64.25%),平均半径多在30~100 km(96.13%);平均半径与平均振幅呈正相关关系(相关系数R=0.55);生命周期越大的涡旋平均传播距离也越大。2014年开始涡旋数量明显增加,主要由短寿命涡旋(<30 d)数量增加所贡献。反之, 21世纪10年代后期年平均涡动能异常呈减小趋势。涡旋产生地随着寿命增长,逐渐从亚南极锋与南极绕极流南部边界之间的锋面区域向亚南极锋以北移动。跨锋面涡旋中,暖涡向高纬,冷涡向低纬移动,大部分具有携带水团移动的能力。由涡旋内部水文特征分析结果可知,不同极性的涡旋能够实现完全不同来源水团的远距离输送,对同一来源水团,气旋涡具有抬升作用,而反气旋涡具有压沉作用。该研究工作有助于提升对南大洋涡旋特征及变动的认识,为进一步的涡旋动力研究提供支撑。     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Flux Measurements over the Sea Surface by Eddy Correlation and Aerodynamic Techniques

The measurements of the vertical transport of CO₂ were carried out over the Sea of Japan using the specially designed pier of Kyoto University on September 20 to 22, 2000. CO₂ fluxes were measured by the eddy correlation and aerodynamic techniques. Both techniques showed comparable CO₂ fluxes during sea breeze conditions: −0.001 to −0.08 mg m⁻²s⁻¹ with the mean of −0.05 mg m⁻²s⁻¹. This means that the measuring site satisfies the fetch requirement for meteorological observations under sea breeze conditions. Moreover, the eddy diffusivity coefficient used in the aerodynamic technique is found to be consistent with the coefficient used in the eddy correlation technique. The present result leads us to conclude that the aerodynamic technique may be applicable to underway CO₂ flux measurements over the ocean and may be used in place of the bulk technique. The important point is the need to maintain a measuring accuracy of CO₂ concentration difference of the order of 0.1 ppmv on the research vessels or the buoys.     

含变涡动系数的超浅海风暴潮模型

超浅海风暴潮模型提出后[2],对渤海风潮,作为超浅海问题,进行了数值研究[1]。其结果的分析和观测资料的比较都表明了该模型有一定的应用价值;故,对超浅海风暴潮模型作进一步的探讨是有一定意义的。尤其因为我国是一个多浅水域和多风暴潮的国家,这种研究就具有更重要的意义。     

Some physicochemical features of a meromictic Lake Suigetsu

Physicochemical features of a typically meromictic lake, Lake Suigetsu, are studied. Vertical distributions of temperature and chlorinity show that the lake is well stratified, and no marked mixing occurs between the upper fresh water and lower salt water. In the chemocline, the vertical gradient of density is large, and the vertical eddy diffusion coefficient is as low as 1.5 × 10^–2 cm² sec.^–1 Dissolved oxygen is saturated in the surface portion of the upper water, and then rapidly decreases with depth towards the chemocline, where sulfide first appears and increases towards the bottom. In the chemocline oxygen consumption is prominent process reaching 290 mg 0₂/m²/day. The oxidation of sulfide, supplied from the underlying water layer, is the main factor causing the oxygen consumption in the chemocline.     

Energetics of lateral eddy diffusion/advection：Part Ⅰ. Thermodynamics and energetics of vertical eddy diffusion

Two important nonlinear properties of seawater thermodynamics linked to changes of water density, cabbeling and elasticity(compressibility), are discussed. Eddy diffusion and advection lead to changes in density; as a result, gravitational potential energy of the system is changed. Therefore, cabbeling and elasticity play key roles in the energetics of lateral eddy diffusion and advection. Vertical eddy diffusion is one of the key elements in the mechanical energy balance of the global oceans. Vertical eddy diffusion can be conceptually separated into two steps: stirring and subscale diffusion. Vertical eddy stirring pushes cold/dense water upward and warm/light water downward; thus, gravitational potential energy is increased. During the second steps, water masses from different places mix through subscale diffusion, and water density is increased due to cabbeling. Using WOA01 climatology and assuming the vertical eddy diffusivity is equal to a constant value of 2×103 Pa2/s, the total amount of gravitational potential energy increase due to vertical stirring in the world oceans is estimated at 263 GW. Cabbeling associated with vertical subscale diffusion is a sink of gravitational potential energy, and the total value of energy lost is estimated at 73 GW. Therefore, the net source of gravitational potential energy due to vertical eddy diffusion for the world oceans is estimated at 189 GW.     

Large eddy simulation of stratified mixing in two-dimensional dam-break problem in a rectangular enclosed domain

Mixing in both coastal and deep ocean emerges as one of the important processes that determines the transport of pollutants, sediments and biological species, as well as the details of the global thermohaline circulation. Both the observations, due to their lack in space and time resolution, and most coastal and general circulation models due to inadequate physics, can only provide partial information about oceanic mixing processes. A new class of nonhydrostatic models supplemented with physically based subgrid-scale (SGS) closures, or so-called large eddy simulation (LES), is put forth as another tool of investigation to complement observational and large-scale modeling efforts.However, SGS models have been developed primarily for homogeneous, isotropic flows. Here, four SGS models based on Smagorinsky eddy viscosity and diffusivity are tested for stratified flows in the context of 2D dam-break problem in a rectangular enclosed domain. This idealized testbed leads to a number of simplifications about the initial conditions, boundary conditions and geometry, while exhibiting the dynamically complex characteristics of stratified flows involving the interaction of shear-induced mixing and internal waves. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) at high resolutions are taken as benchmark solutions. Under-resolved simulations without SGS terms (so-called DNS¹) are used to quantify the impact of SGS stresses. The performance of LES is assessed by using the time evolution of the volume fraction of intermediate density water masses generated by mixing. The simulations are conducted using a nonhydrostatic high-order spectral element model Nek5000 developed to exhibit minimal numerical dissipation and dispersion errors, which is advantageous to quantify accurately the impact of SGS stresses.It is found that all tested SGS models lead to improved results with respect to those from DNS¹. Also, SGS models allow for simulations with coarse resolutions that blow up in DNS¹ due to lack of adequate dissipation where needed. The SGS model in which the vertical eddy diffusion is modulated via a function that depends on the Richardson number Ri shows the most faithful reproduction of mixed water masses at all resolutions tested.The sensitivity of the results to the tunable parameter of the SGS model, to changes in the Ri-dependent function and resolution of the turbulent overturning scales is shown.     

Estimation of net ecosystem metabolism of seagrass meadows in the coastal waters of the East Sea and Black Sea using the noninvasive eddy covariance technique

We measured the community-scale metabolism of seagrass meadows in Bulgaria (Byala [BY]) and Korea (Hoopo Bay [HP]) to understand their ecosystem function in coastal waters. A noninvasive in situ eddy covariance technique was applied to estimate net O₂ flux in the seagrass meadows. From the high-quality and high-resolution time series O₂ data acquired over > 24 h, the O₂ flux driven by turbulence was extracted at 15-min intervals. The spectrum analysis of vertical flow velocity and O₂ concentration clearly showed well-developed turbulence characteristics in the inertial subrange region. The hourly averaged net O₂ fluxes per day ranged from -474 to 326 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1 (-19 ± 41 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1) at BY and from -74 to 482 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1 (31 ± 17 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1) at HP. The net O₂ production rapidly responded to photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) and showed a good relationship between production and irradiance (P-I curve). The hysteresis pattern of P-I relationships during daytime also suggested increasing heterotrophic respiration in the afternoon. With the flow velocity between 3.30 and 6.70 cm s^-1, the community metabolism during daytime and nighttime was significantly increased by 20 times and 5 times, respectively. The local hydrodynamic characteristics may be vital to determining the efficiency of community photosynthesis. The net ecosystem metabolism at BY was estimated to be -17 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1, which was assessed as heterotrophy. However, that at HP was 36 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1, which suggested an autotrophic state.     

不同倒角半径四柱体绕流数值模拟及水动力特性分析

为研究四柱体布置情况下倒角半径变化对柱体绕流水动力特性的影响,使用Fluent软件,采用大涡模拟方法研究了在雷诺数Re=3 900下6种不同倒角半径的柱体在方形四柱体布置时的三维流场。在模型分析验证有效后,分析了柱体后方瞬时流场、水动力参数、时均流场的变化情况。分析结果表明:随着倒角半径的增大,上游柱体的平均阻力系数逐渐减小,下游柱体的平均阻力系数除了在R~+=0.1处增幅很大以外,其余均随倒角半径变大而平稳变大;各柱体的升力系数均方根变化趋势基本相同;R~+=0.1、0.5时,上下游两柱体的升力系数曲线相位相反,而在R~+=0.2、0.3和0.4时,上下游两柱体的升力系数曲线相位相同。     

Vertical mixing in the bottom mixed layer near the continental shelf break in the East China Sea

The strength of the vertical mixing in the bottom mixed layer near the continental shelf break in the East China Sea was directly measured with the Micro-Scale Profiler (MSP). It has been shown that there is no significant statistical relation between the turbulent energy dissipation and the degree of the stratificationN ². It seems that the vigorous turbulence occurs not constantly but intermittently in the bottom mixed layer so that a large variation of is found depending on the time. In contrast to , the coefficient of the vertical eddy diffusivityK _z is mostly determined byN such thatK _z is large in the bottom mixed layer and small in the thermocline. Large value ofK _z in the bottom mixed layer is also found in the time series ofK _z estimated in terms of Richardson number calculated from the data obtained with electromagnetic current meters. The value ofK _z more than 10 cm²s^–1 frequently occur in the layer of 20–25 m thick just above the bottom.     

Vertical distribution of zooplankton and active flux across an anticyclonic eddy in the Canary Island waters

The vertical distribution (0–900 m) of zooplankton biomass and indices of feeding (gut fluorescence, GF) and metabolism (electron transfer system, ETS) were studied across an anticyclonic eddy south of Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands). Two dense layers of organisms were clearly observed during the day, one above 200 m and the other at about 500 m, coincident with the deep scattering layer (DSL). The biomass displacement due to interzonal migrants in the euphotic zone was more than 2-fold higher than that previously reported for the southern area of this archipelago. The gut flux estimated (0.14–0.44 mgC m⁻² d⁻¹) was similar to the values previously found in the Canaries. The respiratory flux outside the eddy (1.85 mgC m⁻² d⁻¹) was in the lower range of values reported for this area. Inside the eddy, migrant biomass and respiration rates were 2- and 4- fold higher than in the surrounding waters. Active flux mediated by diel vertical migrants inside the eddy (8.28 mgC m⁻² d⁻¹) was up to 53% of the passive carbon flux to the mesopelagic zone (15.8 mgC m⁻² d⁻¹). It is, therefore, suggested that the anticyclonic eddy enhanced both migration from deep waters and active flux.