乌鲁木齐地区夏半年云系及其降水预报研究

应用静止气象卫星GMS－5的红外云图及其数字化资料对1998－2001年4－9月、2002年4月乌鲁木齐地区99场小量、8场中量、25场大量、11场暴量降水过程进行了分析，总结出造成乌鲁木齐地区降水的主要云系特征与路径分型，云系与天气系统配置关系、相应降水情况的概念模式以及在实际业务中应用静止气象卫星云图及其数字化资料制作降水预报应注意的问题。     

乌鲁木齐地区夏季大降水专家系统知识库

介绍了乌鲁木齐地区夏季大降水专家系统的知识库，包括从天气学角度对影响乌鲁木齐地区大降水的天气系统的分型、因子的挑选及规则库的建立等，试图通过制作单站大降水专家系统来提高单站大降水的预报准确率。     

乌鲁木齐河流域两次暴雨洪水浅析

利用乌鲁木齐河流域7个站的降水资料对1994年6月15日和7月15日两次暴雨洪水成因进行了大气形势和天气热力分析，得出在南支槽发展的同时高空大气热力条件配合下在中高山带出现大降水过程，并且造成在特定的流域地理环境下出现近30年一遇的大洪水。     

1998年夏半年乌鲁木齐降水特征与分析

分析了１９９８年夏半年乌鲁木齐降水特征及其成因,对降水过程类型和天气系统类型进行了总结,为夏半年乌鲁木齐短期降水预报提供了可资借鉴的思路和指标。     

乌鲁木齐7月18日暴雨洪水气象分析

通过对1996年7月18～20日乌鲁木齐地区暴雨洪水分析，探讨大降水天气主导系统，影响系统的演变过程；并通过对风场特征、涡度场、水汽条件、卫星遥感云图分析，从中得到一些7.18大降水成国的初步结论。     

乌鲁木齐地区预报的分片订正

对乌鲁木齐地区天气、气候区进行划分，统计了各区气象站资料，进行气温、降水量偏差值分析，并对气温、降水各片区与市站进行相关分析和检验，最后建立回归统计预报方程。     

乌鲁木齐机场一次寒潮多相态降水过程分析

利用常规观测资料及新疆区域自动站、乌鲁木齐风廓线雷达、多普勒雷达资料,针对2015年2月13日发生在乌鲁木齐地区的一次雨雪天气过程,从大气背景环境、风温垂直结构、冷暖平流及雨、雪相态转换成因等方面进行分析。结果表明:此次寒潮降水天气的大尺度环流背景是中亚地区高空脊向极区发展,脊顶北风引导极地冷空气南下,在西西伯利亚地区发展成大槽。大槽东移进入新疆地区后,槽后冷空气与北上的西南暖湿气流在天山山区汇合造成此次寒潮降水天气。乌鲁木齐机场出现雪转雨再转雪等相态转换,是由于先受冷平流控制,随着地面冷锋前部暖平流临近,低空暖层厚度加大,降雪粒子在降落过程中融化为雨滴,地面降水相态转为雨夹雪和雨,冷锋系统进入后,再次处于冷平流控制下,降水相态再由雨转为雪。风廓线雷达风场资料的分析结果表明,空中冷暖平流的性质和转换与降水相态变化有较好的对应关系;风廓线垂直速度显示,降雪粒子与雨滴粒子相比,垂直速度较小且雨滴粒子主要集中在1000 m以下。利用多普勒雷达产品分析地面冷锋的移动、空中冷暖平流的变化,有助于对降水相态变化的预报。     

乌鲁木齐市大降水特征分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市45年的降水资料分析，探讨大降水的气候统计特征以及形成大降水的天气形势特点，通过分析数值预报格点值的变化，得出了大降水产生时96s剖面图和48s小时格点温度值的变化与乌鲁木齐大降水的关系。     

乌鲁木齐南山中山带对流云降水的雷达回波特征

为了充分发挥新一代天气雷达在乌鲁木齐南山山区的探测作用,利用2003—2005年6—9月101次出现降水的雷达回波资料以及对应天气形势和地面实况,分析得出乌鲁木齐南山中山带对流云的回波顶高、强度、出现的时段、性质等参数特征和演变规律,从宏观上为该地区对流云人工增雨作业及短时预报提供科学依据。     

乌鲁木齐“12.27”高影响大暴雪天气分析与预报

2017年12月27-28日乌鲁木齐出现大暴雪天气，强降雪伴4级阵风致能见度差并造成雪阻，严重影响了民航运输和城市交通等。本文利用MICAPS常规资料、乌鲁木齐天气雷达和风廓线雷达等资料，综合分析这场大暴雪天气成因。结果表明：中亚低槽和地面冷锋是乌鲁木齐大暴雪天气的主要影响系统；水汽通过西南和偏西路径输送至乌鲁木齐，700~850hPa水汽贡献大；200hPa高空西南急流维持、高层辐散低层辐合、地面冷锋和迎风坡地形抬升共同增强乌鲁木齐附近上升运动和水汽聚合，致降雪强度强；小时雪强大于2mm的强降雪时段雷达回波强度大于20dBz、具有弱对流性，同时段850hPa水汽通量散度值大于4?10-5 g?（cm2?hPa?s）-1；风廓线雷达探测高度抬升至8000m后5h乌鲁木齐开始降雪，强降雪时段4000m以下CN2大于-128dB。分析结论对乌鲁木齐降雪的起止时间、强度和量级的精细化预报极具参考价值。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted