长江中下游地区1988—2010年遥感土壤湿度的时空变化

利用农业气象站观测资料对长江中下游地区1988-2010年遥感土壤湿度进行了验证,并与NCEP和ERA-Interim土壤湿度做了对比分析。研究表明,ECV遥感土壤湿度冬季平均土壤湿度最高,春季和秋季次之,夏季平均土壤湿度最低;这种季节性干湿变化与农业气象站观测资料一致。但是,NCEP和ERA-Interim土壤湿度再分析资料,则夏季平均土壤湿度高,春季和秋季次之,而冬季平均土壤湿度最低;这种季节性变化与ECV遥感土壤湿度和农业气象站观测资料呈反位相。就年际变化而言,ECV遥感土壤湿度与农业气象站观测资料和两套再分析资料均有较高的一致性,并在春季和秋季最高,尤其是在长江以北地区和长江以南洞庭湖、鄱阳湖两大湖区,相关系数达到0.7~0.9;而夏季一致性最低,相关系数仅为0.4左右。在研究时段,ECV土壤湿度在冬季明显增加,在夏季则有明显下降趋势。     

1961-2020年黄土高原季风区和西风区昼夜降水的时空变化特征

利用国家气象信息中心1961-2020年中国黄土高原地区64个站点逐日昼夜降水数据,将黄土高原分为两个区域(季风区和西风区),并使用线性趋势、 t检验等方法分析了两个区域两个季节(湿季和干季)昼夜降水日数和降水量的变化特征。结果发现,黄土高原季风区和西风区昼夜降水均有显著的季节差异,季风区湿季(5-9月)昼夜降水日数占全年的比例都达60%、降水量到75%以上,西风区湿季昼夜降水日数占全年的比例则都近70%、降水量到80%以上。黄土高原有西风区变湿、季风区变干的趋势;其中最为显著的特征是,西风区湿季白昼降水量增加的站点高达77.8%,干季昼夜都有超过50%的站点降水量增加;季风区湿季昼夜降水日数和降水量减少的站点分别超过80%和50%,干季则分别超过95%和80%。     

1961—2014年我国西南地区干湿季变化特征

利用中国1961—2014年逐日降水观测等资料,分析了西南地区的干湿季变化特征。结果表明：西南地区东部和西北部最早进入湿季;干季由四川盆地、贵州南部开始。西南中东部以及南部等地的湿季长度较长,干季则与之相反。干湿季开始日期以及干湿季长度均具有明显的年代际变化特征,在1970年代中期到1980年代发生了气候突变,呈现湿季长度变短,干季变长的趋势。湿季降水呈现东南多、西北少的特征,并表现出中东部减少,西部增加的趋势;干季降水则表现为东多西少的特点,在东部呈增加,在四川等地呈减少趋势。进一步分析表明：湿季异常偏湿(干)年,开始日期易偏早(晚),结束易偏晚(早),长度偏长(短);干季开始异常偏早(晚）年,干季长度长(短),干季略偏湿(干);太平洋、印度洋海温异常影响东亚大气环流的异常是造成西南地区干湿季出现异常的主要原因。     

基于风云三号气象卫星微波亮温资料反演东北地区土壤湿度及其对比分析

土壤湿度在陆面过程中发挥着重要作用,是联系陆地水循环和能量循环的纽带和关键环节。遥感技术可以实时地对土壤湿度进行长期、大区域动态监测,已成为监测土壤湿度的有效手段。本文基于风云三号气象卫星（FY3B）微波亮温资料,利用基于微波能量辐射传输方程的陆面参数反演模型（LPRM）反演了中国东北地区的土壤湿度（FY3B_LPRM）。把反演获得的FY3BLRPM土壤湿度与中国气象局农业气象站土壤湿度观测资料、NCEP和ERA-Interim土壤湿度再分析资料、欧洲空间局多卫星融合ECV（Essential Climate Variable）土壤湿度产品和国家卫星气象中心FY3B官方土壤湿度产品（FY3B_offical）进行了对比分析。结果表明:（1）本文反演的FY3B土壤湿度与农业气象站观测资料有较高的一致性;卫星土壤湿度整体上呈现自西向东逐渐增加的空间变化,与农业气象站观测资料较为一致;在季节变化上,两者高度相关,在大部分地区的相关系数都达到0.7以上。（2）在大兴安岭和东北三省东部等地表相对湿润的地区,FY3B_LPRM土壤湿度与NCEP、ERA-Interim和FY3B_offical土壤湿度呈现较强的负相关;再分析资料和FY3B_offical土壤湿度均无法反映该地区土壤干湿状况的季节性变化,甚至与观测资料呈反位相变化特征。FY3B_LPRM土壤湿度与欧洲空间局研发的多卫星融合ECV土壤湿度产品在绝大多数地区有较好的一致性。本文基于风云三号极轨气象卫星微波亮温反演的土壤湿度资料,可用于干旱监测、数值同化与天气预报、水文水资源等领域。     

中国南方和北方气候干燥程度的变化特征及差异性分析

基于Climatic Research Unit(简称CRU)的高分辨率月值平均潜在蒸发量和降水资料,构建我国近112年干燥度指数,采用线性倾向估计、Morlet小波分析等方法研究我国东部气候干燥度南北之间的差异及其各自的变化特征。结果表明,近一个多世纪以来,中国东部整体呈现变干趋势,20世纪60年代之后干旱化趋势更加明显。相比南方,北方气候干燥程度对降水的依赖性更强,干旱化速度更大,旱涝随时间的转变更为剧烈;南湿北干的差异进一步扩大,温度的升高对潜在蒸发量的增强作用加剧了干旱化程度。我国东部地区干湿季变化存在差异,干季年际年代际变率明显高于湿季,且干季变化较湿季具有更好的南北空间一致性;南北干湿季的出现时间在近半个世纪也有所变化,干季延后到来,湿季则提前到来的现象,说明干湿季的持续时间均有所延长;此外近半个世纪,北方干湿季均呈现明显的干旱化,南方未表现出类似特征。     

基于TIPEX Ⅲ资料对CLDAS-V2.0和GLDAS-NOAH陆面模式产品在青藏高原地区的适用性评估

利用2015年第三次青藏高原大气科学试验(TIPEX Ⅲ)五层(5,10,20,50和100 cm)土壤的温、湿度观测资料,通过计算全球陆面同化系统(GLDAS-NOAH)和中国气象局陆面同化系统的融合产品(CLDAS-V2. 0)与观测资料之间的相关性和偏差,以及分析降水事件发生后两种模式资料土壤温、湿度的响应,综合评估了融合土壤温、湿度产品在青藏高原的适用性。结果表明,CLDAS-V2. 0土壤温、湿度产品与观测资料的相关性均优于GLDAS-NOAH模式产品,且两模式产品与站点观测资料的相关性在湿季大于干季,相关性随土壤深度增加而减小; CLDAS-V2. 0土壤湿度产品相对站点观测的误差稍大于GLDAS-NOAH,且在浅层土壤两模式产品与站点观测的MRE整体上在干季大于湿季; CLDASV2. 0土壤温度产品与站点观测的RMSE在湿季大于干季,而GLDAS-NOAH产品则相反;两种模式产品均能描述出降水发生后浅层土壤温、湿度对降水的响应,但两种模式产品所描述的深层土壤温、湿度的波动幅度相对观测明显偏大;此外,两种模式产品无法重现观测到的深层土壤温、湿度相对表层土壤温、湿度变化明显"滞后"的特征以及降水后相对降水前土壤温度峰/谷值对应时间存在明显延迟的特征。     

云贵高原西部大理地区近地层湍流特征分析

利用大理国家气候观象台2007年3—12月观测资料,采用涡动相关法等计算方法分析了该地区湍流强度、湍流方差、湍流通量等特征量的日变化和干湿季变化特征。结果表明,湍流强度干季大于湿季;湍流方差与稳定度满足1／3次方定律,风速方差在稳定条件下比不稳定条件下离散,水平方向比垂直方向离散;湍流通量有明显日变化特征,感热、动量通量干季大于湿季,潜热通量湿季大于干季,干湿季热量交换以潜热为主;干季能量闭合率大于湿季;不同风向条件下平均水汽密度存在差异.     

云南大理干湿季近地层湍流特征对比分析

利用大理国家气候观象台2007年3月至2008年1月观测资料,采用涡动相关法等计算方法分析了该地区湍流强度、湍流方差、湍流通量等特征量的日变化规律和干湿季变化特征。结果表明：湍流强度干季大于湿季;湍流方差与稳定度满足1／3次方定律,风速方差在稳定条件下比不稳定条件下离散,水平方向比垂直方向离散;湍流通量有明显日变化特征,感热、动量通量干季大于湿季,潜热通量湿季大于干季,干湿季热量交换以潜热为主。     

青藏高原土壤湿度的变化特征及其对中国东部降水影响的研究进展

青藏高原土壤湿度受积雪与冻土的共同影响,能够记忆长时间的陆面干湿过程,是气候变化的重要因子,对随后的中国东部降水有预测意义。由于高原观测站点稀少,土壤湿度观测资料匮乏,致使现有相关研究大多是基于再分析资料、模式资料和卫星遥感资料(统称替代资料)进行的,且所得结论既有差异,也存在不确定性。因此本文首先综述了各种土壤湿度替代资料的适用性对比研究,进而讨论了青藏高原地区土壤湿度的变化特征及其对我国东部气候的影响。现有研究表明:1)资料对比研究指出,现有的各种替代资料对高原土壤湿度存在明显的高估或低估现象,且评估结论受评估指标和插值方法不同的影响。相对而言,SSM/I和风云3B的土壤湿度产品与实际观测资料相关性较好。2)高原土壤湿度具有多时间尺度变化特征和空间非均匀性,在年变化上具有显著的融冻特征,年代际变化趋势和年际特征呈现显著的区域性差异。SSM/I资料表明春季高原主体土壤湿度的年代际变化趋势呈现为增加的特征,与高原的增暖相一致;年际变率存在东、西两个高值区,与其相关的潜热、感热通量能共同激发遥相关波列影响我国长江流域降水;同时高原土壤湿度在垂直方向上具有一致性,在空间分布上具有南部边缘最大、由东南向西北递减的特征。3)前人对高原土壤湿度影响中国东部降水的结论各有不同,其可能原因之一是采用的替代资料及其适用性不同,其二是模式试验中忽略土壤湿度的空间差异性而带来的误差等。相关问题需要进一步深入研究。     

中国区域多源土壤湿度数据的比较研究

利用中国区域1992~2010年的土壤湿度观测资料,对欧洲航天局(European Space Agency)的卫星遥感反演(以下简称ESA)和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre of Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)的ERA-Interim(ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim,以下简称ERA)两套再分析土壤湿度数据在典型区域的可靠性进行了评估。结果表明:两种土壤湿度均能较好的描述观测区域的总体土壤干湿变化,但均值和趋势一致性存在时间和空间差异。ESA、ERA资料都能较好的描述中国区域春、夏、秋3个季节土壤湿度的干、湿分布格局。在干湿程度上,ESA在北方地区较观测偏干,在江淮和西南较观测偏湿;ERA在北方和西南地区较观测偏湿,在江淮较观测偏干;在江淮、华北部分区域,ERA与观测数据的相关性要高于ESA。ESA、ERA与观测在秋季时相关性最好(大部分站点大于0.7);在全国大部分区域,ESA偏差要小于ERA且在大部分地区都表现出与观测一致的变化趋势。在空间上,ERA在东北、华北、西南变干的范围明显大于观测;然而,ERA能更好的体现观测土壤湿度的年际变化。相对于西部地区,东部地区ERA与观测的一致性最好,而ESA在受降水、植被、地形等因素影响较小的时段或区域与观测的一致性更好,对秋季土壤湿度的描述比春、夏季更准确。     

Moisture Transport in the Asian Summer Monsoon Region and Its Relationship with Summer Precipitation in China

The characteristics of moisture transport over the Asian summer monsoon region and its relationship with summer precipitation in China are examined by a variety of statistical methods using the NCEP/NC AR reanalysis data for 1948-2005.The results show that:1) The zonal-mean moisture transport in the Asian monsoon region is unique because of monsoon activities.The Asian summer monsoon region is a dominant moisture sink during summer.Both the Indian and East Asian monsoon areas have their convergence cente...     

Influence of soil moisture in eastern China on the East Asian summer monsoon

The sensitivity of the East Asian summer monsoon to soil moisture anomalies over China was investigated based on ensembles of seasonal simulations(March–September) using the NCEP GCM coupled with the Simplified Simple Biosphere Model(NCEP GCM/SSi B). After a control experiment with free-running soil moisture, two ensembles were performed in which the soil moisture over the vast region from the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River valley to North China(YRNC) was double and half that in the control, with the maximum less than the field capacity. The simulation results showed significant sensitivity of the East Asian summer monsoon to wet soil in YRNC. The wetter soil was associated with increased surface latent heat flux and reduced surface sensible heat flux. In turn, these changes resulted in a wetter and colder local land surface and reduced land–sea temperature gradients, corresponding to a weakened East Asian monsoon circulation in an anomalous anticyclone over southeastern China, and a strengthened East Asian trough southward over Northeast China. Consequently, less precipitation appeared over southeastern China and North China and more rainfall over Northeast China. The weakened monsoon circulation and strengthened East Asian trough was accompanied by the convergence of abnormal northerly and southerly flow over the Yangtze River valley, resulting in more rainfall in this region.In the drier soil experiments, less precipitation appeared over YRNC. The East Asian monsoon circulation seems to show little sensitivity to dry soil anomalies in NCEP GCM/SSi B.     

The Impacts of Moisture Transport of East Asian Monsoon on Summer Precipitation in Northeast China

By using the ECMWF reanalysis daily data and daily precipitation data of 80 stations in Northeast China from 1961 to 2002, the impacts of moisture transport of East Asian summer monsoon on the summer precipitation anomaly in Northeast China, and the relationship between the variation of moisture budget and the establishment of East Asian summer monsoon in this region are studied. The results demonstrate that the moisture of summer precipitation in Northeast China mainly originates from subtropical, South China Sea, and South Asia monsoon areas. East China and its near coastal area are the convergent region of the monsoonal moisture currents and the transfer station for the currents continually moving northward. The monsoonal moisture transport, as an important link or bridge, connects the interaction between middle and low latitude systems. In summer half year, there is a moisture sink in Northeast China where the moisture influx is greater than outflux. The advance transport and accumulation of moisture are of special importance to pentad time scale summer precipitation. The onset, retreat, and intensity change of the monsoonal rainy season over Northeast China are mainly signified by the moisture input condition along the southern border of this area. The establishment of East Asian summer monsoon in this area ranges from about 10 July to 20 August and the onset in the west is earlier than that in the east. The latitude that the monsoon can reach is gradually northward from west to east, reaching 50°N within longitude 120°-135°E. In summer, the difference of air mass transport between summers with high and low rainfall mainly lies in whether more air masses originating from lower latitudes move northward through East China and its coastal areas, consequently transporting large amounts of hot and humid air into Northeast China.     

Possible Impacts of the Arctic Oscillation on the Interdecadal Variation of Summer Monsoon Rainfall in East Asia

The influences of the wintertime AO (Arctic Oscillation) on the interdecadal variation of summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia were examined. An interdecadal abrupt change was found by the end of the 1970s in the variation of the AO index and the leading principal component time series of the summer rainfall in East Asia, The rainfall anomaly changed from below normal to above normal in central China, the southern part of northeastern China and the Korean peninsula around 1978. However,the opposite interdecadal variation was found in the rainfall anomaly in North China and South China.The interdecadal variation of summer rainfall is associated with the weakening of the East Asia summer monsoon circulation. It is indicated that the interdecadal variation of the AO exerts an influence on the weakening of the monsoon circulation. The recent trend in the AO toward its high-index polarity during the past two decades plays important roles in the land-sea contrast anomalies and wintertime precipitation anomaly. The mid- and high-latitude regions of the Asian continent are warming, while the low-latitude regions are cooling in winter and spring along with the AO entering its high-index polarity after the late 1970s. In the meantime, the precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and South China is excessive, implying an increase of soil moisture. The cooling tendency of the land in the southern part of Asia will persist until summer because of the memory of soil moisture. So the warming of the Asian continent is relatively slow in summer. Moreover, the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean which are located southward and eastward of the Asian land, are warming from winter to summer. This suggests that the contrast between the land and sea is decreased in summer. The interdecadal decrease of the land-sea heat contrast finally leads to the weakening of the East Asia summer monsoon circulation.     

东亚夏季风次季节变化研究进展

东亚夏季风次季节（10~90 d）变化是中国夏季持续性强降水、高温热浪等高影响天气事件的重要环流载体,处于天气预报上限和气候季节预测下限之间的预报过渡区。研究表明:东亚夏季风次季节变化是东亚夏季风的固有物理特征,它和季节进程之间的时间锁相关系是东亚夏季风次季节变化潜在可预报性的重要来源。东亚夏季风次季节变化与Madden-Julian振荡（MJO）存在显著差异,试图通过MJO来预测东亚夏季风次季节变化的不确定性较大。东亚夏季风次季节预测的另一重要来源是下垫面外强迫,包括欧亚大陆春季积雪、中国东部春季土壤湿度和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）事件。此外,去趋势偏-交叉相关分析统计方法能够分析东亚夏季风多因子和多时间尺度问题。目前,亟需解决的科学问题包括:东亚夏季风次季节模态的客观定量描述、造成东亚夏季风次季节模态年际变化的关键物理过程、不同外强迫因子对东亚夏季风次季节模态的共同影响。     

A modeling study of the influence of initial soil moisture on summer precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon

The state-of-the-art WRF model is used to investigate the impact of the antecedent soil moisture on subsequent summer precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) period. The control experiment with realistic soil moisture condition can well reproduce the seasonal pattern from low- to high- atmosphere, as well as the spatial distribution of precipitation belt in East China. Compared with the control experiment, the sensitivity experiment in which the initial soil moisture is reduced generates more precipitation along the East China Sea, and less rainfall over both Central and South China. This suggests that the effect of initial soil moisture on monsoonal precipitation in East China is regionally dependent. The influence on precipitation is mostly attributed to the change in precipitation from mid July to late August. The initial soil moisture condition plays a role in changing the seasonal pattern and atmospheric circulation due to the weak heating and geopotential gradient, leading to a reduction in southeasterly flow and moisture flux from South China Sea. The changes between DRY and CTL runs result in reduced southerly wind over the ocean (south of ˜25 °N) and enhanced northerly wind over the land (north of ∼25 °N). The temperature and associated circulation changes due to drier initial soil moisture anomaly result in reduced southerly winds over East China, and therefore a weakened EASM system. The averaged moisture flux decreases significantly over Central China but increases along the East China Sea. In addition, the drier soil moisture perturbation exerts an effect on suppressing (enhancing) vertical velocity over Central China (along the East China Sea), thus leading to more (less) cloud water and rain water. Therefore, the influence of soil moisture exerts an opposite impact on surface precipitation between these two regions, with more and less accumulation rainfall in Central China and along the East China Sea, respectively.     

Seasonal Transition Features of Large-Scale Moisture Transport in the Asian-Australian Monsoon Region

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the period of 1957-2001, the climatological seasonal transition features of large-scale vertically integrated moisture transport （VIMT） in the Asian-Australian monsoon region are investigated in this paper. The basic features of the seasonal transition of VIMT from winter to summer are the establishment of the summertime ＂great moisture river＂ pattern （named the GMR pattern） and its eastward expansion, associated with a series of climatological events which occurred in some ＂key periods＂, which include the occurrence of the notable southerly VIMT over the Indochina Peninsula in mid March, the activity of the low VIMT vortex around Sri Lanka in late April, and the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon in mid May, among others. However, during the transition from summer to winter, the characteristics are mainly exhibited by the establishment of the easterly VIMT belt located in the tropical area, accompanied by some events occurring in ＂key periods＂. Further analyses disclose a great difference between the Indian and East Asian monsoon regions when viewed from the meridional migration of the westerly VIMT during the seasonal change process, according to which the Asian monsoon region can be easily divided into two parts along the western side of the Indochina Peninsula and it may also denote different formation mechanisms between the two regions.     

我国东、西部夏季水汽输送特征及其差异

本文利用ERA-40再分析每日资料分析了我国东部季风区与西北干旱—半干旱区夏季1971～2000年气候平均的水汽输送特征及其差异, 分析结果表明我国东部季风区与西北干旱—半干旱区夏季气候平均的水汽输送特征有明显的差异。由于亚洲夏季风从孟加拉湾、 南海和热带西太平洋输送大量水汽到我国东部季风区, 故在东部季风区夏季经向水汽输送通量比纬向水汽输送通量大。而西北干旱—半干旱区受中纬度西风带的影响, 夏季纬向水汽输送通量比经向水汽输送通量大, 且此区域夏季无论纬向或者经向水汽输送通量均比东部季风区的水汽输送通量小一量级。并且, 分析结果还表明: 我国东部季风区由于湿度大, 故夏季水汽输送通量的散度不仅依赖于湿度平流, 而且依赖于风场的辐合、 辐散, 而西北干旱—半干旱区夏季水汽输送通量的散度主要依赖于湿度平流。此外, 分析结果还表明了我国东部季风区的水分平衡与西北干旱—半干旱区的水分平衡也有明显的不同。     

The soil moisture of China in a high resolution climate-vegetation model

1. Introduction The soil moisture plays an important role in in- fluencing the climate change by altering the surface albedo, soil heat capacity and the heat flux between air and land (Ma et al., 2001). Near-surface soil mois- ture controls the partitioni…     

春夏季赤道中东太平洋海温异常变化与东亚夏季风关系的研究

利用1951—2003年的Ni?o1+2, 3, 4和3.4区的海温异常指数, 分析了各个海区3—8月海温异常随时间的变化与我国夏季降水的关系。研究发现4个海区海温异常变化与我国长江流域、江南地区、华北地区以及西北东部地区的夏季降水都有较高的相关性。合成分析表明:在海温异常随时间变化为正的年份, 上述地区的夏季降水偏少; 在海温异常随时间变化为负的年份, 情况正好相反。在此基础上, 分析了Ni?o3.4区的海温异常变化和高低空纬向风垂直切变之间的关系, 发现海温异常变化与东亚夏季风的环流场之间也有很好的关系。由合成分析结果发现, 在海温异常变化分别为正和负的年份, 500 hPa高度距平场、850 hPa纬向风距平场、850 hPa流场距平场, 200 hPa纬向风距平场及高低空纬向风距平切变均具有显著的差异, 尤其是在长江流域以南、南海及我国的东北地区都呈相反的分布形势。因此, Ni?o3.4区的海温异常随时间的变化可以为东亚夏季风和我国夏季降水的预报提供一定的依据。