台州湾海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的浓度水平、富集规律及来源

研究了台州湾海域海水和表层沉积物中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度水平,评价了表层沉积物对多环芳烃的富集规律,探讨其可能来源.结果表明,表层沉积物中PAHs的浓度范围为85.4 ～ 167.6 ng/g,平均值为138.62 ng/g,总多环芳烃的最大值是椒江码头.表层沉积物中二环、三环、四环、五环和六环多环芳烃占总多环芳烃的百分含量平均值分别为7.8 %,42.1 %, 33.3 %, 9.6 %和 7.2 %,三环多环芳烃的含量最高;表层沉积物对多环芳烃的富集系数为532.7 ～ 1068.9,平均值为807.5,单组分菲的富集系数最高为122.7,最小的是苯并(a)芘为2.7;台州湾表层沉积物中的多环芳烃主要来源于燃煤污染,部分来源于石油烃类物质的直接污染.     

可口革囊星虫与其栖息地底泥中的重金属含量及相关性分析

用原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和原子荧光光度法(AFS)测定了采集于北海银滩镇、厦门海门岛、宁德漳湾镇、乐清西门岛、温岭坞根镇、三门花桥镇等地区自然滩涂以及温岭坞根镇养殖区的可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculentas)及其栖息地的底泥样品中Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Cd、Pb、Hg 和As 等8 种重金属含量, 并对检测结果进行了含量特征、生物体与栖息地底泥中重金属含量相关性分析、生物体重金属富集系数分析。结果表明: 不同栖息地可口革囊星虫间的重金属含量差异性显著(P<0.05), 各群体中Pb 含量均超过标准, 厦门海门岛群体中Cd 含量超标; 厦门海门岛、乐清西门岛自然滩涂栖息地和温岭坞根镇养殖区等底泥中重金属含量相对较高, 所有采样点底泥中Cu 含量以及乐清西门岛自然滩涂底泥中Cd 含量达到沉积物质量标准Ⅱ类; 可口革囊星虫对Zn、Cu、Fe 的富集系数均小于1, 对Mn、Cd、Pb、Hg 和As 的富集系数均大于1。Zn、Cu、Fe、Pb 和As 的富集系数在大部分群体间差异性较小; 可口革囊星虫中的Fe 和As 含量与底泥中的Fe 和As 含量高度正相关, Zn 和Hg 含量的相关性次之, 其余重金属元素含量的相关性较差。     

台州湾海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的浓度水平、富集规律及来源

研究了台州湾海域海水和表层沉积物中15种多环芳烃(PAHs) 的浓度水平,评价了表层沉积物对多环芳烃的富集规律,探讨其可能来源.结果表明,表层沉积物中 PAHs 的浓度范围为85.4～167.6 ng / g,平均值为138.62 ng/g,总多环芳烃的最大值是椒江码头.表层沉积物中二环、三环、四环、五环和六环多环芳烃占总多环芳烃的百分含量平均值分别为7.8 %,42.1 %,33.3 %,9.6 % 和 7.2 %,三环多环芳烃的含量最高;表层沉积物对多环芳烃的富集系数为 532.7～1 068.9,平均值为 807.5,单组分菲的富集系数最高为 122.7,最小的是苯并(a) 芘为 2.7;台州湾表层沉积物中的多环芳烃主要来源于燃煤污染,部分来源于石油烃类物质的直接污染.     

急性低盐度胁迫对可口革囊星虫存活、Na+/K+-ATP酶及磷酸酶活力的影响

为探讨低盐度急性胁迫对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的影响规律,研究可口革囊星虫对急性低盐度胁迫的响应机制,本试验先通过急性毒性试验确定可口革囊星虫96 h内对低盐度的耐受范围,再选取96 h最小死亡率盐度,研究该盐度急性胁迫下可口革囊星虫(平均体质量0.85±0.07 g)体质量、体壁含水量、Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力以及酸碱磷酸酶活力在96 h内的动态变化。结果表明:在本试验盐度3.0～7.0范围内,可口革囊星虫24 h的最大死亡率盐度是3.0,可口革囊星虫96 h的最小死亡率盐度为7.0;可口革囊星虫死亡率随盐度降低逐渐升高,但相同盐度下随着时间延长,可口革囊星虫死亡率基本不变,可口革囊星虫96h内能耐受的最低盐度是7.0;在低盐度7.0胁迫下,可口革囊星虫体质量和体壁含水量在12 h内显著增大(P0.05),12 h后趋于平稳(P0.05);Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力也在6 h内显著升高至最大值(P0.05),6 h至12h又显著降低(P0.05),此后稳定在高于对照组水平;酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力变化趋势与Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力类似,均是先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05),最后稳定在高于对照组水平。以上研究表明,可口革囊星虫能够通过Na~+/K~+-ATP酶、酸碱磷酸酶等渗透和免疫相关的生理调节机制,迅速响应低盐度环境,其对低盐度有很强的适应力和耐受力。     

舟山潮间带生态学研究：Ⅱ.数量及其分布

舟山潮间带生物种类数量的平面分布与盐度和海岸开敞性有关,垂直分布与潮汐有关;群落数量的水平分布与底质和海岸开敞性有关,垂直分布与潮汐有关。舟山潮间带生物有明显的分带现象,隐蔽的岩岸区分为:滨螺带和藤壶-牡蛎带两个带;开敞性岩岸区分为:滨螺带,藤壶-(虫戚)-藻类带及藻类带3个带。沙滩区分为:沙蟹带和浅蛤-斧蛤带两个带;泥沙滩区分为:盐碱植物-滨螺带和招潮蟹-大眼蟹带;泥滩区分为:蟹守螺-囊螺带和蟹守螺-织纹螺带。     

4种金属离子对可口革囊星虫消化酶活力的影响

以酶学分析的方法研究4种金属离子(Cd2 、Cu2 、Pb2 、Zn2 )对可口革囊星虫纤维素酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力的影响.4种重金属离子分别按《国家渔业水质标准》(GB11607-89)(Cd2 ≤0.005mg/dm3、Cu2 ≤0.01mg/dm3、Pb2 ≤0.05mg/dm3、Zn2 ≤0.10mg/dm3)的0、10、20、50和100倍设置实验梯度.实验表明,可口革囊星虫3种消化酶活力大小为纤维素酶＞淀粉酶＞脂肪酶;在实验设置的浓度范围内,Cd2 、Cu2 、Pb2 和Zn2 4种金属离子对可口革囊星虫的纤维素酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力均产生显著影响.除脂肪酶外的其余2种酶各处理组的比活力均显著(P＜0.05)低于对照组.不同浓度金属离子对可口革囊星虫脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶活力的影响表现出不同的变化趋势.     

可口革囊星虫人工繁殖试验

采用亲体培养、人工催产和幼虫培养等方法研究了可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的人工繁殖技术。结果表明,可口革囊星虫亲体可室内培养成熟;阴干和降温刺激亲体能达到较好的催产效果;球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbans)和亚心形扁藻(Platymonas sp.)可作为海球幼虫的主要饵料。海球幼虫体长生长速度较快,日增长高达46μm,孵化后一周内,幼虫体长达500μm,然后开始附着营埋栖生活。     

可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)肾管的显微及超微结构特征

采用显微及亚显微观察方法, 研究了可口革囊星虫肾管的形态结构特征。结果表明, 可口革囊星虫肾管由排泄囊及排泄管组成, 外表面具瓶形突起。肾管壁从内到外由上皮层、肌层、细胞外基质及外膜构成。上皮层的单层柱状细胞在肾管腔面成束排列、单层立方细胞围绕瓶形突起内腔排列, 两种上皮细胞的游离面均着生微绒毛及纤毛, 细胞质中细胞器发达, 并含有不同大小、形态及电子致密度的颗粒; 柱状细胞基底面质膜内陷形成基底迷路。肌层由环肌及纵肌组成。细胞外基质主要由胶原原纤维构成, 内含颗粒细胞。外膜由足细胞及多纤毛细胞构成。肾管通过肾孔通体外、肾口通体腔。肾管的结构特征与其对体腔液的过滤排泄功能相适应, 繁殖季节肾管兼具生殖管的作用。     

厦门西港及其邻近海域沉积物中PAHs污染特征及生物修复研究建议

据2001年7、10月2个航次对厦门西港水产养殖海区沉积物中16种优先监测的多环芳烃含量及3种多环芳烃降解菌的数量进行研究，并与厦门西港及其邦近海战非养殖区的进行了比较．结果表明：其养殖区沉积物中能检测出的多环芳烃以4～6环的为主，并且含量明显高于非养殖区．在养殖海区的沉积物中检测出的苯并(b)焚蒽、吲哚芘和苯并(ghi)苝等没有最低安全值的高分子量多环芳烃将直接威胁养殖水质和生物的安全．3种多环芳烃(菲、焚蒽、苝)降解菌数量的最低值都出现在养殖海区，而这3种多环芳烃含量的最高值也均出现在养殖海区．在非养殖区的3个站位的沉积物中，这3种多环芳烃的含量与其降解菌数量之间存在着一定的相关性．作者针对沿芹海域水产养殖区多环芳烃污染的现状与特点，提出了相应的生物修复研究建议。     

九龙江口及邻近港湾红树林区沉积物中多环芳烃污染现状及评价

本文应用沉积物质量评价基准法对九龙江口及邻近港湾红树林区表层沉积物中多环芳烃的污染现状进行了生态风险评价,并定量分析了多环芳烃的相对污染强度.研究结果表明:各测站区多环芳烃相对污染系数均小于1,范围为0.022~0.620,污染程度尚属较低,引起生物毒性效应的几率相对较小.低分子量多环芳烃芴、萘和二氢苊占总相对污染系数比例较高(平均分别为18.1%、16.7%和15.3%),因而具有相对较高的潜在生态危害风险.     

四种~(14)C标记农药在某些海洋动物中的积累和降解

对14C－六六六、14C-毒死蝉、14C-敌百虫和14C-久效磷在几种海洋动物中的积累和降解进行了比较研究。结果表明,4种农药在实验动物中被积累的能力由大至小顺序为：14C－六六六和14C－毒死蝉,14C－敌百虫,14C－久效磷。而实验动物对农药的积累能力由大至小顺序为：小弹涂鱼Periophthalmuscantonensis,实验贝类,褶痕相手蟹Sesarma（Parasearma）plicata。不同动物对毒死蜱的降解能力各不相同：弹涂鱼的降解能力最强,其主要降解产物为三氯代吡啶酚（TCP）;毛蚶Scapharcasuberenata次之,主要降解产物为极性未知物;褶牡蛎AlectryonellaPlicatula和翡翠贻贝Pernaviridis的降解率也在30％以上,降解产物为TCP和极性未知物;波纹巴非蛤Pophia（Paphia）undulata和文蛤Meretrixmereitrix的降解能力较差。对14C－六六六和14C－毒死蜱在生物中的结合态比例有很大的差异。     

香港红树林区软体动物生态研究

1994年夏季(6月至9月)和冬季(1994年12月至1995年2月)对香港14片红树林的软体动物作了定性和定量调查。调査期间采到的软体动物已鉴定52种,其中腹足类45种,双壳类7种。采用 Bray-curtis 相似系数和逐步形成分类系统的方法进行聚类分析。基本上可分为4组断面,分别以粗束拟蟹守螺(Cerithidea djadjariensis )、奥莱彩螺(Clithon oualaniensis )、沟纹笋光螺(Terebralia sulcata )和红树拟蟹守螺(Cerithidea rhizophorarum)为第一密度优勢种。不同底质的红树林区软体动物组成有显著差异。污染可能是造成沙头角红树林区软体动物多样性低的重要环境因子。盐度和潮汐制约一些软体动物的垂直分布和水平分布,纵带滩栖螺(Batillaria zonalis )和多形滩栖螺(Batillaria multiformis )在红树林区海缘高密度栖息,分别高达120个/㎡和240个/㎡。在淡水注入的红树林区常有广盐性软体动物栖息,如中国绿螂(Glauconme chinensis)。     

裸体方格星虫和可口革囊星虫精子超微结构的比较分析

用透射电子显微镜,观察了裸体方格星虫和可口革囊星虫精子的超微结构.这2种星虫成熟精子均由头部、中部和尾部组成,但其精子头部的超微结构不尽相同:裸体方格星虫精子的头部与可口革囊星虫精子的头部相比较小,由棒状"八"字形顶体与哑铃形细胞核及顶体下腔构成,而顶体下腔内没有明显的顶体棒结构.可口革囊格星虫精子的头部虽也由顶体、顶体下腔和核组成,其顶体呈圆弧形,精核为鸭梨形,核物质电子密度高,核内含空泡,顶体下腔中似有一顶体棒结构.这2种星虫精子的中部和尾部基本类似,仅中部的线粒体数目不同,裸体方格星虫精子的线粒体略少,有4～5个,而可口革囊星虫精子有5～7个.精子的尾部由远端中心粒延伸而出,均为细长鞭状,由轴丝及包绕轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构.研究结果表明,精子的超微结构可以作为鉴别这2种星虫的依据.     

可口革囊星虫的营养成分分析与评价

测定了可口革囊星虫的营养成分,干物质中蛋白质、脂肪、总糖和灰分的含量分别为70.68%,2.29%,5.51%和15.32%。必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的35.41%,氨基酸分为32,化学分为19分。脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量为81.22%,高于饱和脂肪酸(SFA);不饱和脂肪酸中高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)的含量为54.27%;脂肪酸中EPA和DHA的含量为3.9%和0.12%。无机元素丰富,其中常量元素含量规律为Na>K>Mg>P>Ca,微量元素中Fe含量较高,其次为Mn和Zn。     

Estimates of PAHs burdens in a population of ampeliscid amphipods at the head of the Mississippi Canyon (N. Gulf of Mexico)

The bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a dense population of ampeliscid amphipods (12,094±2499 ind m⁻²) in the head of the Mississippi Canyon at a depth of 480 m is examined and compared with estimation for amphipods from a shallow-water location, the Houston Ship Channel. The distribution of individual PAHs in sediments varies from the distribution in the organisms both in deep and shallow water, suggesting preferential uptake/depuration or uptake from pore or bottom waters. The average bioaccumulation factor (4.36±2.55) and the biota sediment accumulation factor (0.24±0.13) of total PAHs by the ampeliscid amphipods at the canyon's head are within the range reported for other benthic invertebrates. The average bioaccumulation factors are highest for dibenzothiophenes (up to 132 for C1-dibenzothiophenes) and alkylated PAHs and lowest for parent high molecular weight PAHs (HPAHs). Shallow-water amphipods are similar to deep-water amphipods in showing high preference to bioaccumulate alkylated PAHs and low preference to bioaccumulate parent HPAHs.     

Biota: sediment partitioning of aluminium smelter related PAHs and pulp mill related diterpenes by intertidal clams at Kitimat, British Columbia

The question of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioavailability and its relationship to specific PAH sources with different PAH binding characteristics is an important one, because bioavailability drives PAH accumulation in biota and ultimately the biochemical responses to the PAH contaminants. The industrial harbour at Kitimat (British Columbia, Canada) provides an ideal location to study the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of sediment hydrocarbons to low trophic level biota. Samples of soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) and intertidal sediment collected from multiple sites over six years at various distances from an aluminium smelter and a pulp and paper mill were analysed for 106 PAHs, plant diterpenes and other aromatic fraction hydrocarbons. Interpretation using PAH source ratios and multivariate data analysis reveals six principal hydrocarbon sources: PAHs in coke, pitch and emissions from anode combustion from the aluminium smelter, vascular plant terpenes and aromatised terpenes from the pulp and paper mill, petroleum PAHs from shipping and other anthropogenic activities and PAHs from natural plant detritus. Harbour sediments predominantly contain either pitch or pyrogenic PAHs from the smelter, while clams predominantly contain plant derived PAHs and diterpenes from the adjacent pulp mill. PAHs from the smelter have low bioavailability to clams (Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors; BSAFs <1 for pitch and coke; <10 for anode combustion, decreasing to ∼0.1 for the mass 300 and 302 PAHs), possibly due to binding to pitch or soot carbon matrices. Decreases in PAH isomer ratios between sediments and clams likely reflect a combination of variation in uptake kinetics of petroleum PAHs and compound specific metabolism, with the importance of petroleum PAHs decreasing with increasing molecular weight. Plant derived compounds exhibit little natural bioaccumulation at reference sites, but unsaturated and aromatised diterpenes released from resins by industrial pulping processes are readily accumulated by the clams (BSAFs >500). Thus while most of the smelter associated PAHs in sediments may not be bioavailable to benthic organisms, the plant terpenes (including retene, totarol, ferruginol, manool, dehydroabietane and other plant terpenes that form the chemical defence mechanism of conifers) released by pulp mills are bioavailable and possess demonstrated toxic properties. The large scale release of plant terpenes by some of the many pulp mills located in British Columbia and elsewhere represents a largely undocumented risk to aquatic biota.     

泉州湾洛阳江口2种红树林生境大型底栖动物群落多样性比较

为探讨泉州湾洛阳江口桐花树和秋茄2种红树林生境的大型底栖动物群落是否存在明显差异,于2011年4月至2012年1月对2种红树林生境的大型底栖动物进行了季度定量调查.结果表明：4个季度在2种红树林生境定量取样获得大型底栖动物49种,其中多毛类15种,腹足类8种,甲壳类15种,鱼类3种,昆虫2种,刺胞动物、扁形动物、纽形动物、星虫动物、寡毛类和双壳类各1种.寡鳃齿吻沙蚕（Nephtys oligobranchia）、短拟沼螺（Assiminea brevicula）、弧边招潮蟹（Uca arcuata）、指海葵（Actinia sp.）等在2种生境均有较高的栖息密度,可口革囊星虫（Phascolosoma esculenta）是2种生境的常见种,但栖息密度不高.虽然秋茄生境的大型底栖动物平均生物量高于桐花树生境,但桐花树生境的大型底栖动物群落的物种数、栖息密度、多样性指数（H’）、均匀度指数（J）和丰富度指数（d）均高于秋茄生境.单变量双因素方差分析（Two-way ANOVA）表明,2种红树林生境的大型底栖动物群落的多样性指数和均匀度指数有显著的季节差异、生境差异以及生境×季节差异.聚类分析表明,2种红树林生境的大型底栖动物群落组成的相似性较高,其原因是它们所处的潮区相同、沉积物类型相似和底质粒径相近.     

Peculiarities in the distribution of hydrocarbons in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea

Data on the contents and compositions of the hydrocarbons (HCs)—aliphatic (AHCs) and polycyclic aromatic (PAHs)—are provided in comparison with the contents of the total organic carbon (C_org), the lipids in the particulates, and the C_org in bottom sediments. Particular attention has been paid to the distribution of the HCs in the water area of the Kravtsov oil field. It has been established that the concentrations of AHCs in the water are governed by the content of particulates, and the elevated AHC concentrations are confined to the coastal areas. In the water area of platform D-6, the sandy bottom sediments were notable for the great variability of the HC concentrations, both laterally and from year to year. In the summer of 2010, the content of AHCs averaged 40 μg/g (19% in the C_org), and that of PAHs, 23 ng/g. Natural seepage from the sediment mass is considered to be a source of HCs along with oil contamination.     

A laboratory and field comparison of sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation by the cosmopolitan estuarine polychaete Streblospio benedicti (Webster)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioaccumulation by the polychaete worm Streblospio benedicti (Webster) was measured under exposure to PAH-contaminated sediments in the field and for 28 d in the laboratory. Streblospio benedicti collected from field sediments contaminated at 2.94, 1.07, and l.52 μg g⁻¹ fluoranthene (FLU), benz[a]anthracene (BAA), and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP), bioaccumulated those PAHs at 1.53, 0.215, and 0.332 μg g⁻¹, while worms isolated from less contaminated field sediments (0.399, 0.228, 0.288 μg g⁻¹ FLU, BAA, and BAP) had FLU, BAA, and BAP body burdens of 0.543, 0.236, and 0.083 μg g⁻¹. Worms incubated for 28 d in PAH-spiked sediments (1.52, 0.991, 0.504 μg g⁻¹ FLU, BAA, and BAP) bioaccumulated those PAHs at 0.382, 0.966, and 0.602 μg g⁻¹, respectively. Data normalization to organism lipid and sediment organic carbon (biota-sediment accumulation factors [BSAFs] strongly suggest that Streblospio PAH bioaccumulation was directly related to percent sediment organic carbon, but BSAFs were substantially lower than predicted by equilibrium partitioning theory. BSAFs decreased with increasing PAH log K_ow, in worms collected from field sediments, but in spiked sediments BSAFs increased with increasing PAH hydrophobicity. This disparity may have been caused by insufficient spiked-sediment equilibration time (1.5h) in the case of the laboratory test sediments.     

晋江河口及泉州湾湿地生物分布特点

泉州湾受晋江河口径流影响很大，导致湿地生物的水平分布与盐度的分布紧密相关．大致分为湾外和外湾种、内湾低盐种、感潮河段咸淡水种．长腕和尚蟹、扁平蛛网海胆和文昌鱼仅分布在外湾或湾外的砂质海底．3种红树植物、互花米草、招潮蟹、弹涂鱼是内湾泥滩的优势种．咸水草是感潮河段咸淡水指标种．河蚬虽是淡水种，也分布在低盐河段．