金沙江下游梯级水库运行期设计洪水及汛控水位

研究探讨梯级水库运行期设计洪水计算理论和方法,实现防洪和发电效益最大化。采用t-Copula函数建立各分区洪水的联合分布,通过蒙特卡罗法和遗传算法(GA)推求金沙江下游梯级水库的最可能地区组成;分析计算各水库运行期的设计洪水及汛控水位。结果表明:①最可能地区组成结果合理可靠,可为梯级水库运行期设计洪水的分析计算提供依据;②金沙江下游梯级水库受上游水库调蓄影响显著,向家坝水库1000年一遇设计洪峰15400m^3/s(35%),3d、7d和30d洪量的削减量(削减率)分别为35.6亿m^3(33%)、70.2亿m^3(30%)和85.0亿m^3(11%);③在不降低防洪标准的前提下,下游各水库在运行期汛控水位相比汛限水位可适当抬高,白鹤滩、溪洛渡和向家坝水库的汛控水位(汛限水位)分别为788.82m(785m)、570.67m(560m)和371.36m(370m),汛期年均发电量分别增加2.1%、6.1%和1.4%,年增发电量17.1亿kW·h。     

基于预报及库容补偿的水库汛限水位动态控制研究

结合清江流域梯级水电站工程特性及防洪任务,以不降低梯级防洪标准为原则,建立基于预报及上游水布垭水库库容补偿的汛限水位动态控制模型,推求隔河岩水库汛期汛限水位动态控制方案。计算表明,该模型在不降低水库及梯级原有的防洪标准前提下,能有效利用上游水布垭水库的防洪库容,分担隔河岩水库部分防洪任务,并显著提高其发电量。其中,多年平均弃水量减少4．1444亿m~3,发电量增加1．2172亿kW·h。     

基于防洪库容总量控制的雅砻江下游梯级水库蓄水策略研究

根据长江防御洪水方案对雅砻江梯级水库的防洪库容预留要求,分析了预留防洪库容对梯级电站蓄水发电的影响。结合雅砻江水电开发的特点,提出了梯级水库防洪库容总量控制的解决思路,建立了基于防洪库容总量控制的蓄水期发电量最大模型,计算分析了9种不同来水情景的梯级水库优化蓄水方案,并给出了梯级水库总体优化蓄水策略。对该类问题研究具有一定借鉴意义。     

A method for implementing the real-time dynamic control of flood-limited water level

Many studies have proven that the dynamic control of flood-limited water level (DC-FLWL) is an effective methodology to balance flood control and water conservation for reservoir operations during the flood season. However, these studies have focused on determining the bound of FLWL; few studies have investigated the implementation of real-time DC-FLWL, which actually is the core of DC-FLWL. To implement real-time DC-FLWL, a new method for considering rain forecast is presented in the present study. The proposed method includes two procedures: prerelease and prefill, which constitute the prerelease–refill and the prefill–prerelease schemes. For each scheme, the categorical rain forecast with a lead time of 24 h is used as the trigger for different actions, while hydrological forecast and discharge are used to calculate the action details, including the water level reserved and the amount of discharge water. The method is examined via the operation of the flood event “19960810,” which occurred in the catchment of the Biliuhe reservoir in China. The results show that although the maximum water level and the maximum discharge of the three schemes have the same value, the water level at the end of both the prerelease–refill and the prefill–prerelease schemes of DC-FLWL is 68.8 and 68.5 m, which are both higher than the planning scheme, i.e., 68.1 m. These findings further confirm the effectiveness of DC-FLWL and also prove that the proposed method is suitable for implementing real-time DC-FLWL.     

雅砻江下游梯级水库生态友好型优化调度

根据雅砻江下游梯级水库水电站的布置和河道生态环境要求,分别设置了两个流量控制断面:锦屏二级电站引水闸址下减水河段、二滩电站坝址下游河段.针对这两个控制断面河道流量的要求,提出了25组生态流量控泄方案,建立了以梯级水电站群发电量最大为目标的长期优化调度模型,并采用动态规划法进行求解,获得各个方案下梯级水电站群多年平均发电量及水库调度出流过程.比较分析了减水河段生态流量及二滩水库泄流控制方案对发电量的影响,定义并计算了生态需水电能损失指标.对梯级水库调度出流过程进行了初步评价.结果表明:二滩水库出流维持天然径流模式,将限制水库调节能力和减少梯级电站发电效益.     

三峡水库汛期控制水位及运用条件

随着长江上游梯级水库的陆续建成投运，三峡水库的水文情势和功能需求与设计条件相比发生了显著变化，仍维持固定的汛限水位运行已不能适应新形势需求。本文通过辨析三峡水库设计阶段汛限水位的设置条件，挖掘流域洪水特性和洪水遭遇规律，论证三峡水库汛期运行水位动态控制的可行性。结果表明:①三峡水库设计推求的汛限水位145 m的适用条件是应对流域性大洪水，而流域性洪水发生概率小且特征明显，可以通过水文水情分析提前预判。②根据流域洪水类型、洪水分期和遭遇规律，预判发生区域性大洪水时，三峡水库6月初至梅雨期结束汛限水位按145 m设置，从梅雨期结束后逐渐提高水位，8月20日后过渡到155 m。③在考虑上游水库群联合调度和气象水文预报的配合下，正常年份三峡水库汛期运行水位可在155 m上下浮动，并考虑提前蓄水。④三峡水库汛期运行水位动态控制，不会增加防洪风险和库区淤积风险，对中下游江湖关系和水文情势有利，可显著提高发电、航运、生态保护和供水等综合利用效益。     

三峡水库汛期控制水位及运用条件

随着长江上游梯级水库的陆续建成投运，三峡水库的水文情势和功能需求与设计条件相比发生了显著变化，仍维持固定的汛限水位运行已不能适应新形势需求。本文通过辨析三峡水库设计阶段汛限水位的设置条件，挖掘流域洪水特性和洪水遭遇规律，论证三峡水库汛期运行水位动态控制的可行性。结果表明：① 三峡水库设计推求的汛限水位145 m的适用条件是应对流域性大洪水，而流域性洪水发生概率小且特征明显，可以通过水文水情分析提前预判。② 根据流域洪水类型、洪水分期和遭遇规律，预判发生区域性大洪水时，三峡水库6月初至梅雨期结束汛限水位按145 m设置，从梅雨期结束后逐渐提高水位，8月20日后过渡到155 m。③ 在考虑上游水库群联合调度和气象水文预报的配合下，正常年份三峡水库汛期运行水位可在155 m上下浮动，并考虑提前蓄水。④ 三峡水库汛期运行水位动态控制，不会增加防洪风险和库区淤积风险，对中下游江湖关系和水文情势有利，可显著提高发电、航运、生态保护和供水等综合利用效益。     

碧流河水库后汛期汛限水位及控制运用方式

水库汛期分期后上下游防洪标准的确定是水库分期运用的难点,针对北方地区后汛期来水特点,提出从防洪、兴利与两者权衡3个角度通过优化推求汛限水位备选方案,并协调方案中各指标间的复杂关系,建立汛限水位多方案分层模糊优化决策模型。经应用于碧流河水库表明,该方法在不改变水库原防洪标准的前提下,抬高水库后汛期汛限水位。研究结果为决策提供了技术支持,对北方缺水地区的其它水库有指导意义。     

三峡水库围堰发电期调度模拟优化研究

汛限水位是协调综合利用水库防洪和兴利矛盾的重要参数。三峡水库围堰发电期调度规则将汛期水库水位控制在134．9-135．4m运行,本文将汛期(6-9月)按旬划分为12个分期,建立模拟模型和动态规划模型;采用宜昌站120年实测日流量序列,通过所建模型计算,得到了优化的分期汛限水位方案。模型实现了模拟和优化的有机结合,将带机遇约束的多目标优化问题转化为确定性约束条件下的单目标优化问题,降低了复杂性。结果表明,模型在不增加防洪风险的前提下,发电效益增加了2．21％(2005 年)和2．32％(2006年)。     

水库汛限水位动态控制的实现途径

水库汛限水位动态控制是洪水资源利用的主要方式之一,提高水库洪水预报精度和延长有效预见期是实现水库汛限水位动态控制的关键所在。针对水库实时防洪调度的特点和流程,概述了新一代天气雷达、气象卫星及相关应用系统的技术进展,评价了这一技术进展在水库实时防洪调度中的重要作用,据此提出了综合应用新技术改进水库洪水预报、洪水量级判断和蓄水时机选择的技术途径。在此基础上,以海河流域潘家口水库为例,综合论证了水库汛限水位的动态控制范围,提出了汛期蓄水的控制策略与调控方法。     

基于双层滑动的水库旱限水位确定算法

旱限水位是水库抗旱预警的重要指标, 可作为水库开展抗旱调度的重要依据, 开展不同类型水库旱限水位确定算法研究, 对水库旱限水位的推广及提升干旱主动防御能力有重要意义。本文探讨了水库旱限水位的概念内涵, 认为水库旱限水位是在干旱缺水条件下水库供水系统达到临界平衡的水位阈值。通过引入调度期、保证期等双层控制期, 提出了适用于多年调节、年调节、季调节水库的旱限水位双层滑动算法, 并且形成了旱限水位控制下的水库抗旱调度策略。通过对张峰水库与和川水库进行案例分析, 验证了双层滑动算法对于多年调节水库和季调节水库的可行性与合理性, 结果表明, 通过设定旱限水位, 可以在干旱前期预留水量, 有效缓解干旱年份的严重缺水情况, 各个行业的缺水率和严重缺水时段均有显著减少。本研究为水旱灾害防御部门制定水库旱限水位、指导水库抗旱调度提供了一套通用算法, 能够为干旱防御决策提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

基于多目标遗传算法的巨型水库群发电优化调度

低碳时代,水电作为清洁可再生能源,节能发电调度为梯级水电联合调度运行带来了难得的历史机遇,如何有效地开展梯级水库群优化调度,充分合理利用水能资源,是流域梯级电站管理迫切需要解决的问题。文章在对清江梯级与三峡梯级径流特征分析的基础上,建立了以水库群整体发电量最大和弃能最小为目标的梯级调度模型。根据电力系统对三峡、葛洲坝、水布垭、隔河岩、高坝洲水电站的要求,用1951—2002年的月径流资料和典型年的日径流资料进行长期和短期优化调度,采用多目标遗传算法得到清江3个电站、三峡-葛洲坝2电站单独运行和联合优化调度发电指标,5库联合优化调度系统多年平均发电量增加约21亿kW.h;短期(日)优化调度较长期(月时间尺度)优化调度发电效益有进一步提升,增发电量约9.68亿kW.h。研究表明,充分利用清江和三峡梯级实际运行位置相近、水力联系紧密、互补性强的特点,统一安排电站机组运行模式,合理分配机组出力,可在来水量相同的条件下获得更大的效益。     

Risk variation of reservoir regulation during flood season based on bivariate statistical approach under climate change: a case study in the Chengbihe reservoir,China

The risk analysis of reservoir regulation in the flood season is crucial and provides the valuable information for reservoir flood control, safety operation, and decision making, especially under climate change. The purpose of this study is to propose a framework for reasonably estimating the variation of reservoir regulation risk including the dam extreme risk and the overtopping risk during the flood season under climate change. The framework consists of an integrated diagnostic system for detecting the climate abrupt change time, a copula function-based bivariate statistical approach for modeling the dependence between the flood peak and flood volume, a Monte Carlo simulation for generating numerous random flood peak–volume pairs, and a risk calculation model for routing the design flood hydrographs to obtain the frequency curve of the maximum water level reached in front of dam and evaluating the reservoir regulation risk. The methodology was implemented in the Chengbihe reservoir in south China by using the 55-year (1963–2017) hydrometeorological data, including temperature, evaporation, precipitation, and streamflow, in the flood season. Results show that the hydrometeorological series during the flood season changed abruptly in 1992 and the entire data can be divided into two periods (1963–1992 and 1993–2017). The dam extreme risk and overtopping risk during the two periods are assessed, respectively, and a comparison analysis is made based on different flood limit water-level schemes (185.00–188.50 m). It demonstrates that both the dam extreme risk and the dam overtopping risk increase under the influence of climate change. The dam extreme risk increases by 22.91–95.03%, while the climate change-induced increase in the dam overtopping risk is between 38.62 and 123.59%, which indicates that the dam overtopping risk is more sensitive to climate change than the dam extreme risk. The risk evaluations in the study are of great significance in the safety operation and risk management of reservoirs under future climate change.

     

Optimization of the Garzan Hydropower System operations

Through the rapid development of the watersheds in Turkey with projects developed by incorporated companies, a problem has arisen of how to operate a cascade reservoir system composed of state- and private sector-owned reservoirs in terms of the volume and timing of water releases to meet downstream water demands. This study presents a catchment-based optimization model based on inflow forecast with frequent updating for the integrated operation of hydropower plants under various sales methods. The model is formulated in terms of nonlinear programming (NLP) on a monthly basis for a 1-year period to assess the production strategies of the system reservoirs for that year. This model provides the basic constraints on the reservoir volume for daily and hourly optimization procedures. Forecasted flows are generated using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models based on historical flow values. The proposed model is tested on the Garzan Hydropower System using historical, mean, and forecasted flow values. The results show that the integrated operation plan and improvement in the accuracy of inflow forecasts yield economic benefits as a consequence of optimal reservoir operation.     

A real-time operation optimization model for flood management in river-reservoir systems

In this paper, a new methodology has been developed for real-time flood management in river-reservoir systems. This methodology is based upon combining a Genetic Algorithm (GA) reservoir operation optimization model for a cascade of two reservoirs, a hydraulic-based flood routing simulation model in downstream river system, a Geographical Information System (GIS) based database, and application of K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) algorithm for development of optimal operating rules. The GA optimization model estimates the optimal hourly reservoirs’ releases to minimize the flood damages in the downstream river. GIS tools have also been used for specifying different land-uses and damage functions in the downstream floodplain and it has been linked to the unsteady module of HEC-RAS flood routing model using Hec-GeoRAS module. An innovative approach has also been developed using K-NN algorithm to formulate the optimal operating rules for a system of two cascade reservoirs based on optimal releases obtained from the optimization model. During a flood event, the K-NN algorithm searches through the historical flood hydrographs and optimal reservoir storages determined by the optimization model to find similar situations. The similarity between the hydrographs is quantified based on the slopes of rising and falling limbs of inflow hydrographs and reservoir storages at the beginning of each hourly time step during the flood events for two cascade reservoirs. The developed methodology have been applied to the Bakhtiari and Dez River-Reservoir systems in southwest of Iran. The results show that the proposed models can be effectively used for flood management and real-time operation of cascade river-reservoir systems.     

长江上游干流梯级水库群防洪库容互用性初探

根据《长江流域防洪规划》,长江上游已投入运行的、具有防洪功能的大型控制性水库总预留防洪库容超360亿m3,亟需研究科学实用的防洪调度方法。在定义防洪库容互用性涵义的基础上,探讨了长江上游水库群间防洪库容的互用性,提出了基于库容互用性的水库群防洪调度方法。以金沙江下游梯级和三峡水库为例,分析了二者之间防洪库容的互用比例。研究结果显示,对于1981年、1982年和1998年3个典型年的洪水,金沙江下游梯级水库相对于三峡水库防洪库容的互用比例在0.80~0.97之间,并受拦蓄洪量比例和拦蓄时机的影响。在实时防洪预报调度中,可根据水库群所处状态及防洪形势,基于防洪库容互用性研究成果,结合水文气象预报,科学有效地调度洪水。     

考虑综合利用要求的三峡水库提前蓄水方案

采用三峡水库汛期分期方案,将蓄水时间提前至汛末期,综合考虑上下游防洪、发电、通航和蓄满率等要求,建立了多目标蓄水调度模型,构建了"优化-模拟-检验"的算法流程,采用遗传算法进行求解。结果表明,最优方案在满足上下游防洪安全要求的前提下,蓄水期可增发电量17%,减少弃水44%,蓄满率和通航保证率显著提高。通过对汛末期防洪库容进行科学划分和对蓄水调度图进行优化,既确保防洪安全又最大限度挖掘兴利效益,为研究水库汛末蓄水调度问题提供了一种新的思路和方法。     

水库汛期限制水位控制理论与观念的更新探讨

传统的水库汛限水位的控制,只利用了洪水的统计信息,使水库在汛期要时刻预防设计与校核洪水事件的发生,致使一些水库在汛期不敢蓄水而汛后又无水可蓄,造成洪水资源的浪费。提出水库汛限水位动态控制的新理念及其综合推理模式,适应当前预报技术的发展水平,考虑降雨径流洪水预报与一定时间内的短期降雨预报,排除不可能发生的洪水事件,预报可能发生的洪水,实施水库汛限水位的动态控制。但预报不可避免地存在误差,当小概率预报误差事件发生时,仍可采取弥补措施以确保大坝的防洪安全。     

复杂防洪系统联合优化调度模型

建立以水库群系统安全度最大、行蓄洪区系统损失最小为目标函数,将河道堤防安全行洪考虑为约束条件的复杂防洪系统多目标递阶优化调度模型(MoHOOM),以行蓄洪区总分洪流量为协调变量,将河道水流连续方程解耦,基于大系统分解协调法建立协调层和基于粒子群算法求解底层子系统优化问题,形成三级递阶分解协调结构和相应求解方法。以淮河中游防洪系统为背景进行了实例研究,给出了水库群泄流和行蓄洪区分洪最优方案,在相同初始计算条件下,优化模型结果比实际调度降低了鲇鱼山和梅山水库0.37和0.01的安全度指标,减小下游蒋家集和润河集河段超过安全泄量以上100 m3/s和720 m3/s的洪峰流量,启用南润段行洪区致损1 256.1万元;比规则调度降低了鲇鱼山和梅山水库0.24和0.21的安全度指标,减小下游蒋家集河段超过安全泄量以上750 m3/s的洪峰流量,避免南润段行洪区损失341.6万元。模型有利于挖掘上游水库群的防洪能力,在保障河道堤防安全行洪条件下,减少下游不必要的行蓄洪区分洪损失,以系统全局寻优方式进行复杂防洪系统联合调度。     

改进密云水库汛期调度方案的途径

密云水库是华北最大的水库，确定密云水库汛期调度方案的原则是２０年前制定的，按现代观点看来，其设计防洪库容过大，因而降低了密云水库的蓄水能力。在深入分析潮白河水文特征的基础上，并考虑新建３个水库对下游汉域洪峰流量的影响，提出了几个新的方案，每一个新的方案，每一个建议的方案都能显著提高密云水库的效益。