亚洲-澳大利亚海陆地形与热力季节演变下的季风槽和季风降水

通过对1999-2007年美国NCEP FNL逐日全球大气分层分析资料和同期美国NASA热带测雨卫星(TRMM)降水产品资料进行气象要素分解,取其海陆差异影响的要素场,对亚洲-澳大利亚季风区的季风槽进行了逐候辨识,分析了亚澳季风区850 hPa各槽线的季节演变与降水的关系.结果发现在亚洲夏季风最强盛的时候青藏高原周边地区一共有五个季风槽,澳大利亚夏季风最强盛的时候在其周边地区存在三个季风槽,这些季风槽都有对应的降水出现并受当地半岛尺度地形的影响.南亚和东南亚的季风槽以及对应的降水持续时间约为半年(24-60候),东亚和澳大利亚季风期要短一些(28-48候和1-17候).东亚和澳大利亚北部地区都存在季风爆发之前的前汛期降水或过渡时期降水.     

亚洲-澳大利亚海陆地形与热力季节演变下的季风槽和季风降水

通过对1999—2007年美国NCEP FNL逐日全球大气分层分析资料和同期美国NASA热带测雨卫星（TRMM）降水产品资料进行气象要素分解,取其海陆差异影响的要素场,对亚洲-澳大利亚季风区的季风槽进行了逐候辨识,分析了亚澳季风区850 hPa各槽线的季节演变与降水的关系。结果发现在亚洲夏季风最强盛的时候青藏高原周边地区一共有五个季风槽,澳大利亚夏季风最强盛的时候在其周边地区存在三个季风槽,这些季风槽都有对应的降水出现并受当地半岛尺度地形的影响。南亚和东南亚的季风槽以及对应的降水持续时间约为半年（24—60候）,东亚和澳大利亚季风期要短一些（28—48候和1—17候）。东亚和澳大利亚北部地区都存在季风爆发之前的前汛期降水或过渡时期降水。     

亚洲夏季风爆发的基本气候特征分析

利用统一的亚洲热带夏季风爆发指标,重新制作了季风爆发日期的推进图,确证了亚洲热带夏季风最早在热带东印度洋与中印半岛中南部爆发的观点,这发生在26候(5月10日前后),28候(5月20日前后)在南海地区相继爆发,这两个地区的爆发是属同一季风系的不同爆发阶段。以后通过对海陆热力对比、季节内振荡等多方面的分析,对夏季风的爆发机制问题进行了深入的研究,提出了气候学意义下影响亚洲热带夏季风爆发的关键影响因子。在此基础上,给出了夏季风最早在热带东印度洋-中印半岛-南海地区爆发机理的一种概念模式图,即大气环流的季节进程是季风爆发的背景条件;而中印半岛及其邻近地区对流活动和感热与潜热加热的迅速增强与北推、印缅槽的强烈加深,以及高原东部地区的西风暖平流作用是夏季风爆发的主要驱动力,其结果是使经向温度梯度首先在这个地区反向并建立强的上升运动区,使热带季风和降水迅速发展和加强;来自不同源地的低频30—60 d和10—20 d季节内振荡的锁相则是夏季风爆发的一种触发因子,正是这些因子的共同作用导致了亚洲热带夏季风在这个地区的最早爆发。     

亚洲季风季节进程的若干认识

简要归纳了不同时期随着观测资料的更新对亚洲季风季节进程的若干认识。南海季风试验前,研究认识了东亚季风系统与南亚季风系统的区别。南海季风试验后,对季风进程有了更多的认识,江南副热带雨季开始于4月初,中印半岛热带雨季开始于4月底,南海热带雨季突然建立于5月中旬,都具有半年际的干湿转换。南海中部季风爆发后,亚洲季风在南亚、青藏高原东侧和东亚-太平洋地区全面爆发并由南向北推进。利用近年来高分辨率资料并考虑热带地区半岛陆海地形与热力的影响,认识到亚洲存在5个夏季季风槽与降水相联系的系统,它们分别是西南亚(阿拉伯海)夏季热带季风、南亚(孟加拉湾)夏季热带季风、东南亚(南海)夏季热带季风、西北太平洋夏季热带季风和东亚夏季副热带季风。     

孟加拉湾西南季风与南海热带季风季节内振荡特征的比较

采用美国国家环境预报中心的向外长波辐射和风场资料及日本气象厅的降水资料,用30-60d滤波后的夏季风指数在孟加拉湾和南海的区域平均值分别代表孟加拉湾西南季风和南海热带季风季节内振荡,对两支季风的季节内振荡特征进行比较分析,发现孟加拉湾西南季风的季节内振荡和南海热带季风的季节内振荡在夏季风期间(5-10月)都有约3次半的波动.夏季风期间,在阿拉伯海-西太平洋纬带上,夏季风的季节内振荡有4次从阿拉伯海的东传和3次从西太平洋的西传,其中7月后东传可直达西太平洋.孟加拉湾和南海在夏季风期间都有4次季节内振荡的经向传播,但孟加拉湾在约15°N以南为季节内振荡从热带东印度洋的北传,在约15°N以北则为副热带季风季节内振荡的南传;而在南海则是4次季节内振荡从热带的北传.在以孟加拉湾西南季风季节内振荡和南海热带季风季节内振荡分别划分的6个位相中,都存在1-3位相和4-6位相中低频对流、环流形势相反的特征,这是由热带东印度洋季节内振荡的东传和北传所致.热带印度洋季节内振荡沿西南-东北向经过约14d传到孟加拉湾,激发了孟加拉湾西南季风季节内振荡的东传,经过约6d到达南海,激发了南海热带季风季节内振荡的北传,经过约25d到达华南,形成热带印度洋季节内振荡向华南的经纬向接力传播(45d).孟加拉湾西南季风季节内振荡所影响的降水主要是在20°N以南的热带雨带随低频对流的东移而东移;而南海热带季风季节内振荡所影响的降水除了这种热带雨带随低频对流的东移外,还有在20°N以北的东亚副热带地区存在雨带随南海低频对流的北移而北移.     

南海季风槽影响下热带气旋暴雨增幅的研究

使用NASA的热带测雨卫星TRMM资料、常规气象观测降水资料、NCAR/NCEP-2再分析资料及NCEP全球数据同化系统(GDAS)资料,分析研究南海季风槽伴随热带气旋登陆华南而导致热带气旋暴雨强烈增幅的事实,并根据观测事实提出季风槽伴随热带气旋登陆华南的定义.结果表明:(1)南海季风槽伴随热带气旋登陆导致热带气旋降水强烈增幅的天气现象发生在盛夏季节;(2)环流背景表现为副热带高压带状西伸,稳定控制华中一带;同时,西南季风活跃,南海季风槽位于南海北部之时;(3)热带气旋登陆后的填塞消亡时间因为季风槽的伴随而大大延长,热带气旋云系有再生、加强和扩展现象;(4)伴随登陆的季风槽对热带气旋暴雨无论是空间,时间,还是强度上均有强烈增幅作用,热带气旋暴雨在季风槽南侧延伸,尺度可达1500～2500km.     

南北两半球大气的相互作用和季风的本质

理性分析和利用NCEP/NCAR资料进行统计分析表明:大气环流的季节变化和越赤道气流即两半球的相互作用首先是由于赤道面与黄道面有交角而使太阳辐射有年变化所致,行星热对流环流是热带季风的"第一推动力",而地表面特性差异(海陆热力特性差异以及地形高度等)所导致的准定常行星波为"第二推动力".如以推动大气质量跨纬圈传输的效力来看,平均来说二推动力的功效之比为2:l.第二推动力在亚澳季风区与第一推动力合拍,使热带季风在亚澳区内最明显,而各经圈环流圈的上下及南北关联及与中高纬准定常行星波的配置则使全球范围内从低纬到高纬、从低空到高空有地域性的明显季节变化区,从而构成三度空间的全球季风系统.     

中国东部—西太平洋副热带季风和降水的气候特征及成因分析

利用1981—2000年候平均NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CMAP全球降水资料,分析了从中国东部大陆到西太平洋副热带地区季风和降水季节变化的特征及其与热带季风降水的关系,探讨了季风建立和加强的原因。夏季东亚—西太平洋盛行的西南风开始于江南和西太平洋副热带的春初,并向北扩展到中纬度,热带西南风范围向北扩展的迹象不明显。从冬到夏,中国西部和西太平洋副热带的表面加热季节变化可以使副热带对流层向西的温度梯度反转比热带早,使西南季风在副热带最早开始;从大气环流看,青藏高原东侧低压槽的加强和向东延伸,以及西太平洋副热带高压的加强和向西移动,都影响着副热带西南季风的开始和发展;初夏江南的南风向北扩展与副热带高压向北移动有关,随着高原东侧低压槽向南延伸,槽前的偏南风范围向南扩展。随着副热带季风建立和向北扩展,其最大风速中心前方的低层空气质量辐合和水汽辐合以及上升运动也加强和向北移动,导致降水加强和雨带向北移动。热带季风雨季开始晚,主要维持在热带而没有明显进入副热带,江淮梅雨不是由热带季风雨带直接向北移动而致,而是由春季江南雨带北移而致。在热带季风爆发前,副热带季风区水汽输送主要来自中南半岛北部和中国华南沿海,而在热带季风爆发后,水汽输送来自孟加拉湾和热带西太平洋。     

热带海洋变异对东亚季风的影响

季风主要是由于海陆热力差异随季节的变化所造成。热带海洋温度具有显著的年际异常，热带海温的变异不仅可以通过改变海陆热力差异，而且也通过热带地区强烈的海气相互作用，对季风系统产生重要影响，造成季风区天气和气候的异常。回顾了发生在热带东太平洋(ENSO现象)、热带西太平洋暖池和热带印度洋海温的变异对东亚季风的影响及其影响的物理过程，并指出东亚季风与这些热带区域的海温变异是一个有机的整体，只有对它们进行综合的研究，才能真正认识它们之中任一部分的变化。     

大气环流的季节变化和季风

利用多年平均气候资料计算了全球各地和各等压面上的大气环流季节变率（即冬季和夏季环流之差或者1月和7月环流之差再除以年平均）,发现在对流层低层环流有5个很突出的季节变率极大值的区域,分别位于热带和南北两半球的副热带和中-高纬度带（温-寒带）,它们分别对应于经典所谓的热带季风区,太平洋、印度洋和大西洋的副热带高 压季节性移动区域,以及温-寒带气旋的风暴轴线区域。这5个区域也可分别称为热带季风区、副热带季风区和温-寒带季风区。季节变率带有鲜明的斜压性:在对流层低层热带季风和副热带季风虽相互连接然而仍然明显可分,但越往上,副热带季风一支就越往低纬移动,结果在200 hPa处与热带季风混合为一,形成为斜交赤道的带,和所谓的行星季风区相对应;再往上,在平流层上层,则南北两半球各在中纬度带有一完好的非常鲜明的季节变率极大值带,它们与黑夜急流的维持和崩溃有关。此外,文中还探索了各季节来临的时空分布以及年际变化等问题。     

Identifying Global Monsoon Troughs and Global Atmospheric Centers of Action on a Pentad Scale

Using two datasets of global pentad grid precipitation and global 850 hPa geopotential height during 1979-2007, this study identified global monsoon troughs and global atmospheric centers of action (ACAs) on a pentad scale. The global monsoon troughs consist of planetary-scale monsoon troughs and peninsula-scale monsoon troughs. Forced by seasonal variations in solar radiation, the inter-tropical convergence zones (ITCZs) represent the planetary-scale monsoon troughs, which are active and shift over the tropical North Pacific, the tropical North Atlantic, and the tropical South Indian oceans. The peninsula-scale monsoon troughs are originated from regional land-sea topography and varied with contrasts in seasonal land-sea surface temperatures and precipitation. During the boreal summer, five peninsula-scale troughs and one planetary-scale trough are distributed in the Asia-Northwest Pacific (NWP) region. In total, 22 troughs, nine monsoon troughs, and 19 ACAs in the lower troposphere were identified. Relevant ACAs may be useful in constructing regional monsoon and circulation indices.     

夏季南海季风槽与印度季风槽的气候特征之比较

亚洲夏季风槽包括两大重要组成部分,即南海夏季风槽和印度夏季风槽.两个季风槽同属于热带夏季风系统,具有热带辐合带的性质.但由于所处地理位置、海陆分布、受到的影响系统不同等原因,两个季风槽有明显的异同点.利用气候平均资料分析,揭示南海夏季风槽和印度季风槽的结构特征和演变特征的异同点,有利于提高对亚洲夏季风系统的认识.作者首先讨论了结构特征方面的差异,从季风槽的对流特征、环流场配置特征、热力结构特征等方面探讨了两个季风槽的区别,分析结果表明南海夏季风槽和印度夏季风槽在结构特征方面区别不算很大,都具有热带季风辐合带的典型结构,低层辐合,高层辐散,有明显的季风经圈环流,热力结构特征均是低层偏冷,中高层偏暖.相对来说,印度夏季风槽比南海夏季风槽强且深厚.其次对南海夏季风槽和印度夏季风槽的演变的气候特征所进行的分析表明,季风槽建立时间与季风爆发时间是一致的.南海夏季风槽爆发早且突然,撤退缓慢,维持时间长;印度夏季风槽则是渐进式的爆发,撤退迅速,维持时间较短.两个季风槽的温湿演变特征也有所不同.     

RESEARCH ON THE INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIABILITIES OF THE MONSOON TROUGH AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN

In this paper, we mainly summarize and review the progresses in recent climatological studies (by CMSR, IAP/CAS and some associated domestic and international institutions) on the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of monsoon troughs and their impacts on tropical cyclones and typhoons (TCs) geneses over the western North Pacific Ocean. The climatological characteristics of monsoon troughs and four types of circulation patterns favorable to TCs genesis over the western North Pacific Ocean in summer and autumn are given in this paper. It is also shown in this paper that the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean has obvious interannual and interdecadal variabilities. Especially, it is revealed in this paper that the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean influence the TCs genesis not only through the impact on distributions of the vorticity in the lower troposphere and the divergence in the upper troposphere, the water vapor in the mid- and lower troposphere and the vertical shear of wind fields between the upper and lower troposphere over the western North Pacific Ocean, but also through the dynamical effects of the transition between convectively coupled tropical waves and providing disturbance energy. Besides, some climatological problems associated with TCs activity over the western North Pacific Ocean that need to be studied further are also pointed out in this paper.     

Variation of the monsoon trough intensity in the South China Sea and western North Pacific ocean and its relationship to tropical cyclone activities

Using the daily average of the NCEP/DOE AMIP-II reanalysis data from 1979 to 2005 and the characteristics of monsoon troughs in the western North Pacific,we established an intensity index and a location index to describe the activity of the monsoon troughs in three different regions and their impacts on tropical cyclones generated therein(MTTCs).The behavior of the monsoon troughs was analyzed.The following conclusions are obtained:(1)The established monsoon trough intensity index has a positive correlation to the location index,indicating that stronger monsoon trough intensity corresponds to more northward location.(2)Monsoon trough intensity exhibits significant interannual variation,with obvious periods of 4–5 years prior to 1994 and 2–3 years afterwards.(3)The affecting factors on monsoon trough intensity are different with areas.The preceding SST anomaly results in anomalous atmospheric circulation, leading to the anomaly of monsoon trough intensity in different areas.(4)The frequency of cyclogenesis and location anomalies of the MTTC are closely related to the intensity and location of the monsoon trough. Most of the anomalously less MTTC years coincide with the years with a weak general monsoon trough and weak regional monsoon troughs.The anomalously more MTTC years are associated with both a strong general monsoon trough and a weak general monsoon trough combined with a strong one over the South China Sea,though with a larger probability for the latter.(5)The interseasonal variation of the intensity of monsoon troughs provides favorable conditions for TC generation and development.The monsoon trough is in the active periods of both quasi-biweekly 10 to 20 day and 30 to 60 day oscillations,which is favorable for MTTC occurrence.     

广东后汛期季风槽暴雨天气形势特征分析

对1981-2002年广东后汛期季风槽暴雨期间的环流形势和天气系统进行了统计分析,结果发现,广东后汛期的季风槽暴雨多数发生在西太平洋副高位置偏东或偏南的情况下,并与中纬西风槽或ITCZ有直接联系;季风槽多数位于华南地区上空或华南沿岸海面;高层辐散覆盖广东全部或大部,中心在华南近海。西南季风向北推进源于西南和华南地区低压槽发展,或由于热带气旋登陆后北上而牵动西南季风深入华南陆地,也有些过程是副高西端的偏南气流引导南海季风北进。对流活动有从南海北部或北部湾附近向华南移动的趋势,并有昼夜变化。     

关于南海夏季风建立的大尺度特征及其机制的讨论

使用1998年南海季风试验期间高质量资料和NCEP/NCAR40年再分析资料分析了南海季风建立前后的大尺度环流特征和要素的突变及爆发过程。发现南亚高压迅速地从菲律宾以东移到中南半岛北部,印缅槽加强,赤道印度洋西风加强并向东向北迅速扩展和传播,以及相伴随的中低纬相互作用和西太平洋副高连续东撤是南海夏季风建立的大尺度特征,与此同时,亚洲低纬地区的南北温差和纬向风切变也发生相应的突变。数值实验结果指出,印度半岛地形的陆面加热作用在其东侧激发的气旋性环流对于印缅槽的加强有重要作用,并进而有利于南海夏季风先于印度夏季风爆发。     

Effect of offshore troughs on the South India erratic summer monsoon rainfall in June 2017

The onset and advance of southwest monsoon are accompanied by the appearance of the offshore trough along the southwest coast of India. This offshore trough escorts a deluge of rainfall to the southwest coast, and sometimes rainfall band moves eastward further into south India. These broad observations were noticed during the summer monsoon of June 2017. Meteorological agencies and media had reported a huge amount of rainfall over the southwest coast of India during the month. But, in the far interior of south India, rainfall was less. Due to the less rainfall, water resources depleted, which affected local farmers and common man of south India. The confused views of the common man on southwest coast rainfall could be due to lack of understanding related to various factors affecting rainfall over the same region. This article is an endeavor to address the preliminary understanding of the southwest coast rainfall during June 2017, with more stress on offshore troughs. The study begins with area-averaged rainfall statistics over south, southwest, and southeast India by employing satellite and rain gauge merged rainfall datasets. Area averaged analysis revealed offshore trough contributed 80 % of rainfall over the South West India, 68 % over South East India, contributing to an overall 75 % over south India in 2017. To identify offshore trough position and strength in the reanalysis and model simulations, a new method called VSV (Vertical Shear of Vorticity) method was introduced. The computed offshore troughs were categorized into Active, Normal, and Feeble based on the strength of meridional gradient of mean sea level pressure and 850 hPa horizontal winds. The contribution due to each category of the offshore trough over different sub-regions was investigated to find out the effect of the offshore trough to total rainfall. Dynamic and thermodynamic features of these categories of the offshore trough were investigated by using proxies like equivalent potential temperature and moisture flux convergence. We found that during active offshore trough an eastward propagation of rain bands persists, which was explained by using moisture flux convergence and equivalent potential temperature at different levels of the atmosphere.     

Re-examination of tropical cyclone formation in monsoon troughs over the western North Pacific

The monsoon trough(MT) is one of the large-scale patterns favorable for tropical cyclone(TC) formation over the western North Pacific(WNP). This study re-examines TC formation by treating the MT as a large-scale background for TC activity during May–October. Over an 11-year(2000–10) period, 8.3 TC formation events on average per year are identified to occur within MTs, accounting for 43.1% of the total TC formation events in the WNP basin. This percentage is much lower than those reported in previous studies. Further analysis indicates that TC formation events in monsoon gyres were included at least in some previous studies. The MT includes a monsoon confluence zone where westerlies meet easterlies and a monsoon shear line where the trade easterlies lie north of the monsoon westerlies. In this study, the large-scale flow pattern associated with TC formation in the MT is composited based on the reference point in the confluence zone where both the zonal and meridional wind components are zero with positive vorticity. While previous studies have found that many TCs form in the confluence zone, the composite analysis indicates that nearly all of the TCs formed in the shear region, since the shear region is associated with stronger low-level relative vorticity than the confluence zone. The prevailing easterly vertical shear of zonal wind and barotropic instability may also be conducive to TC formation in the shear region, through the development of synoptic-scale tropical disturbances in the MT that are necessary for TC formation.