古气候变化吸引子维数对比研究

对世界上不同地区的多条古气候曲线，采用相同的间距和同一种算法进行关联维数计算，结果表明各系统均具有非线性作用产生的混沌现象。与太阳辐射曲线关联维数对比表明，太阳辐射控制了气候变化的基本格局，在此基础上叠加了区域性特征。     

城镇体系空间结构的分形维数及其测算方法

总结了刻画城镇体系空间结构的三种分形维数:聚集维数(半径维数)、网格维数和空间关联维数,阐释了各种维数的地理意义,然后以实例说明了它们的测算方法。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘心叶驼绒藜和梭梭种群空间格局的分形特征

灌木是防风固沙的主要植被,其种群空间格局的分形特征研究是了解其分布格局、过程和功能,进而提出科学治理措施的基础.应用信息维数和关联维数对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘两个200 m×200 m样地(A,B)的心叶驼绒藜(Ceratoides ewersmanniana)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)种群格局进行分析比较.结果表明心叶驼绒藜的信息维数分别为1.717 4(A)、1.542 0(B);梭梭为1.375 5(A)、1.576 5(B).从总体看,心叶驼绒藜的空间格局强度较强,梭梭相对稍弱.两个样地两种灌木之间的信息熵曲线均在5 m～15 m出现了尺度转变区,表明两样地内两种灌木之间种群结构较复杂程度和格局强度相当.心叶驼绒藜的关联维数分别为1.707 8(A)、1.372 8(B);梭梭为1.534 7(A)、1.632 2(B).表明心叶驼绒藜个体聚集,关联强度较强,梭梭相对较弱.两种灌木之间的关联维数分别为1.776 3(A)、1.879 9(B).两物种之间的关联维数值均大于单个物种的关联维数值,表明心叶驼绒藜和梭梭种群整体关联强度较强.     

分形理论在人文地理学中的应用研究

简介分形理论 ,并给出了四种常见分形维数 :Hausdorff维数、盒子维数、信息维数和关联维数的定义 ,探讨它在人文地理学各分支学科 (城市地理学、经济地理学、交通地理学 )的应用及其地理意义。     

塔里木河干流两岸土壤水分特征曲线的分形模拟

应用Van Genuchten提出的土壤水分特征曲线公式,推导出了非饱和土壤水分特征曲线的分形模型。通过对塔里木河干流英巴扎断面6种不同土壤样本利用中子水分仪和负压计实测的水分特征曲线资料反求得到相应的分形维数,分析了分形维数与土壤质地之间的关系,结果表明随着土壤砂粒含量的减少或粘粒含量的增加,分形维数逐渐增大。此外,基于土壤颗粒的重量与粒径分布求出了塔里木河干流两岸沙漠地风沙土壤粒径的分形维数。通过对土壤水分特征曲线的分形维数与土壤粒径的分形维数的对比,得知它们之间存在着良好的线性关系。根据此关系,利用易测得的土壤粒径结合所推导的分形模型,对土壤水分特征曲线进行了预测,结果表明土壤水分特征曲线的预测值与模拟值比较接近,模型的预测结果很好地吻合了实测的土壤水分特征曲线。这一结果对于实际工作中根据风沙土土壤颗粒大小分布的分形维数来预测沙漠风沙土土壤水分特征曲线具有一定的指导意义。     

淮河流域洪涝变化吸引子维数研究

淮河流域洪涝序列的功率谱表现出了较好的混沌谱特征,这是序列呈分形结构的内在原因。洪涝序列及其不同平滑序列的关联维数表明,序列平滑程度越大,关联维数越小,关联维数反映了序列所在系统的层次,是系统结构复杂性的重要量度,是 系统建模所需独立变量的控制参数。要恰当地描述淮河流域洪涝发生系数,需构造至少５个状态变量的动力学系统。     

分形理论在人文地理学中的应用研究

简介分形理论，并给出了四种常见分形维数：Hausdorff维数、僵子维数、信息维数和关联维数的定义，探讨它在人文地理学各分支学科（城市地理学、经济地理学、交通地理学）的应用及其地理意义。     

晋冀北部农牧交错区针阔树种人工林群落稳定性评价

以晋冀北部农牧交错区5种主要人工林为研究对象,利用主成分分析法和关联维数评价林地群落稳定性、分析群落结构。结果表明:随着群落稳定性变差,胸径和树高关联维数均呈增加趋势。针叶树种的稳定性强于阔叶树种。胸径关联维数针叶树种0.58小于阔叶树种0.64,树种排序为油松0.57落叶松0.59樟子松0.61山杏0.62杨树0.67;树高关联维数针叶树种0.53小于阔叶树种0.60,树种排序为落叶松0.41油松0.56山杏0.58樟子松0.61杨树0.62,基于两种维数,不同树种稳定性从强到弱依次为落叶松油松山杏樟子松杨树,与主成分分析法的稳定性评价结果一致。因此,针叶树种,尤其是落叶松具有较强的稳定性,是该地区生态环境恢复、树种优选的主要树种。     

武汉城市圈城镇体系空间分形研究

基于统计学和分形理论,对武汉城市圈城镇体系的城镇规模级别分布维数、空间关联维数、空间集聚维数等分形维进行计算与分析。3项指标的相关系数都较高,武汉城市圈城镇体系空间自组织现象明显,存在空间分形结构和分形特征;武汉城市圈城镇体系具有规模分布较均衡、城市分布交通指向性明显、城市空间关联较弱、城镇体系内各城市向中心城市高度集聚等基本规律与特征。针对所存在的主要问题,最后提出武汉城市圈城镇体系相关的优化调控措施。     

南京市旅游景区景点系统空间结构分形研究

应用分形理论,以南京市旅游景区景点系统为例,测算出其聚集维数、网格信息维数和空间关联维数三种分形维数,对景区景点系统的空间结构进行研究。通过对维数值和分维数坐标图进行了分析,认为南京市景区景点体系的空间结构是分形的,系统的有序度高,空间结构紧致,具有景点体系空间结构演化自组织优化的趋势,南京市景区景点的空间分布集聚性很强,且是沿着某些方向上的集聚,自组织优化趋势受到无序因素的干扰而打断,空间结构需要进行调整。     

Crack propagation by differential insolation on desert surface clasts

In the southwest U.S., cracks in alluvial fan surface clasts have a preferred orientation independent of rock fabric and shape. In this paper, we show that differential insolation of incipient cracks of random orientations predicts a distribution of crack orientations consistent with field observations. In this model, crack growth by hydration and/or thermal weathering is primarily a function of local water content at the crack tip. Crack tips that experience minimal solar insolation maintain a greater average moisture and, hence, weather more rapidly than cracks that experience greater solar insolation. To show this, we used a numerical radiative transfer code to quantify the solar insolation of rectangular cracks at 35° N. latitude with a range of depths and orientations. The amount of solar energy reaching the bottom of each crack was calculated at 5-min intervals over the day for several days of the year to determine hourly, daily, seasonal, and annual energy deposition as a function of crack depth and orientation. By assuming that only crack orientations that effectively shield their interiors and minimize their water loss are able to grow, the pattern of cracks produced by the model is consistent with field observations. The annual average insolation, which controls water retention, is associated with the two primary modes of crack orientation. The effect of daily recharge by summer rains of the North American monsoon system is consistent with the observed deviations from these primary modes. Model results suggest that both the annual average insolation and the daily pattern of rainfall is recorded in the preferred crack orientations of surface clasts in the southwest U.S.     

TOPOGRAPHIC SHADING AND GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS*

Topographic shading curtails the period and complicates the geographic patterns of insolation in mountainous areas. Maps derived from oblique aerial photographs of shadow lines cast by the irregular, mountainous east horizon in Provo, Utah are used as a case study to illustrate an alternative to existing techniques of solar radiation data collection. For study areas of several hundred square kilometers, this method may be superior in resolution and at the same time more error free and economically feasible than other methods. Measurement of solar inputs received at sample stations scattered through the mapped area show that the phenomenon of topographically delayed sunrise has a distinct effect on daily totals of radiation in the manner suggested by the maps.     

LETTERS TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE ASSOCIATION

Topographic shading curtails the period and complicates the geographic patterns of insolation in mountainous areas. Maps derived from oblique aerial photographs of shadow lines cast by the irregular, mountainous east horizon in Provo, Utah are used as a case study to illustrate an alternative to existing techniques of solar radiation data collection. For study areas of several hundred square kilometers, this method may be superior in resolution and at the same time more error free and economically feasible than other methods. Measurement of solar inputs received at sample stations scattered through the mapped area show that the phenomenon of topographically delayed sunrise has a distinct effect on daily totals of radiation in the manner suggested by the maps.     

Long-term climato-limnological cycles found in a 3.5-million-year continental record

Analysis of physical properties in long sediment cores (BDP96) from Academician Ridge in Lake Baikal indicates that major climato-limnological changes during the past 3.5 Myr occurred at about 2.5–2.8, 1.7–1.9, and 0.9–1.2 Ma, which were close to times of major geomagnetic polarity reversals (Matuyama/Gauss, Olduvai, Jaramillo + Matuyama/Brunhes). The principal climato-limnological oscillation has a long-term period of nearly 1,000 kyr, which corresponds to the periodicity of fluctuation in solar insolation. It also seems to be related to geomagnetic field intensity. Other long-term period of 400 kyr corresponds to Milankovitch parameters of eccentricity. These results suggest that changes in solar insolation were closely related to long-term environmental variations in the deep continental interior.     

A visualization-oriented 3D method for efficient computation of urban solar radiation based on 3D–2D surface mapping

The temporal and spatial distribution of solar energy in urban areas is highly variable because of the complex building structures present. Traditional GIS-based solar radiation models rely on two-dimensional (2D) digital elevation models to calculate insolation, without considering building facades and complicated three-dimensional (3D) shading effects. Inspired by the ‘texture baking’ technique used in computer graphics, we propose a full 3D method for computing and visualizing urban solar radiation based on image-space data representation. First, a surface mapping approach is employed to project each 3D triangular mesh onto a 2D raster surface whose cell size determines the calculation accuracy. Second, the positions and surface normal vectors of each 3D triangular mesh are rasterized onto the associated 2D raster using barycentric interpolation techniques. An efficient compute unified device architecture -accelerated shadow-casting algorithm is presented to accurately capture shading effects for large-scale 3D urban models. Solar radiation is calculated for each raster cell based on the input raster layers containing such information as slope, aspect, and shadow masks. Finally, a resulting insolation raster layer is produced for each triangular mesh and is represented as an RGB texture map using a color ramp. Because a virtual city can be composed of tens of thousands of triangular meshes and texture maps, a texture atlas technique is presented to merge thousands of small images into a single large image to batch draw calls and thereby efficiently render a large number of textured meshes on the graphics processing unit.     

A 450-ka long record of glaciation in Northern Mongolia based on studies at Lake Khubsugul: high-resolution reflection seismic data and grain-size variations in cored sediments

We use high-resolution reflection seismic data and detailed grain-size analysis of a drill core (KDP-01) from Lake Khubsugul (northern Mongolia) to provide an improved reconstruction of the glacial history of the area for the last 450 ka. Grain-size analysis of suspended sediment load in modern rivers draining into the lake and of moraine material from the northern part of the catchment shows that the silt fraction is transported to the central part of the lake mainly by river suspension, whereas the clay fraction is mainly transported by glacial meltwater during deglaciation. The changes in of the clay/silt ratio in Lake Khubsugul sediments correlates well with the standard global paleoclimate records: low clay/silt ratios indicate warm climates, while a high clay/silt ratio reflects glacial erosion and cold climates. Pulses of clay input into the lake occur at the final stages of glacial periods (i.e., glacial maxima and subsequent onsets of deglaciation). The periodicity in glacial clay input in Lake Khubsugul is in tune with global periods of deglaciation, but there are differences in the intensity of the deglacial events for MIS-12 and MIS-2. These differences are attributed to specific conditions in regional distribution of moisture during glaciation, glacial ice volumes, and solar insolation intensity at the onset of deglaciation. Deglaciation of the Khubsugul glaciers occurred in response to an increase in summer solar insolation above a threshold value of 490 W/m². Two types of deglaciation can be distinguished: (1) slow melting during several tens of 1,000 years during weak increases in summer insolation, and (2) short and fast melting during several thousands of years in response to strong increases in summer insolation. The maximum ice volume in the area of Lake Khubsugul during the past 450 ka occurred during the period of 373–350 ka BP (MIS 11a-10) and was caused by high levels of moisture in the region, whereas the MIS-2 and MIS-12 glacial periods were characterized by minima in ice volume, due to the strong aridity in the region.     

黄土高原东缘晚全新世高精度高分辨率石笋古环境记录

基于山西武乡太行龙洞一支石笋5个230Th年龄和190个氧同位素数据重建4 400~150 a B.P.高分辨率δ18O序列。石笋δ18O值逐渐增加,除最近约600 a外,在千年尺度长期趋势变化上与中国南部其它洞穴记录相一致,表明晚全新世亚洲夏季风强度持续减弱响应于同一驱动机制。一次显著的气候突变事件发生在2 550~2 000 aB.P.,与史料记载的干旱期大致相对应。功率谱分析揭示出106 a周期,与树轮Δ14C太阳活动周期大体一致,说明百年尺度上太阳活动与东亚季风变化有一定关联性。     

Forecasting off-road trafficability

Forecasting off-road trafficability represents an interesting problem in the earth science field, since variables ranging from solar insolation to soil shear strength are involved. However, existing trafficability models do not include precipitation-soil moisture deterministic submodels. Instead, they frequently commence with soil moisture and invoke empirical relationships to predict trafficability. This investigation couples a deterministic soil moisture submodel to a principal empirical soil moisture-trafficability model. Sensitivity analysis shows the impact cloud cover, as well as other variables, can have on the trafficability of three soil types, and the complexity of the post-storm trafficability response.     

1960~2013年华北平原气候变化时空特征及其对太阳活动和大气环境变化的响应

根据华北平原67个气象站点和14个辅助气象站点1960~2013年的日均温和日降水量数据,采用气候倾向率法、Mann-Kendall突变检测法和累积距平法等,对华北地区近54 a不同研究尺度下的气候变化趋势、突变情况以及其与太阳活动和大气环境变化的关系进行研究。结果表明：1960~2013年,华北平原年均温在11.86~14.33℃之间波动,整体呈现显著上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃/10a。其中大气环境中浑浊度的升高,春季气温的抬升、是区域平均气温升高的诱因。气温的升高推动了>15℃等温线控制范围的扩张和年均温0℃等值线在华北平原的消失。华北平原年降水在617.96~1 060.30 mm之间波动,整体呈现显著减少趋势,气候倾向率为-1.75 mm/10,其中秋季降水量减少过快,400~600 mm降水等值线控制范围的扩大、600~800 mm和800~1 000 mm降水等值线的范围的缩小,共同造成区域降水量的减少。四季气候倾向率的特征变化敏感区域主要位于北纬35°~39°之间。1991~1994年为华北平原气候的突变时期,且这一突变受太阳活动的影响更多。太阳活动对最高气温的影响较大,浑浊度对最低气温的影响较大。大气环境因子中的日照百分比率、相对湿度、风速和浑浊度与气温整体变化平均相关系数为0.74。气候条件越好,气溶胶含量越低,太阳辐射与年均温的相关系数越高。气溶胶含量越高,浑浊度因子与年均温的相关系数也越高。人类活动导致的气溶胶含量的增加,是该区域气温升高的主要外因。     

南极伊利莎白公主地250年来雪芯累积、氧同位素与化学研究

1Introduction In the ongoing discussion of climate change,the mass balance of Antarctica has received increasing attention during recent decades,since its reaction to global warming will strongly influence sea-level change(Schlosser and Oerter,2002).Many …