文蛤稚贝盐度适应性的研究

在室内条件下,观察不同海水盐度对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus)稚贝存活及生长的影响,并将168h50%死亡的盐度作为适宜生存临界盐度,将增长率30%时所对应的盐度作为适宜生长临界盐度。结果表明:在稚贝体重(13.07±3.4)mg、壳长(3.46±0.35)mm、壳高(3.16±0.30)mm,水温27.4℃～29.1℃,pH值7.8～8.2下,文蛤稚贝适宜生存盐度为6.5～39.5,最适生存盐度为9.0～31.0;适宜生长盐度为7.3～38.7,最适生长盐度为15.0～23.0。在最适盐度范围之外,稚贝的存活率、体重、壳高及壳长日增长率均随着盐度的升高或降低而降低。     

墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝对盐度的耐受力

用壳高15～21mm的墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)稚贝作为实验材料,控制水温在16和24℃条件下进行对盐度的耐受力实验.实验结果表明,当温度在24℃时,稚贝存活的盐度范围为18.5～44.4,低盐度对稚贝的存活影响明显.稚贝可生长的盐度范围是21.2～41.0(日增长率r>4.0),适宜的生长盐度为24.0～32.0(日增长率r>8.0),其中26.0～28.0的盐度为最佳生长盐度.在16℃条件下,最初8h内,其生存盐度范围为17.4～46.4,但是48h后稚贝的存活盐度范围与24℃温度条件时无明显差别,显示出低温条件会使稚贝对极限盐度的反应速率减缓.当盐度处于接近极限范围时,盐度变化幅度过大易导致稚贝死亡.墨西哥湾扇贝对盐度的适应能力与原生境盐度有关,稚贝预先在盐度为19.5和44.9中适应9d后,再过度到14.3和48.5中,48h后,存活率为78.3%和100%,而若是从盐度为32中直接移到3和48.5中,48h后存活率分别为0和27.3%.显然,通过中间驯化或适应过程,稚贝会提高耐盐能力.此结果表明,在高温多雨的南方海域,应避免在易受淡水中冲击的河口、海湾区域开展墨西哥湾扇贝养殖.     

几种环境因子对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫和稚贝生长与存活的影响

叙述了在室内控制条件下海水温度、盐度和pH因子对墨西哥湾扇贝Argopecten irrndians concentricus浮游幼虫和稚贝生长和存活的影响。结果表明，墨西哥湾扇贝浮游幼虫生长的适宜温度为20-30℃，最佳生长温度为25-30℃。稚贝生长的适宜温度为15-33℃，最适生长温度为25-30℃。浮游幼虫生长的适宜盐度为23．38-42．70，最适生长盐度为23．38-36．58；稚贝生长的适宜盐度为23．38-42．70，最适生长盐度为23．38-36．58；在pH为7-8时，稚贝存活率最高，生长最好。稚贝的耐干露能力低下。     

海水温度和盐度对泥蚶幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响

1996～1997和1999年在浙江省乐清市东发水产育苗场和福建省宁德市四海水产育苗场分别研究了海水温度和盐度对泥蚶浮游幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响,结果表明,泥蚶浮游幼虫的适宜温度为25～33℃,最适生长温度为28～30℃.稚贝的适宜温度为15～35℃,最适生长温度为25～30℃.浮游幼虫的适宜盐度为16.54～30.02,最适生长盐度为1654～23.38;稚贝的适宜盐度为10.01～30.02,最适生长盐度为10.01～23.38.泥蚶幼虫和稚贝对高温和低盐海水有较强的适应能力,这与它们夏季的繁殖期和自然分布于内湾河口区是相适应的.     

环境因子对小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的影响

采用单因子分析方法,以小刀蛏为材料,研究了不同盐度、温度、底质及饵料对小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的影响。实验结果表明:小刀蛏稚贝具有较强的盐度耐受性,可以在较大的盐度变动范围内生长和存活;小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的适宜盐度范围为15~35,最适盐度范围为20~25;适宜的温度范围为16~28℃,最适的温度范围为24~28℃;随着盐度和温度的增加,小刀蛏稚贝的生长率和存活率均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。底质是小刀蛏生长和存活的必要环境条件,且小刀蛏对底质环境具有明显的选择性,稚贝以海泥底质最佳,实验条件下海泥底质组生长率和存活率显著高于半泥半砂底质和细粉砂底质。不同饵料对稚贝的培育效果不同,角毛藻和金藻的投喂效果最好,稚贝生长率和存活率最高,其次为扁藻组,小球藻组最差。研究结果可为小刀蛏人工培育技术的优化提供参考依据。     

温度、盐度和底质对大竹蛏稚贝生长及存活的影响

采用单因子分析方法,在室内模拟设置10个温度梯度(6-36℃)、10个盐度梯度(4‰-40‰)和4种底质(细粉沙、细沙、粗沙、混合沙组)及3个厚度梯度(5、10、30mm),研究温度、盐度和底质对大竹蛏稚贝生长及存活的影响.结果表明:1)在盐度为21.4‰的条件下,大竹蛏稚贝存活及生长的适温范围为6-30℃,最适温度范围为21-30℃;15℃以上随温度升高日生长率逐渐增大,30℃个体日生长率为1.82%,21℃组成活率最高达88%.2)在温度为21.6-28.6℃条件下,大竹蛏稚贝存活及生长的盐度适宜范围为20‰-32‰,最适盐度范围为20‰-28‰;盐度20‰时成活率最大为85%,盐度24‰时个体日生长率最大为1.72%.3)大竹蛏稚贝对底质环境无明显的选择性,沙的粒径大小对稚贝成活率和日生长率均无显著影响(P＞0.05);但稚贝在不同厚度底质中的成活率和日生长率存在显著差异,10和30mm组的成活率和日生长率均显著高于5mm组的成活率和日生长率(P＜0.05).     

不同盐度和温度对熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)稚贝生长与存活的影响

熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)自然分布于中国长江以南沿海、日本有明海以及韩国沿海地区,具壳质坚硬、肉味清甜等特点,是巨蛎属牡蛎中重要经济种之一。为阐明熊本牡蛎稚贝生长发育的适宜盐度和温度范围,本研究分析了6个不同盐度(15、20、25、30、35和40)和5个不同温度(16、20、24、28和32°C)对熊本牡蛎稚贝生长与存活的影响。盐度实验结果显示,盐度15、20和25组中熊本牡蛎稚贝壳高和壳长显著高于盐度35和40组(P0.05),且随盐度增加,稚贝壳高、壳长表现为先升高后降低的趋势;盐度20组存活率最高,与盐度30和40组差异显著(P0.05);熊本牡蛎稚贝的适宜生长盐度为20—25,适宜存活盐度为15—25。温度实验结果显示,稚贝壳高和壳长在温度28°C组最大,随温度的降低,壳高、壳长也逐渐减小;温度20、24和28°C组存活率显著高于温度16和32°C组(P0.05);熊本牡蛎稚贝的适宜生长温度为24—28°C,适宜存活温度为20—28°C。熊本牡蛎稚贝对低盐高温有较强的适应能力。     

温度和盐度对三倍体葡萄牙牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)稚贝生长和存活的影响

为确定三倍体葡萄牙牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)稚贝最适环境条件,研究了温度、盐度对其生长和存活的影响。结果表明:三倍体葡萄牙牡蛎稚贝适宜生存温度为11.05～33.81℃,最适宜生存温度为22.00～28.00℃;适宜生长温度为12.00～33.35℃,最适宜生长温度为26.00～28.00℃;温度胁迫条件下,该贝在48 h和96 h的半致死温度在低温端分别为(4.71±0.04)℃和(7.83±0.45)℃;高温端分别为(37.08±0.02)℃和(36.31±0.11)℃;存活率在高温端下降更迅速,表明稚贝对高温更敏感。在盐度耐受性方面:三倍体葡萄牙牡蛎稚贝适宜生存盐度为15.06～44.13,最适宜生存盐度为23.4～33.8;适宜生长盐度为11.76～45.39,最适生长盐度为23.40～26.00;该贝在48h和96h半致死盐度,低盐端分别为(4.68±0.97)和(9.35±0.35),高盐分别为(55.96±0.76)和(53.46±0.67)。综上,当水温为26.00～28.00℃,盐度为23.40～26.00时,更有利于三倍体葡萄牙牡蛎稚贝的存活和...     

在实验条件下温度对3种不同规格魁蚶幼贝生长和存活的影响

在6~24℃室内可控温范围内,每3℃为一个梯度,以魁蚶壳长、体质量日增长率以及存活率作为指标,研究了温度对3种规格魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)幼贝(小规格壳长6.565 mm±0.225 mm、体质量53.704 mg±5.830 mg;中规格壳长10.114 mm±0.446 mm、体质量181.918 mg±24.797 mg;大规格壳长14.725 mm±0.315 mm、体质量562.416 mg±42.791 mg)生长和存活的影响。结果表明,3种规格魁蚶幼贝在6~24℃水温下均能生长,但在水温6℃及24℃下的壳长和体质量日增长率均较低;水温9℃时3种规格的幼贝的存活率均最高,水温24℃时3种规格幼贝的存活率均最低;水温6~21℃时3种规格幼贝的存活率随着规格的增大而提高,水温24℃时3种规格幼贝的存活率随着规格的增大而降低;小、中、大规格幼贝适宜生长温度分别为10.7~22.3、6.9~23.2、3.7~23.3℃,较适宜生长温度分别为14.3~19.5、15.8~21.6、11.5~21.0℃,最适生长温度分别为18、18、15℃。实验结论为,随着规格增大,魁蚶幼贝适宜生长温度范围扩大,最适生长温度降低,本实验确定了魁蚶幼贝适宜的生长温度,为更有效地开展魁蚶中间培育和底播增殖提供理论支持。     

温、盐度对海湾扇贝稚贝迁移行为、生长和存活影响的实验

本文在实验室条件下,研究了温、盐度与海湾扇贝稚贝迁移、生长及存活的关系。其适合生长的温、盐度范围分别为16～28℃和19～34,最适温度和盐度分别为22℃,31.2;适合存活的盐度范围为19～39,盐度低于11或高于43,稚贝死亡严重;适合存活的温度为10～28℃。本文同时对温、盐度与稚贝附着后的迁移行为的关系进行了探讨。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,