1976年唐山地震震时和震后变形的模拟

本文采用三维粘弹性有限元方法拟合唐山地区１９７６-１９８５年观测到的地震震时和震后的水平与垂直地形变，反演华北板块下方深部物质的流变学性质．模型采用多层弹性覆盖层与线性粘弹性层的有限块体，发展断层面上存在着位错运动，并用正交设计法拟合观测数据．模拟计算表明，华北板块下方软流层粘度为７．１×１０^１８Ｐａ·ｓ；上地幔粘度为２．１×１０^１９Ｐａ·ｓ．     

2010年马乌莱MW8.8地震震后形变三维黏弹性数值模拟

2010年智利马乌莱M_W8.8地震发生在纳斯卡板块与南美板块的板块边界处,引起了显著的同震和震后效应。GPS台网数据显示记录到的同震海向位移最大约5 m,垂向沉降最大约50 cm。在经过对俯冲效应、季节变化等效应的校正后,震后6年的海向最大位移约68 cm,垂向抬升最大约20 cm。马乌莱地震显著的震后形变对该区域的地下三维黏弹性结构有良好的约束。本文建立了智利中南部俯冲带区域的三维有限元模型,黏弹性的地幔楔及海洋地幔均使用伯格斯体材料,并在断层面上设置2 km厚的软弱层以模拟震后余滑。在与GPS台站震后位移数据进行比较后,模拟结果表明,大洋地幔顶部存在约120 km厚,黏度为1×1019 Pa·s的软流圈。模拟震后余滑效应的软弱层黏度为5×1017 Pa·s,其等效震后余滑的最大值在震后前两年接近2 m,且随着时间的增长而快速衰减。      

Postseismic Deformation Following the 2010 $$M = 7.2$$ El Mayor-Cucapah Earthquake: Observations,Kinematic Inversions,and Dynamic Models

Due to its location on a transtensional section of the Pacific-North American plate boundary, the Salton Trough is a region featuring large strike-slip earthquakes within a regime of shallow asthenosphere, high heat flow, and complex faulting, and so postseismic deformation there may feature enhanced viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip that is particularly detectable at the surface. The 2010 \(M = 7.2\) El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake was the largest shock in the Salton Trough since 1892 and occurred close to the US-Mexico border, and so the postseismic deformation recorded by the continuous GPS network of southern California provides an opportunity to study the rheology of this region. Three-year postseismic transients extracted from GPS displacement time-series show four key features: (1) 1–2 cm of cumulative uplift in the Imperial Valley and \(\sim\)1 cm of subsidence in the Peninsular Ranges, (2) relatively large cumulative horizontal displacements \(>\)150 km from the rupture in the Peninsular Ranges, (3) rapidly decaying horizontal displacement rates in the first few months after the earthquake in the Imperial Valley, and (4) sustained horizontal velocities, following the rapid early motions, that were still visibly ongoing 3 years after the earthquake. Kinematic inversions show that the cumulative 3-year postseismic displacement field can be well fit by afterslip on and below the coseismic rupture, though these solutions require afterslip with a total moment equivalent to at least a \(M = 7.2\) earthquake and higher slip magnitudes than those predicted by coseismic stress changes. Forward modeling shows that stress-driven afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation in various configurations within the lithosphere can reproduce the early and later horizontal velocities in the Imperial Valley, while Newtonian viscoelastic relaxation in the asthenosphere can reproduce the uplift in the Imperial Valley and the subsidence and large westward displacements in the Peninsular Ranges. We present two forward models of dynamically coupled deformation mechanisms that fit the postseismic transient well: a model combining afterslip in the lower crust, Newtonian viscoelastic relaxation in a localized zone in the lower crust beneath areas of high heat flow and geothermal activity, and Newtonian viscoelastic relaxation in the asthenosphere; and a second model that replaces the afterslip in the first model with viscoelastic relaxation with a stress-dependent viscosity in the mantle. The rheology of this high-heat-flow, high-strain-rate region may incorporate elements of both these models and may well be more complex than either of them.     

1990年青海共和7.0级地震震后垂直形变研究

根据1990年青海共和地震震后地表垂直形变,通过模型拟合得到了支配共和地区震后形变场时空演化的形变源及其力学机制.分析穿过断层的震前1期和震后6期水准数据,结果表明震后垂直形变具有以下特征:①震后震区上盘继续发生继承性的大幅度上升,其中震后头一年上升速率最大;②震后上升区范围显著,范围随时间变化不大,但较同震形变上升区范围增大;③震后相邻测站高差观测值的时间序列明显具有对数衰减特征或指数衰减特征,衰减特征时间分别为0.165年和1.344年.本文还发展了一个利用水准数据与连续介质位错模型研究震后形变机制的新方法.该方法用相邻水准点之间的原始高差观测值而非它们相对参照点的积分值来约束连续介质位错模型,可以有效减少误差累积带来的偏差并充分利用观测数据.利用这一方法的初步分析结果表明,断层震后滑移和介质黏弹性松弛共同导致了共和地震震后形变.前者表现为发生在断层面及其延伸部分的滑移,特别是位于主破裂上方沉积层内的滑移;后者则表现为下地壳与上地幔内的黏弹性松弛,黏滞系数为1020Pa.s量级.     

2021年青海玛多Mw7.3地震地壳变形及区域孕震环境

北京时间2021年5月22日02时04分,在青海省果洛藏族自治州玛多县发生Mw7.3地震.本文利用震中及邻区2009-2021年GNSS观测资料,研究了此次地震的区域孕震环境、同震和震后初期的变形特征.首先,给出了较高空间分辨率的GNSS速度场,表明震中及其邻区的构造活动以左旋剪切为主,巴颜喀拉块体南北两侧的相对运动是...     

Mechanisms of Transient Postseismic Deformation Following the 2001 Mw 7.8 Kunlun (China) Earthquake

Using global positioning system (GPS) technology, significant postseismic surface displacements were observed within the first 4 months after the 2001 Mw 7.8 Kunlun earthquake which occurred in China. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms that may have possibly contributed to the postseismic deformations that have been observed. Based on the modeling results, we find that an afterslip model can interpret postseismic displacements in the near field even when the fault plane is extended to the bottom of the crust (~70 km). Models based on the viscoelastic relaxation theory showed a large discrepancy in the spatial pattern of the deformation compared with what has been observed. Thus, we infer that both mechanisms cannot interpret the observed postseismic deformation independently. A combination of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation can further improve the data fit, especially at sites far from the fault. With maximum afterslip of ~0.4 m occurring at a depth of 10 km in the central section, the combined model shows that the estimated afterslip occurred mostly on and below the coseismic rupture plane, as well as on its eastern extension. The estimated moment released by the afterslip in the first 4 months is almost 40% of that released by the coseismic slip. The best-fitting viscoelastic relaxation model shows a “weak” upper mantle with a viscosity of ~1.0 × 10¹⁸ Pa s. The combined model also suggests the existence of a lower crust with viscosity larger than 1.0 × 10¹⁸ Pa s, although it cannot be constrained accurately.     

1999年台湾集集地震震后地表变形的力学机制

1999年台湾集集地震震后450天的GPS观测资料显示了几十到几百毫米的地表位移.下地壳的震后黏性松弛和断层无震蠕变产生的震后滑动是用来解释地表震后变形的两个主要机制.本文利用接触问题的黏弹性有限元(LDDA)方法,以GPS观测数据作为约束,分别考察了黏性松弛和震后滑动机制对地表震后变形的影响.计算结果表明,黏性松弛机制产生的地表位移与观测数据吻合较好,通过试错法由震后GPS观测约束得到的下地壳黏度为10¹⁷Pa·s,而上地幔黏度对计算结果影响不大.考察震后滑动机制对地表变形的影响时,在LDDA方法中结合了速率状态摩擦定律,结果显示震后滑动机制不能很好地解释震后450天的观测数据,它产生的地表变形只在震后50天内与观测大致吻合,之后位移值基本不随时间变化.这些结果有助于增进对集集地震震后变形机制的认识.     

2010年青海玉树地震同震-震后形变场特征及演化过程

基于星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术(DInSAR)和4期ENVISAT/ASAR雷达数据,获得了不同时间基线的三个同震干涉形变场和两个震后干涉形变场,并对这五个在时段上互有重叠的形变场进行了综合分析.结果表明,玉树地震同震形变场为围绕发震断层NW展布的椭圆形干涉条纹,覆盖范围约89 km×59 km.断层运动性质为左旋走滑.两盘最大视线向相对形变量至少达45 cm,最大形变出现在结古镇附近.时间基线不同的同震形变场总体上基本一致,但两盘最大相对形变量和局部形变存在差异.震后时间较长的干涉对反映的最大形变量反而减小;在震后时间较短的干涉对上于结古镇西南侧观测到的局部形变,在震后时间较长的干涉对上却没有出现.分析认为在形变量最大的结古镇附近可能出现了震后快速弹性回弹,导致随震后时间延续,形变量反而减小的现象.玉树地震震后形变主要出现在断层附近、震后不久的时段内,形变量在8 cm以下,具有与同震方向一致和相反的两种震后形变方式.在结古镇西南观测到一个与同震形变相反的局部沉降,应为震后弹性回弹.在微观震中处的断层附近观测到与同震方向一致的震后形变,可能是震后余滑.通过对地震前后不同时间基线的多个干涉对的联合对比分析,可以在一定程度上区分同震形变与震后形变,更好地研究地震引起的变形过程,特别是地震断层附近短期震后形变场的演化过程,为进一步研究断层带的岩性特征、物理力学及运动特性提供约束.     

Viscoelastic relaxation of the upper mantle and afterslip following the 2014 MW8.1 Iquique earthquake

An improved understanding of postseismic crustal deformation following large subduction earthquakes may help to better understand the rheological properties of upper mantle and the slip behavior of subduction interface. Here we construct a three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element model to study the postseismic deformation of the 2014 M_W8.1 Iquique, Chile earthquake. Elastic units in the model include the subducting slab, continental and oceanic lithospheres. Rheological units include the mantle wedge, the oceanic asthenosphere and upper mantle. We use a 2 ​km thick weak shear zone attached to the subduction fault to simulate the time-dependent stress-driven afterslip. The viscoelastic relaxation in the rheological units is represented by the Burgers rheology. We carry out grid-searches on the shear zone viscosity, thickness and viscosity of the asthenosphere, and they are determined to be 10¹⁷ ​Pa ​s, 110 ​km and 2 ​× ​10¹⁸ ​Pa ​s, respectively. The stress-driven afterlsip within the first two years is up to ~47 ​cm and becomes negligible after two years (no more than 5 ​cm/yr). Our results suggest that a thin, low-viscosity oceanic asthenosphere together with a weak shear zone attached to the fault are required to better reproduce the observed postseismic deformation.     

Recent crustal deformation and the earthquake cycle along the Ecuador-Colombia subduction zone

Recent results from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements show deformation along the coast of Ecuador and Colombia that can be linked to the rupture zone of the earthquake in 1979. A 3D elastic boundary element model is used to simulate crustal deformation observed by GPS campaigns in 1991, 1994, 1996, and 1998. Deformation in Ecuador can be explained best by 50% apparent locking on the subduction interface. Although there have not been any historic large earthquakes (M_w>7) south of the 1906 earthquake rupture zone, 50% apparent elastic locking is necessary to model the deformation observed there. In Colombia, only 30% apparent elastic locking is occurring along the subduction interface in the 1979 earthquake rupture zone (M_w 8.2), and no elastic locking is necessary to explain the crustal deformation observed at two GPS sites north of there. There is no evidence from seismicity or plate geometry that plate coupling on the subduction zone is reduced in Colombia. However, simple viscoelastic models suggest that the apparent reduction in elastic locking can be explained entirely by the response of a viscous upper mantle to the 1979 earthquake. These results suggest that elastic strain accumulation is occurring evenly throughout the study area, but postseismic relaxation masks the true total strain rate.     

岩石圈结构对大地震震后形变的影响——以1976年唐山大地震和2001年昆仑山大地震为例

大地震发生之后通常会诱发一系列的余震序列,对比1976年M_S7.8唐山大地震和2001年M_S8.1昆仑山大地震周边区域的地震事件可以看出,唐山大地震余震活动时间要明显长于昆仑山大地震余震活动时间.余震序列往往与震后形变密切相关,而影响震后形变的因素不仅与地震发震断层和震级有关,同时与岩石圈的结构有关.考虑到唐山大地震的发震区华北地块和昆仑山大地震的发震区青藏高原有着较大的岩石圈结构差异,本文采用PSGRN/PSCMP软件计算了岩石圈分层模型的大地震同震和震后形变,分析了地壳弹性模量、弹性厚度以及黏滞性系数对同震和震后形变的影响,进而讨论了影响唐山地震和昆仑山地震余震序列差异的原因.计算结果显示,震后形变会在黏弹性效应的作用下逐渐调整,震后形变的持续时间与地壳弹性模量、地壳弹性厚度和下地壳黏滞性系数有关.上地壳和下地壳弹性模量越大,震后形变达到稳定值的时间越短,弹性模量对震后形变稳定值影响很小.地壳弹性厚度越大,震后形变达到稳定值的时间越短,当断层面底端深度小于地壳弹性厚度时,地壳弹性厚度的增加会引起震后形变稳定值的减小;下地壳厚度对震后形变达到稳定值的时间和稳定值基本无影响.下地壳黏滞性系数越大,震后形变达到稳定值的时间越长,反之亦然.结合唐山地震区的华北地块和昆仑山地震的青藏高原深部结构发现,两者之间的上地壳弹性模型差别不大,唐山地震区地壳弹性厚度略大于昆仑山地震区,但昆仑山地震区下地壳黏滞性系数明显低于唐山地震区.这些因素均决定了昆仑山地震的震后形变持续时间短（余震时间序列短）而唐山地震的震后形变持续时间长（余震时间序列长）.由此可见,岩石圈结构差异可能是导致唐山地震和昆仑山地震余震序列差异的主要因素之一.     

利用GPS观测资料分析2008年于田Ms7.3地震的同震位移及震后形变

2008年3月21日新疆于田发生Ms7.3级地震.本文通过处理、分析GPS数据,得到破裂断层北侧100 km附近的同震位移及震后形变信息.在观测区域GPS点监测到10 mm左右的同震位移,其中最大为南向14 mm,东向5 mm.同震位移呈现一致性的东南向运动特征,证实于田地震存在显著的左旋走滑分量.震后台站向西南方向运...     

Effective relaxation time and viscosity of the earth inferred from the postseismic vertical deformations of the 1990 M S=7.0 Gonghe earthquake

The postseismic vertical deformation rates of the 1990 Gonghe M _S=7.0 earthquake appears to have decreased exponentially. Based on Okada’s coseismic surface displacement solution caused by a uniform fault slip in an elastic homogeneous half space, we derived its postseismic surface displacement by using a single-layer standard linear solid model, and further derived a simplified formula for determining the effective relaxation time and viscosity of the earth, which is independent of the dislocation parameters of the causative fault. From the postseismic vertical deformation of the 1990 Gonghe earthquake, we inferred that the effective relaxation time defined by τ=η/μ is 2.6 years, and the effective viscosity η is about 10¹⁸ Pa · s. This work was supported by Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation under the grants 92088 and 196098.     

Combined GPS and InSAR Models of Postseismic Deformation from the Northridge Earthquake

--Models of combined Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data collected in the region of the Northridge earthquake indicate that significant afterslip on the main fault occurred following the earthquake. Additional shallow deformation occurred to the west of the main rupture plane. Both data sets are consistent with logarithmic time-dependent behavior following the earthquake indicative of afterslip rather than postseismic relaxation. Aftershocks account for only about 10% of the postseismic motion. The two data sets are complimentary in determining the postseismic processes. Fault afterslip and shallow deformation dominate the deformation field in the two years following the earthquake. Lower crustal deformation may play an important role later in the earthquake cycle.     

1976年唐山强震群震后库仑应力演化及其与2020年古冶5.1级地震的关系

采用能够综合协调长期变形和震后短期变形的Burgers流变模型,模拟了1976年唐山强震群引起的震后形变场以及同震和震后库仑应力变化。结果显示:1976年唐山强震群中主震的两个破裂面以及滦县和宁河两次强余震均对2020年古冶5.1级地震表现为库仑应力加载。岩石圈粘弹性松弛效应引起的库仑应力变化显示,震后15年前后,库仑应力演化状态呈现显著的差异性:震后15年内,库仑应力变化剧烈;而震后15年后,库仑应力呈现缓慢的稳定增加状态。该过程与唐山强震群余震区地震活动过程相似,可能暗示1976年唐山强震群余震区应力调整过程已基本稳定。     

2001年MW7.8昆仑山地震震后形变观测、机制与青藏高原中北部岩石圈流变:认识与挑战

2001年M_W7.8昆仑山地震是近半个世纪以来青藏高原发生的最大震级地震。同震破裂产生的巨大应力扰动驱动控制着显著震后形变。二十年尺度的大地测量数据记录了地震后长时间、大范围、时空依赖的震后形变演化过程及差异,揭示了昆仑山地震破裂段复杂的断层分段震后运动学特征、分段摩擦性质差异和青藏高原中北部岩石圈流变性质/结构横向各向异性。本文简要回顾昆仑山地震后基于二十年尺度时序InSAR和GPS的震后形变观测方法和时空特征,特别是时空密集的InSAR观测,是该构造区震后GPS观测的重要补充及其不可替代的观测手段;总结大范围震后形变模拟方法及其揭示的震后运动过程、多种动力学机制及其关系。最后总结提出昆仑山地震震后形变20年研究取得的科学认识及尚待深入研究的科学问题,一方面要持续性地对东昆仑断裂带大范围地表形变进行观测研究;另一方面,要不断更新震后形变模型,进一步深化对该断裂带地震周期形变、区域构造对周期形变控制作用、复杂断层运动时空演化机制的认识。      

GPS观测结果反映的尼泊尔M_w7.8地震孕震特征

针对2015年4月25日尼泊尔Mw7.8地震的孕震特征,本文首先对覆盖尼泊尔及周边地区的5套GPS水平速度场结果进行了融合,得到了近似统一参考框架下的速度场结果;在此基础上通过对此次地震震源区及周边地区的速度场、应变率场、基线时间序列分析,识别了震前变形特征.GPS应变率场结果显示,喜马拉雅主边界断裂存在大范围挤压应变积累,震源区处于近南北向应变积累高值过渡区.跨喜马拉雅构造带的GPS基线时间序列结果表现为持续缩短现象,表明印度板块与欧亚板块之间的持续挤压变形特征,2012年以来的缩短增强现象反映了印度板块对青藏块体的推挤增强作用明显.距离震中较近的西藏南部GPS同震位移结果以南向运动为主且指向震中,反映了青藏高原存在逆冲应变释放现象.综合此次尼泊尔地震前变形和同震应变释放特征,认为此次地震的孕震区域和同震应变释放区域均较大,将会对青藏高原的地壳变形与强震孕育产生深远影响.     

天山北部强震活动对区域应力扰动的分析以2012年伊犁M6.6地震和2017年精河M6.6地震为例

天山地区为典型地震活跃区, 为定量分析该构造活跃区强震对周边构造变形和地震活动的影响, 本文基于地震位错理论和岩石圈分层模型计算了天山北部近期发生的2012年伊犁和2017年精河两次M6.6地震对周围地壳形变和应力的影响。 计算结果显示伊犁地震和精河M6.6地震引起震中附近地表同震位移达数厘米, 地表同震应变量级约为10^-7; 对比天山北部地区年平均构造形变特征, M6.6强震释放了震中附近近十年的构造主压应变积累; 地震引起震中附近(80 km内)同震库仑应力变化大于1 kPa, 而距震中较远区域活动断层上库仑应力变化微弱。 结合天山北部现今地壳变形特征及区域地震分布, 初步推测两次M6.6地震的发生对震后余震有显著的触发作用, 而对区域后续微震活动的影响微弱。     

Estimation of the time-dependent crustal movements of the zmit Earthquake

The 17 August 1999 zmit earthquake significantly deformed the earth's crust in the Marmara Region, especially in the Gölcük–Sapanca Zone, Turkey. It broke a 150-km long segment of the northern branch of North Anatolian Fault Zone. The geodetically determined moment magnitude was M_w=7.5. Global Positioning System (GPS) sites, which are a small subset of the Marmara Continuous GPS Network (MAGNET), and survey sites in the region were studied to estimate coseismic and postseismic deformations, using different methodologies with linear, quadratic and exponential kinematic models. Six GPS epochs for these sites, which were carried out before and after the 17 August 1999 zmit earthquake, were used to define the kinematic models. The quadratic deformation model was also applied to determine the time-dependent crustal movement parameters (velocity and acceleration) of the sites, using the Kalman filter technique. In order to show the differences between the models, the estimated deformation fields on the last epoch were compared. In all models, as expected, the faults near the sites show large coseismic displacements with fault parallel direction, whereas the far sites show small coseismic displacements due to the effects of the zmit earthquake. Each kinematic model, fitted to the epochs after the earthquake, shows different behaviour. While the linear model shows insufficient results, the nonlinear models (quadratic and exponential) give the best fitted to the postseismic deformations. As a result of Kalman filter analysis, the fault near-sites shows significant velocities with fault parallel direction, whereas the far sites have insignificant velocities. All stations have insignificant accelerations in the last epoch.     

中国大陆地壳运动观测研究进展

本文利用国家重大科技基础设施“中国大陆构造环境监测网络”1972个站两期GNSS观测资料绘制2009—2011年中国大陆地壳运动图。 该图反映了2011东日本大地震同震形变对我国东部地壳运动及变形状态的巨大影响, 也反映2008汶川地震和2001昆仑山口西地震震后变形对青藏高原构造应力场的调整过程, 较为完整地展示印度板块挤压下青藏高原的变形状态。