2003年12月26日伊朗巴姆地震

2003年12月26日，当地时间凌晨5点27分，在伊朗东南部克尔曼省巴姆地区发生强烈地震，引起震区大量人员伤亡。2003年12月27日中国国际救援队及随行记者一行43人，于北京时间下午3点20分从北京国际机场乘专机赴伊朗南部巴姆地震灾区执     

中国国际救援队参加伊朗地震紧急救援工作

2003年12月26日当地时间5时26分(北京时间9时56分),伊朗南部著名古城巴姆发生7．0级强震,据联合国人道主义事务办公室(OCHA)报告,该地震造成4．1万人死亡,3万多人受伤。地震摧毁了巴姆城87％的建筑物,使得7．5万人无家可归。     

伊朗东南部发生里氏6.8级强烈地震

20 0 3年 1 2月 2 6日德黑兰当地时间上午 5点 2 8分 ,伊朗东南部地区发生里氏6 8级强烈地震 (根据伊朗地震台网修正后的数据。美国地震台网测定震级 6 7,中国地震台网测定震级为 7 0 ) ,震中位置为2 9 0 1°N ,58 30°E ,震源深度 33km。地震震中位于距克尔曼省省会克尔曼市约 1 80km的巴姆市。地震造成了大面积破坏 ,巴姆市有 6 0 %的房屋倒塌 ,一些具有历史价值的古迹也变成了废墟 ,巴姆及其附近地区的通讯、水、电供应均遭中断。联合国人道事务协调办公室派往伊朗巴姆地震灾区的救灾协调人员 1 2月 2 9日乘飞机对伊朗地震灾区进行了…     

伊朗巴姆地震中的国际救援情况

介绍了伊朗巴姆地震后伊朗国内及国际应急响应、联合国灾害评估与协调队(UNDAC)及其现场协调中心在灾区进行的国际搜救协调行动,介绍了前往巴姆地震灾区救援的各国国际救援队的情况。最后给出了巴姆地震灾害所提示的在紧急救援及震害防御方面的问题。     

联合国召开伊朗巴姆地震/摩洛哥地震救援总结大会

为了总结在伊朗巴姆地震和摩洛哥地震救援工作中存在的问题和经验教训,联合国人道主义事务办公室(OCHA)于2004年4月27—29日在突尼斯召开了“伊朗巴姆地震／摩洛哥地震救援经验总结会议暨国际搜救咨询团(INSARAG)欧非地区会议”。参加过两次救援行动的部分国家的代表、伊朗及摩洛哥政府代表等91人参加了本次会议。本文介绍了会议的主要问题和形成的主要结论。主要问题包括灾害的预警、动员与部署;城镇搜救队的现场协调;城镇搜救队的搜救行动及其INSARAG指南的运用;其他国际救援组织及其与城镇搜救队的相互作用、国际社团内的信息管理4个方面。最后针对我国的国际地震救援工作提出了一些建议。     

巴姆地震地表形变的差分雷达干涉测量

利用星载合成孔径差分雷达干涉技术和ENVISAT卫星雷达数据, 获得了2003年12月26日伊朗巴姆的里氏6.5级地震引起的同震地表形变场,并详细地介绍了信号处理的过程. 利用地震前后的相干图的差异及形变场的突变棱线, 精确确定了地面上断层裂缝的位置、形状和长度. 这对震源理论模型的参数估计提供了依据. 由雷达干涉技术测量得到的形变场与理论模型模拟的结果一致.      

基于D-InSAR技术的伊朗巴姆地震地表形变监测

以伊朗巴姆地区为例,对伊朗巴姆地震造成的地表形变进行了差分干涉测量,得到了垂直向的同震三维形变场,并运用GIS三维分析技术对形变场进行了分析。实验结果表明,地震在巴姆城市的东侧造成了较大形变,在西侧也产生了微量形变。巴姆城市北部地块沉降,南部地块隆起。同时在巴姆城市南部可明显看到地震造成的断层。实验结果验证了基于C波段的SAR数据的D-InSAR技术在干燥地区监测地表形变方面的可行性。本文对产生去相关效应的原因进行了解释,认为对于干燥少植被的地区干涉效果较好。并指出,如果能够通过技术进步提高雷达干涉测量的精度并降低观测成本,同时将该技术与GPS、GIS等技术相结合,从而更好地研究形变机理,这将对地质灾害的研究产生重大意义。     

伊朗巴姆6.5级地震同震形变场的获取与解译

介绍了雷达差分干涉测量的原理,利用星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术和ENVISAT ASAR雷达数据,成功获取了2003年12月26日发生在伊朗巴姆的6.5级地震引起的同震形变场,通过生成地表形变的剖面图及等值线图,对形变场进行了深入的解译与分析,同时根据相干图确定了地震造成破坏最严重区域的位置、分布及面积.     

1997年5月10日伊朗东北部加恩—比尔兼德地震：区域构造背景与历史地震

１９９７年５月１０日伊朗东北涪霍拉桑省加恩－比尔兼德地区发生了一次７．１级破坏性地震。该地区１９６８年１９７９年曾发生两次地震，造成发大的破坏和人损伤亡。遭受破坏的地区位于伊朗中东部地震构造带的东北部。现有资料表明，该地区自１９６８年８月３１日达什特巴亚兹７．３级地震以来，地震活动水平显著地加。     

1994年1—3月的全球地震动态

1994年第一季度，全球地震活动仍为中等水平，三个月内共发生三次7级以上浅源地震。秘鲁－玻利维亚边界发生大深震。美国加州又发生强烈地震。大洋岛弧地震带本季度地震活跃。伊朗发生三次6级地震。     

Bam earthquake: Surface deformation measurement using radar interferometry

1 Basic principle of SAR and SAR-interferometry Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is one kind of microwave side-looking imaging radar (Cur- lander and McDonough, 1991). In order to obtain an image for a large area, the carriers are many for the aerospace vehicle, like airplane, aerospace craft and satellite. As a result of its operational character, all-weather and high resolution, in the recent 20 years, SAR has obtained quicker de- velopment compared with an optical pickoff. Its applicati…     

The Bam Earthquake of 26 December 2003

The devastating earthquake of 26 December 2003 claimed more than 26,000 lives in the city of Bam and surrounding towns and villages in Southeast Iran, and left the majority of the Bam population homeless. The reason for this tragedy was an unfortunate combination of geological, social and human circumstances. The causative fault practically traversed the city of Bam and the earthquake occurred at a shallow depth. The residential buildings were completely inappropriate for a seismic region, being extremely vulnerable to earthquake shaking, and the earthquake occurred early in the morning when most people were still sleeping. The damage pattern was nearly symmetric about a line 3 km to the west of the surface expression of the Bam fault, and the damage attenuated rapidly with distance from this line. The industrial facilities and the lifelines performed relatively well and experienced slight to moderate damage, but this might have been due to their distance from the earthquake epicentre. However, many of the qanat (traditional subterranean irrigation channels) chains that served the twin cities of Bam and Baravat collapsed. Emergency facilities (hospitals, police and fire stations), schools and the university were destroyed and/or heavily damaged during the earthquake. The geotechnical effects of the earthquake were not significant. There was little evidence that site response effects played a major role in the damage pattern in the city. There were no reports of liquefaction and only minor sliding activity took place during the event. A unique set of strong motion acceleration recordings were obtained at the Bam accelerograph station. The highest peak ground acceleration (nearly 1g) was recorded for the vertical component of the motion. However, the longitudinal component (fault-parallel motion in N–S direction) clearly had the largest energy flux, as well as the largest maximum velocity and displacement.     

A new fault rupture scenario for the 2003 Mw 6.6 Bam earthquake, SE Iran: Insights from the high-resolution QuickBird imagery and field observations

The December 26, 2003 M_w 6.6 Bam earthquake is one of the most disastrous earthquakes in Iran. QuickBird panchromatic and multispectral satellite imagery with 61 cm and 2.4 m ground resolution, respectively provide new insights into the surface rupturing process associated with this earthquake. The results indicate that this earthquake produced a 2–5 km-wide surface rupture zone with a complex geometric pattern. A 10-km-long surface rupture zone developed along the pre-existing Bam fault trace. Two additional surface rupture zones, each 2–5 km long, are oblique to the pre-existing Bam fault in angles of 20–35°. An analysis of geometric and geomorphic features also shows that movement on the Bam fault is mainly right-lateral motion with some compressional component. This interpretation is consistent with field investigations, analysis of aftershocks as well as teleseismic inversion. Therefore, we suggest that the 2003 Bam earthquake occurred on the Bam fault, and that the surface ruptures oblique to the Bam fault are caused by secondary faulting such as synthetic shears (Reidel shears). Our fault model for the Bam earthquake provides a new tectonic scenario for explaining complex surface deformations associated with the Bam earthquake.     

Strong ground motion simulation of the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake using the empirical Green’s function method

The 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake caused catastrophic damage to the city of Bam and neighboring villages. Given its magnitude (M _w ) of 6.5, the damage was remarkably large. Large-amplitude ground motions were recorded at the Bam accelerograph station in the center of Bam city by the Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC) of Iran. We simulated the Bam earthquake acceleration records at three BHRC strong-motion stations—Bam, Abaraq, and Mohammad-Abad—by the empirical Green’s function method. Three aftershocks were used as empirical Green’s functions. The frequency range of the empirical Green’s function simulations was 0.5–10 Hz. The size of the strong motion generation area of the mainshock was estimated to be 11 km in length by 7 km in width. To estimate the parameters of the strong motion generation area, we used 1D and 2D velocity structures across the fault and a combined source model. The empirical Green’s function method using a combination of aftershocks produced a source model that reproduced ground motions with the best fit to the observed waveforms. This may be attributed to the existence of two distinct rupture mechanisms in the strong motion generation area. We found that the rupture starting point for which the simulated waveforms best fit the observed ones was near the center of the strong motion generation area, which reproduced near-source ground motions in a broadband frequency range. The estimated strong motion generation area could explain the observed damaging ground motion at the Bam station. This suggests that estimating the source characteristics of the Bam earthquake is very important in understanding the causes of the earthquake damage.     

A new fault rupture scenario for the 2003 Mw 6.6 Bam earthquake,SE Iran: Insights from the high-resolution QuickBird imagery and field observations

The December 26, 2003 M_w 6.6 Bam earthquake is one of the most disastrous earthquakes in Iran. QuickBird panchromatic and multispectral satellite imagery with 61 cm and 2.4 m ground resolution, respectively provide new insights into the surface rupturing process associated with this earthquake. The results indicate that this earthquake produced a 2–5 km-wide surface rupture zone with a complex geometric pattern. A 10-km-long surface rupture zone developed along the pre-existing Bam fault trace. Two additional surface rupture zones, each 2–5 km long, are oblique to the pre-existing Bam fault in angles of 20–35°. An analysis of geometric and geomorphic features also shows that movement on the Bam fault is mainly right-lateral motion with some compressional component. This interpretation is consistent with field investigations, analysis of aftershocks as well as teleseismic inversion. Therefore, we suggest that the 2003 Bam earthquake occurred on the Bam fault, and that the surface ruptures oblique to the Bam fault are caused by secondary faulting such as synthetic shears (Reidel shears). Our fault model for the Bam earthquake provides a new tectonic scenario for explaining complex surface deformations associated with the Bam earthquake.     

Modeling the Stress-Strain State in the Epicentral Zone of a Strong Earthquake in Iran (December 26, 2003, <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript> = 6.6)

The results of modeling the stress-strain state for the epicentral zone of the earthquake that occurred on December 26, 2003 in the southeast of Iran in the city of Bam, Kerman province, before and after the rupture are presented. It is shown that the source of the earthquake is located in the zone of high stresses, whereas the emerged rupture traces this zone on the surface and corresponds to its length. The aftershocks are localized in the area of the maximal stress drop after the formation of the rupture. The drop in the stress stimulates the release of the accumulated tectonic stresses during the subsequent aftershock process. The obtained results can be useful for the deterministic approach to seismic hazard assessment and forecasting, as well as for setting up the geophysical observations intended for forecasting the strong crustal earthquakes in the continental regions.     

Study on the Determination of the Significant National Seismic Monitoring and Protection Regions

The paper describes firstly the principles and scientific train of thought involved in determining the significant seismic monitoring and protection regions (SSMPR) in China. The principles include the gradation principle, i.e. the national level SSMPR and the provincial level SSMPR, the principle of highlighting priorities, namely, the area of an SSMPR should be a fraction of the total area of the country or of the respective province, but the earthquake losses incurred in SSMPR should be a major proportion of the national or provincial ones. The scientific train of thought adopted is to determine the SSMPR on the basis of seismic hazard assessment and loss estimation. Secondly, it reviews the achievements in determining the SSMPRs for the period from 1996 to 2005. The result shows that 10 strong earthquakes occurred during that period in the areas with earthquake monitoring and prediction capability available on the Chinese continent, 8 of which occurred in SSMPRs with the economic loss and death toll accounting for 67% and 92% of the total loss on the Chinese mainland. Lastly, the paper introduces preparatory research for determining the SSMPR for the period from 2006 to 2020, including decade-scale mid-and long-range seismic risk assessment based on seismology, seismogeology, geodesy, earthquake engineering, sociology and stochastics and so on, and the national seismic risk probability map, the seismic hazard (intensity) map, earthquake disaster losses map and the comprehensive seismic risk index, etc. obtained for the period of 2006 to 2020.     

A GIS-based seismic hazard,building vulnerability and human loss assessment for the earthquake scenario in Tabriz

A GIS-oriented procedure that may partially illuminate the consequences of a possible earthquake is presented in two main steps (seismic microzonation and vulnerability steps) along with its application in Tabriz (a city in NW Iran). First, the detailed geological, geodetical, geotechnical and geophysical parameters of the region are combined using an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and a deterministic near-field earthquake of magnitude 7 in the North Tabriz Fault is simulated. This simulation provides differing intensities of ground shaking in the different districts of Tabriz. Second, the vulnerability of buildings, human losses and basic resources for survivors is estimated in district two of the city based on damage functions and relational analyses. The results demonstrate that 69.5% of existing buildings are completely destroyed, and the rate of fatalities is approximately 33% after a nighttime scenario. Finally, the same procedure was applied to an actual earthquake (first event on the 11th of August, 2012 of the Ahar twin earthquakes) to validate the presented model based on two aspects: (1) building damages and (2) seismic intensity.     

汶川8.0级与昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地震活动异常特征与启示

两次特大地震前在不同时段、 不同范围出现了多项相似的地震活动性异常, 它们对预测特大地震具有一定意义: ① 两次大震前10余年, 青藏块体同期出现了两个规模巨大的中强以上地震增强区, 两次大地震发生在增强区内的空区里; ② 两次巨大地震前数年, 形成规模巨大的中强地震活动带, 地震发生在两个条带间的平静区里; 同期形成中等以上地震活动环, 其内部的地震频度、 加卸载响应比及非均匀度等参数甚高, 且随时间而变化, 这可作为孕震进入中期的信号; ③ 两次大震前的震群、 震丛均很显著, 昆仑山口西地震前四个显著震丛环绕震中四周分布, 汶川地震前震群在震中周围形成包围圈, 它们应视为大震孕育进入后期的显示; ④ 大震前数月, 靠近发震断裂带发生少量中小地震或少见的震群。 汶川地震前10个月, 龙门山断裂带北部发生两次青川4级多地震和松潘4.3级地震, 南部康定附近发生3次4级以上地震。 紫坪铺水库区小震群于震前3个月活动十分强烈。 昆仑山口西地震前约1年青海兴海发生6.6级地震, 昆仑山口西发生5.1级地震, 该地震距离8.1级地震约30 km。这些特征给我们的重要启示是: ① 特大地震前出现的前兆时空特征与常见的中强地震差异很大, 现行的监测预报体制(分省分片负责)与特大地震前兆不相适应; ② 特大地震的预测预报不能单纯依靠地震前兆, 必须与地质构造及深部探测紧密结合起来; ③ 特大地震的预测预报应有新的预报战略、 观测系统与组织机构相适应。     

张家口地区精细化地震灾害风险评估

本文从地震灾害、建筑物、人口、经济、抗震救灾等多方面出发，将自然属性与社会属性进行有效结合，对地震危险性、建筑物抗震性能等影响因素进行详细分析，构建城镇地震灾害风险评价指标体系，以张家口地区16个县区为例，采用专家-层次分析法，建立精细化地震灾害风险评估模型。研究结果表明，城镇建筑物抗震性能普遍较差，怀来县地震灾害风险最大，桥东区、蔚县、涿鹿县、桥西区次之，沽源县、康保县地震灾害风险最小，并对各县区地震灾害风险主要影响因素进行讨论，发现地震风险指数与地形结构、建筑物抗震性能具有相关性，评估结果可为城镇制定防震减灾规划提供依据。