提取蚀变信息时TM影像的最佳波段组合研究

多光谱数据的最佳波段选择直接影响图像的目视解译和信息提取。在分析TM影像各波段间的标准差、相关系数和最佳指数因子内在联系的基础上,提出采用最佳指数因子与蚀变信息光谱特征相结合的方法选择遥感影像的最佳波段组合。研究表明,最佳指数因子与蚀变信息光谱特征相结合是多光谱数据最佳波段选择的理想方法;TM4＋TM5＋TM7波段组合获取的合成图像构造清晰,岩性差异显著,最有利于蚀变信息的提取。     

江汉含油气盆地土壤光谱特征及烃类蚀变信息提取方案

江汉含油气盆地土壤样品显示出较强的与烃类微渗漏蚀变相关的光谱特征和地球化学成分特征；选择相关系数最高的TM波段，用TM2／TM3、TM3／TM4和TM5／TM7进行比值处理，达到了在油区去相关的目的；TM2／TM3、TM3／TM4和TM5，TM7在油区存在和同一化学成分的反向相关性，说明运用上述3个比值为基础的彩色图象处理能增强对化学成分的分辨率；从光谱数据中直接提取出油气蚀变信息，并以此提出了在该区以比值法进行烃类蚀变信息的图象提取方案。     

西昆仑山崇测冰川区多源遥感影像的冰川信息提取方法研究

冰雪独有的性质与特性使得基于遥感影像对其进行信息提取成为可能,如何进行精准的冰雪信息提取是冰雪时空变化研究的关键和基本要求。利用多源遥感影像（TM、IRS-P5和SAR）对西昆仑山崇测冰川区的冰川进行信息提取,采用不同分类方法和数据融合方法,分别针对光学影像和微波影像进行处理,提取冰川信息并进行比较分析。结果表明：面向对象分类方法是最优的冰川信息提取方法;图像融合处理有助于提高冰川信息的提取精度,特别是多光谱和高分辨率图像融合后再分类,提取效果更为理想。     

抚州地区TM影像的水土流失信息自动提取专家模式研究

从遥感信息分析入手，分析了抚州地区水土流失区在Landsat TM1,TM2,TM3,TM4,TM5,TM6,TM7各个波段上与其它背景地物的可分性。利用水土流失区光谱特征与其它地物的差异性，建立条件表达式，并建立简单模型，即可把该区的水土流失区提取出来。该区土地利用率不是很高，水土流失比较严重，而且面积大。由于居民地光谱特征与水土流失区比较接近，所以区分居民地与水土流失区成为研究的重点。研究表明，通过建立简单的模型，可以将水土流失区提取出来，并能达到很好的效果。     

2000-2013年木孜塔格冰鳞川冰川粒雪线高度变化研究

以祁连山七一冰川为例, 基于Landsat TM/ETM+数据建立了通过单波段(近红外波段)阈值法提取雪线的方法, 并结合观测数据进行了验证. 将此方法应用到2000-2013年木孜塔格冰鳞川冰川粒雪线高度变化的估算中, 结合茫崖气象站暖季气温(9、7、8月份的平均气温)和6-8月降水量数据, 探索粒雪线高度与气温、降水量之间的关系. 结果表明: 单波段阈值法可较为准确地估计冰川的雪线位置, 2000-2013年冰鳞川冰川粒雪线高度呈波动变化, 在2006年达到最大值(海拔5 678 m). 气温升高是冰鳞川冰川粒雪线高度变化的主导因素, 气温上升1 ℃可导致粒雪线高度升高约83 m.     

广西铜聋山铜铅锌矿床遥感地质信息研究

针对铜聋山矿区的地质特征及成矿地质条件,应用卫星遥感技术方法对该区进行了综合研究。利用美国陆地卫星Landsat-5的TM多波段数据对研究区的构造信息进行了综合解译,结合主成分分析与波段比值法对矿化蚀变信息进行了提取。结果表明,该区的主要成矿构造为NE向断裂,线环构造的交汇部位是成矿的最佳环境;遥感矿化蚀变信息得到了有效的增强,与已知矿点具有很好的一致性,能够反映有利的找矿目标。     

基于完全谱形特征的成像光谱遥感岩矿识别技术及其应用

成像光谱以图谱合一、自动生成像元光谱进行直接识别岩矿而极具应用潜力.本文提出并利用基于地物完全谱形特征的成像光谱遥感多波段组合的主成分(PC,Principal Component Analysis)变换方法提取岩类与蚀变分布;相应地利用光谱角识别技术直接提取与矿有关的蚀变矿物;最终进行波段组合、波段运算、反差增强与RGB合成提取出相关岩矿信息进行成矿综合分析.利用岩矿谱形特征进行谱段组合的PC变换的第一分量(PC1)更多地包含岩矿的波谱特征;PC2噪声多,信息模糊,相对信噪比低.利用PC1提取岩矿信息可靠、准确.这是一种面向目标的定量与半定量相结合的岩矿识别技术,在后沟金矿区起到了良好的应用效果.     

纳木那尼峰地区冰川信息的综合提取方法

以喜马拉雅山脉西段的纳木那尼峰地区为例,基于ASTER遥感数据,采用波段比值法、ND-SI指数法等多种方法,自动提取冰川信息,对比分析各方法在山体阴影与非阴影区冰川提取的优势和局限,并集成各方法的优势综合提取该地区的冰川.结果表明,在阴影区ASTER3/AsTER4波段比值法提取的冰川信息更准确,而在非阴影区,NDSI指数法的提取结果较准确.综合波段比值法和NDSI指数法在阴影区和非阴影区的优势,分别提取阴影区和非阴影区的冰川,集成两部分结果,并采用掩膜方法剔除高海拔基岩区的积雪,得到了研究区的冰川数据.     

基于小波变换的遥感数据融合与边缘检测

介绍了小波图像的分解和重构方法以及小波融合过程。采用Symlet小波变换融合方法对西安地区鲸鱼沟水库的TM4、TM5子图进行单尺度二维离散小波变换融合，并进行水库的边缘检测。对图像通过TM4分解的低频图与TM5分解的高频图像融合再与TM4影像原图比较，融合图像提取细节效果明显优于TM4原图像。     

甘肃鹰嘴山地区岩体和隐伏岩体遥感信息提取研究

选择中国西北地区阿尔金山脉东段的鹰嘴山金矿及其周边地区为研究区,研究如何利用Landsat-7 ETM+遥感数据,实现对该区岩体和隐伏岩体信息自动提取。采用遥感信息多层次分离提取技术,通过对该区实测地物波谱数据和岩矿石多元数据的统计分析,得到岩体有关蚀变类型的遥感信息提取波段组合,并在对多波段遥感数据进行算术运算、比值和主成分分析的基础上,获取多幅经过信息增强处理的中间变量图像。结合对研究区已知岩体分布范围和特征的研究,从多幅中间变量图像中优选出主要包含岩体信息的最佳变量图像,并据此提取出该区的岩体和隐伏岩体信息。通过与已有地质资料的对比分析和野外实地验证,发现用该方法提取的岩体信息与实际情况吻合度高,效果较好。另外,对岩体信息提取误差产生的原因也进行了相关讨论。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

藏北羌塘丁固—加措地区康托组的时代

自西藏区域地质调查大队创建康托组以来,康托组岩石地层单位广泛应用于羌塘地区,普遍认为其时代为新近纪.笔者于丁固-加措地区的康托组地层中采获古近纪轮藻化石Obtusocharat sp.,O.lanpingenis,Gyrogona qinajiangica和部分孢粉化石,并在康托组底部安山岩中获K-Ar年龄65.1～66.5Ma.上述轮藻组合与同位素年龄指示的地层时代为古新世-始新世,据此将测区康托组的时代确定为古近纪.由于测区康托组之上被唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组角度不整合覆盖,因此康托组时代的确定不仅进一步完善了测区新生代地层系统,还指示测区在康托组与唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组之间发生了一次强烈的构造运动.