2012年秋季白脊管藤壶在江苏如东互花米草盐沼向附着及分布

互花米草Spartina alterniflora自1979年引入至今,已在我国海岸带大范围扩张并对盐沼湿地生态系统产生了很大影响.本研究以附着生物藤壶为例,研究了互花米草扩张对附着生物的影响.通过对5个断面共28个样方的米草植株、附着藤壶以及藤壶在互花米草上的最大附着高度调查,获得结果如下:藤壶在互花米草滩上的附着范围位于潮沟两侧,且呈宽度约为5 m的带状分布;潮沟规模越大,其向陆方向的延伸范围越宽;每个站位藤壶附着的相对最大高度都位于同一水平.附着藤壶均为白脊管藤壶Fistulobalanus albicostatus,平均干重237±69g·m-2,大部分藤壶直径在2～10mm之间.互花米草的平均干重为981±81g·m-2,潮沟附近互花米草高壮但密度较小,远离潮沟互花米草矮小但密度较大.分析表明,互花米草为藤壶提供了附着基质,并影响藤壶在潮间带的平面分布格局(尽管藤壶的生态位保持不变).影响白脊管藤壶分布特征的原因主要是海水浸没时间的差异;负地形的浸没时间更有利于藤壶的附着和生存;另外潮沟较高的潮水流速除了利于白脊管藤壶幼体的附着外,还可以通过水流的涨、落为其带来充足的食物.     

九龙江口硬相潮间带藤壶类动物的群落生态

福建九龙江口硬相潮间带共有8种藤壶,其中以绿鳞笠藤壶Tetraclita squamosa squamosa,白脊藤壶Balanus albicostatus和泥藤壶Balanus uliginosus为优势种。根据藤壶优势种的分布状况,九龙江口硬相潮间带藤壶群落可分为三种类型:1.日本鳞笠藤壶Tetraclitasquamosa japonica-绿鳞笠藤壶群落;2.白脊藤壶-绿鳞笠藤壶群落;3.泥藤壶-白脊藤壶群落。研究结果还表明,各藤壶群落的附着密度和生物量均随盐度的降低而减少。生物量一般春季较高,夏、秋季较低;附着密度则冬季较高,春季较低。潮汐是影响河口区硬相潮间带藤壶垂直分布的主要因素。     

舟山海区日本笠藤壶和鳞笠藤壶的生物学研究——Ⅰ.繁殖、附着与生长

日本笠藤壶和鳞笠藤壶是我国东南沿海岩岸潮间带的优势种.本文对舟山海区的这两种藤壶的繁殖、附着和生长进行了较详细的研究,结果表明:它们的繁殖具有明显的季节性;附着期短于繁殖期;整个生命过程中都连续生长.     

附着藤壶对1Cr 18Ni 9Ti不锈钢局部腐蚀的影响

1Cr 18Ni 9Ti不锈钢在海水中通常易产生局部腐蚀,尤其在氧不能充分供应的相对闭塞区,如在缝隙中或海生物附着的情况等。作者为研究附着生物对这种不锈钢腐蚀的影响,曾在室内观察了附着藤壶对其腐蚀的影响,发现部分死藤壶在沿基板的周围出现了棕红色铁锈,并在其壳口部位涌出棕红色铁锈,犹如“藤     

日本查明引诱藤壶附着的物质

一直在研究附着于扇贝使商品价值下降的藤壶生态的日本青森县产业技术开发中心、青森市山石川商店的联合研究小组,在弄清藤壶的附着与扇贝贝壳表面构造关系的同时,查明了把握藤壶繁殖的关键、附着诱因物质的本来面目,即为糖蛋白质。今后如果搞清其分子结构,通过遗传因子操作等,则可期待确立对扇贝无害的驱除方法。     

中国近海的蔓足类 Ⅲ.小藤壶科

小藤壶类除少数种为深海产外，大部栖息于潮间带，附着于岩石、码头、树木、管道、浮标或船底，是沿岸附着生物的主要种类，在潮间带岩岸生物群落中常占一定的优势。种类的准确鉴定对分析潮间带生态和附着生物的生态研究及防除工作都具有一定的意义。 早在1854年，Darwin就在藤壶科Balanidae下建立了小藤壶亚科Chthamalinae. Pilsbry (1916)将其提升为小藤壶科Chthamalidae，与Balanidae并列；1976年Newman& Ross对藤壶亚目Suborder Balanomorpha进行了全面的修订，分为3个总科(Chthamaloidea,Coronuloidea和Balanoide)，他们将小藤壶科中壳壁带轮生副板的4属分出，建立鳞藤壶科Catophragmidae，与Chthamalidae一起置于小藤壶总科Chthamaloidea之下。 关于小藤壶类，国内仅有零星记载，缺少系统研究，特别是一些深水种尚无报道。本文根据中国科学院海洋研究所过去在全国沿海潮间带采集的标本写成，共报告小藤壶科9种，分隶于2亚科4属，其中有1新种，1种为我国首次录。新种的模式标本保存在中国科学院海洋研究所。 本文报告的小藤壶，分布于我国长江口以北海域的只有东方小藤壶Chthamalus challengeri Hoek，它大量出现在高潮带岩石上，对温、湿度变化的适应力很强，能忍受较长时间的周期性干燥和较大的温度变化幅度。其余种类则出现在长江口以南亚热带和热带海区，其中白条地藤壶Euraphia withersi和楯形矮藤壶Chamaesipho scutelliformis分布广，数量大；中国四板小藤壶Tetrachthamalus sinensis Ren在海南岛和北部湾沿岸占优势。     

饵料对网纹藤壶幼虫发育和附着的影响

研究了亚心形扁藻Platymonas subcordiformis、小球藻Chlorella sp.对网纹藤壶Balanus reticulatus幼虫发育和附着的影响。结果表明,在幼虫存活率以及金星幼虫和Ⅵ期无节幼虫所占比例方面,旺盛期亚心形扁藻对网纹藤壶幼虫的投喂效果均明显优于小球藻;旺盛期亚心形扁藻培养的金星幼虫附着率明显高于老化扁藻(p0.01)。因此,以旺盛期亚心形扁藻作为幼虫培养饵料应更有利于藤壶幼体的生长发育。     

白脊藤壶(Balanus albicostatus)应用于天然海洋防污产物筛选模型的研究

采用生态学单因子梯度试验方法,进行了白脊藤壶金星幼体的室内培养以及附着基、温度、盐度、幼体密度和幼体低温保存时间等因子分别对白脊藤壶金星幼体附着的影响的研究,结果表明,在培养水体为水温25℃、盐度30的膜滤海水,幼体培养密度为1只/ml,饵料为牟氏角毛藻,投饵量为(0.75-5)×10 5 cells/ml的培养条件下,白脊藤壶无节幼体在培养4天后即大部分顺利发育至金星幼体阶段,实现了白脊藤壶金星幼体在实验室内的大量培养.另一方面,实验结果还表明,在白脊藤壶金星幼体附着抑制实验中,玻璃培养皿和聚苯乙烯六孔板都可采用作为附着基,温度、盐度、幼体密度及幼体低温保存时间的适宜范围分别为20-35℃、15-45、1-20只/ml和0-8天.本研究结果揭示了白脊藤壶可作为筛选天然海洋防污产物的模型生物,并确定了其基础实验条件的适宜范围.     

舟山虾塘纹藤壶种群结构研究

应用挂板试验,研究了挂板浸水时间、挂板角度和对虾养殖塘内外环境差异等因素对附着于挂板上纹藤壶种群结构的影响．     

藤壶和茗荷儿

正藤壶和茗荷儿都属于节肢动物门甲壳纲蔓足亚纲。它们都生活在海洋上,成体常固着于岩石、贝壳、珊瑚礁、漂浮的木块或其他物体上。藤壶是一类有灰白色石灰质外壳的海洋生物,形状有点像马的牙齿,曾经被认为是软体动物。藤壶分布甚广,数量繁多,故俗称为"马牙",常密集在一起。藤壶不但能附着在礁石上,而且能附着在船体上,任凭风吹浪打也冲刷不掉。我们所看到的藤壶外型,一般分为两种:一是鹅颈型藤壶,它们经由一个不同长度、     

Survey on biological fouling and corrosion of vessels

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笠藤壶的形态变异

本文研究了舟山沿海两种笠藤壶（日本笠藤壶Ｔｅｔｒａｃｌｉｔａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ、鳞笠藤壶Ｔ．ｓｑｕａｍｏｓａｓｑｕａｍｏｓａ）个体的形态变异,分析了壳板形态与生境、潮区、年龄之间的关系以及壳板形态的种间差别。壳口面积与基底面积之比值（Ｓａ／ＳＡ）在各年龄组间变化较小,而壳口面积与个体容积之比值（Ｓａ／Ｖ）随着藤壶年龄增加而减小,藤壶个体亦随年龄增加由矮圆锥形变陡。盖板各测值之比值在不同年龄组间变化不大,受环境影响较小,可以作为分类鉴定的依据。     

Seasonal variation of zinc in the barnacle, Balanus balanoides (L.) maintained on a raft in the Menai Strait

A population of the intertidal barnacle, Balanus balanoides (L.) maintained on a raft in the Menai Strait was sampled regularly over a two-year period and pooled fractions analysed for zinc and other trace metals. The seasonal variation of zinc in three fractions (body, other soft tissues and shell) has been followed and related to physiological condition. The body accumulates zinc almost continuously whilst this trace metal accumulates in the ovary only as it develops and is lost in the gametes when these are laid. The newly formed egg-masses therefore may be the more useful sample for indicating zinc pollution.     

Barnacles as biomonitors of metal contamination in coastal waters

The use of barnacles as biomonitors of metal contamination in coastal waters worldwide is reviewed as a critique compilation of the reported studies and presents resume-tables of available data for future reference. The barnacle body reflects both short and long-term metal level environmental variations and the metal bioaccumulation occurs mainly in their granules (relatively inactive pools). The barnacle body is considered as good biomonitoring material and different barnacle species could bioaccumulate metal concentration ranges of 40–153,000 μg/g of Zn, 20–22,230 μg/g de Fe, 1.5–21,800 μg/g of Cu, 5.9–4742 μg/g of Mn, 0.1–1000 μg/g of Pb, 0.7–330 μg/g of Cd, 0.4–99 μg/g of Ni and 0.2–49 μg/g of Cr. However, as the plates (‘shells’) of barnacle exoskeletons can be affected by metal levels in coastal waters, mainly in their composition and morphology, they are not considered good biomonitoring material. Despite this, the use of a specific barnacle species or group of species in a specific region must firstly be carefully validated and the interpretation of the contaminant bioaccumulation levels should involve specific environmental variations of the region, physiological parameters of the barnacle species and the relationship between the potential toxicity of the contaminant for the environment and their significance for the barnacle species. Barnacles, particularly a widespread cosmopolitan species such as Amphibalanus amphitrite, have a great potential as biomonitors of anthropogenic contamination in coastal waters and have been used worldwide, including Europe (United Kingdom, Turkey, Poland, Croatia, Spain and Portugal), Asia (India and China), Oceania (Australia), North America (Florida, Massachusetts and Mexico) and South America (Brazil). The use of barnacle species as biomonitors of metal contamination in coastal waters is considered an important and valuable tool to evaluate and predict the ecological quality of an ecosystem.     

回填贝壳砂耐久性试验研究

介绍了对我国浅海大量存在的贝壳砂进行化学性质和耐久性试验研究结果,从贝壳在酸雨中质量损失、溶蚀对贝壳成分和形态的影响及溶蚀对贝壳砂工程特性的影响三方面研究了贝壳砂的化学性质和耐久性,发现酸雨对贝壳有一定的溶蚀作用,在贝壳表面形成溶蚀凹坑,但是溶蚀作用缓慢,质量损失很小,酸雨溶蚀和海水溶出后的贝壳砂工程特性与未溶蚀的贝壳砂的工程特性相近,因而贝壳砂可用作海洋工程或港口工程回填砂。     

Habitat provision of barnacle tests for overcrowded periwinkles

In habitats where competition for space is a shaping force of animal distribution such as in the intertidal rocky ecosystem, new habitats are readily taken by colonising species. We examined the importance of empty Chthamalus spp. tests as a habitat for the intertidal common periwinkle Melaraphe neritoides on Portuguese rocky shores. The role played by the space between neighbouring barnacles as a habitat for other species has been largely studied with regard to how an ecosystem functions, whereas the equivalent role of empty barnacle tests remains largely unknown. The small periwinkle is one of the most abundant snails in European rocky shores and is an important prey for key mobile predators. Biological facilitation is common in the rocky intertidal zone, where biological structures often potentiate the abundance of other species. The role played by barnacles as biological facilitators through habitat provision is not fully understood. In this study, the abundance and morphometric features of empty barnacle tests and their occupants were examined across shore levels and shores with differing exposures, as these are important gradients explaining barnacle distribution. The availability of empty barnacle tests was also experimentally manipulated to examine the percentage, time and length of occupation. Empty barnacles were more abundant on the midshore of sheltered shores and barnacle tests were wider on the upper shore but taller on the midshore. The minimum barnacle test occupation rate by the periwinkle was 70%. Barnacle shell height was an important factor determining snail occupation, where taller barnacles harboured significantly more, but not necessarily larger, snails. Snails outside the barnacle tests were significantly larger than those found within, suggesting that this crustacean group has an increased importance as a habitat for juvenile snails, thus potentially influencing the population dynamics of M. neritoides. We found that occupation of experimentally created empty barnacles was extremely high (70%) on the day after, and remained at 100% after 3 months of monitoring. Our study is the first of its kind to focus on the features of barnacle tests that snails occupy and their occupying snail traits. According to our results, it is clear that barnacles have an important role in providing additional habitat for young gastropods. The small periwinkle is an important grazer and prey for intertidal and subtidal foraging predators; hence, the potential refuge role of barnacle tests for juvenile M. neritoides may be important in the dynamics of intertidal communities.     

网纹藤壶壳板矿化结构及其碳酸钙含量测定

采用X射线衍射技术,初步研究了网纹藤壶(Balanus reticulates Utinomi)壳板矿化结构特征,并采用钙黄绿素法、钙-羧酸指示剂法和铬黑T指示剂三种方法测量了来自不同海域藤壶壳板的碳酸钙含量。实验发现,网纹藤壶壳板中的矿化组织主要由方解石构成,碳酸钙微晶体排列有一定的取向,较为复杂。海口和陵水两地藤壶壳板中碳酸钙含量没有显著差异(P<0.05),最大值为93.87%,最小值90.77%。尽管三种碳酸钙含量测量法的结果没有显著性差异(P<0.05),但进一步综合分析发现钙黄绿素法测定结果最为稳定,且简单易操作,可作为首选方法。     

The barnacle Balanus amphitrite as a bioindicator for Cd: Development and application of a simulation model

The efficacy of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite as a bioindicator for Cd in the environment was investigated through simulation exercises in an ecotoxicological simulation model based on field data. The study showed in general that B. amphitrite is a good bioindicator to record mean trends of the Cd bioavailability in the environment. The model correct reflected differences between high and low patterns of Cd concentrations in the barnacle in the field, but it did not accurately reflect short-term temporal variations. A model investigation pointed out three issues that must be taken into account when using B. amphitrite as bioindicator for Cd bioavailability in the environment: (1) variations in the mean weight of the sampled population may affect the barnacle's Cd concentration determination, specially if a size effect for the metal concentration in the organism is not detected; (2) a sampling effort approximately 5 times greater than that of usually applied in such studies would be required to detect an environmental change that caused a realistic increase in the main source of Cd to the barnacle; and (3) barnacle tissue better responds to long-term changes in the Cd level of its sources.     

Epibiotic community on the acorn barnacle (Balanus amphitrite) from a monsoon‐influenced tropical estuary

The epibiotic communities (diatoms and metazoans) on the outer surfaces of the shell of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (BSh) and its opercular valves (the scutum and tergum; BST) were investigated on a monthly basis for 1 year in a tropical monsoon‐influenced estuary and compared with that of the surrounding rock biofilm. BSh and BST were rich in the diatoms Achnanthes longipes and Melosira nummuloides and amongst the invertebrates, nematodes and tardigrades were abundant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of epibiosis on the acorn barnacle. Diatom abundance was at its maximum during the monsoon season on all the inter‐tidal substrata i.e. BSh, BST and rock. A significant correlation was found between the density of diatoms and invertebrates associated with the BSh and BST, possibly because of the trophic relationship between them or the suitability of the physical environment. The possible role of these epibionts on the settlement of this barnacle species is currently unknown and needs further investigation.     

Study on Key Technology of Using Shell Sand as Backfill for Sea Reclamation

1 .IntroductionEpicontinental sea or land could formfromcontinental shelf because of the decreasing sea levelduring Quaternary.There is a large-area shell sand deposit more than ten meters thick in the neriticzone of China .To use the abundant marine shell sandresource as engineering material for ocean engi-neering and port engineeringis veryimportant .Sand (Gred and Bjorn,1999) ,fine sand (Zhangetal .,2002) , mediumand coarse sand (Qiuet al .,1995) ,highly weathered stone ballast (Zhanetal…