2008年盈江地震序列的震源参数和震源机制相关系数研究

基于云南数字地震台网记录的2008年盈江地震序列的数字波形资料,采用波谱分析方法和Brune震源模型,得到盈江地震序列的震源参数。利用两次地震事件的相同台站的震源谱参数（零频振幅）计算谱振幅相关系数,据此对地震的震源机制进行聚类分组,并收集和对比地震序列已知的震源机制解结果,发现每组内震源机制解P轴的相关性较好,且相关系数越大,P轴的方位角就越接近。将盈江地区划分为三个研究区,联合震源参数的应力降和聚类分组中每组的平均震源机制解结果研究地震序列发生过程中应力的释放水平和应力场方向变化特征。结果表明：不同阶段震源机制解类型的变化和转化特征一定程度上反映了孕震过程中区域应力场随时间的变化特征,并且地震震源机制解类型在时间段上的集中并向区域构造应力场方向转换的现象可能是发生强震的标志。震源机制解分组类型和对应类型的地震的应力降有一定依赖关系,震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场接近的地震应力降高,震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场差距较大的地震应力降普遍较低。     

2008年盈江地震序列的震源参数和震源机制相关系数研究

基于云南数字地震台网记录的2008年盈江地震序列的数字波形资料, 采用波谱分析方法和Brune震源模型, 得到盈江地震序列的震源参数。 利用两次地震事件的相同台站的震源谱参数(零频振幅)计算谱振幅相关系数, 据此对地震的震源机制进行聚类分组, 并收集和对比地震序列已知的震源机制解结果, 发现每组内震源机制解P轴的相关性较好, 且相关系数越大, P轴的方位角就越接近。 将盈江地区划分为三个研究区, 联合震源参数的应力降和聚类分组中每组的平均震源机制解结果研究地震序列发生过程中应力的释放水平和应力场方向变化特征。 结果表明: 不同阶段震源机制解类型的变化和转化特征一定程度上反映了孕震过程中区域应力场随时间的变化特征, 并且地震震源机制解类型在时间段上的集中并向区域构造应力场方向转换的现象可能是发生强震的标志。 震源机制解分组类型和对应类型的地震的应力降有一定依赖关系, 震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场接近的地震应力降高, 震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场差距较大的地震应力降普遍较低。     

腾冲火山区地震构造应力场研究

通过对腾冲火山区强震和中小地震震源机制制解分析,对火山区构造应力场方向空间分布,以及震源类型和破裂特征作了研究。利用腾冲火山区中小地震地震波资料,计算得到的地震震源处剪应力强度值,对火山区应力场强度或初始应力状态进行了研究。腾冲火山区构造庆力场主要为北北东－北东－北东东向,接近水平的压应力场。腾冲火山区凛环境剪应力场高值区所包围的低剪应力值分布区。腾冲火山区地震震源具有多种类型,震源破裂具有多种形     

邢台地震序列的应力释放调整过程

利用邢台地震序列震源机制解反演邢台老震区分时段应力场,并对震源机制和应力场结果进行分析。研究结果显示:邢台老震区的震源错动类型以走滑类型为主,遍布整个震源区;序列整体和3个时段的应力场反演结果基本一致,且与华北地区其他强震的应力方向相同,表明邢台地震的发生受华北区域构造应力场控制;应力场反演得到的邢台地震序列现今的摩擦系数显示处于拜尔利摩擦系数的范围,区域应力方向有利于断层活动,而地震活动频度和强度偏低,推断目前震源区处于某种平衡状态,需要进一步研究震源区深浅应力状态的耦合关系。     

大震前显示的地震震源机制趋于一致的变化

在构造应力场的制约下强震孕育过程中特定阶段, 震源区中小地震震源机制与构造应力场的方向大体一致, 根据这一特点, 定义各个震源机制解的P轴, B轴, T轴和构造应力场的3个应力主轴在3维空间的夹角之和为一致性参数a, 研究强震前应力场变化特征。 对2006年11月15日千岛岛弧M_W8.3地震和2001年6月23日秘鲁M_W8.4地震研究表明, 大震发生前孕震区一致性参数a比较低, 震源机制与构造应力场的差异较小, 说明这些前震受到了震源区应力场的统一作用, 而主震发生之后震源机制解的一致性参数比较高, 说明后续发生的地震的震源机制散乱, 表明背景应力场的控制作用开始减弱。     

由地震释放的地震矩叠加推导平均应力场

文中给出了根据地震释放的总地震矩求解平均应力场的方法,并使用加入随机误差的人工合成震源机制解数据和唐山余震区震源机制解数据对其进行检验。由检验结果可知,该方法可以应用于区域平均应力场的求解。使用的震源机制解资料越多,所得结果越稳定,且更接近真实的区域应力场。该方法的优点是: 用每个地震的震级作为权重,能够较好地反映出大小地震在应力场反演中的不同贡献; 并且在计算过程中不需要知道震源机制解2个节面中哪个节面为地震断层面。     

永善—大关7.1级地震序列震源区应力场分析

由云南永善－大关Ｍｓ７．１级地震序列中的１１个Ｍｓ≥４级震的震源机制解和９８个小震震源机制解，分析了震源区应力场的基本图象和变化形态。结果表明，震源区应力场的基本图象和构造应力场的方向相符。Ｍｓ７．１级主震未对震源区应力场的方向产生可觉察的改变。大量小震机制解的空间向的优势方向与主震机制解一致。     

基于汶川地震序列震源机制解对龙门山地区构造变形模式的初步探讨

本文采用理论震源机制解的分析方法,以汶川地震序列震源机制解为约束,探讨龙门山地区构造变形模式及其与汶川地震序列的关系.通过有限元模拟,计算了龙门山地区不同构造变形模式下的构造应力场,得到了理论震源机制解,并与汶川地震序列实际震源机制解进行对比分析,初步探讨了该区构造变形模式对汶川地震序列的影响.结果显示,在龙门山地区,青藏高原内深部构造变形快于地表的构造变形模式下,区域构造应力场对应的理论震源机制解与汶川地震序列震源机制解的相符程度较高.这种一致性可能表明:(1)青藏高原内部深部构造变形快于地表,是龙门山地区比较合理的构造模式;(2)构造应力场是影响汶川地震序列震源机制的重要力学因素.     

中国及周边地区2000-2004年构造应力图

地震震源机制解是分析岩石圈现代构造应力场的基本资料,直接反映了地壳断层结构的活动特征.因此,整理统计并不断更新地震震源机制解资料及其反映的现今构造应力场状况,并进行构造分析是非常基础且重要的工作.     

永善－大关7．1级地震序列震源区应力场分析

由云南永善－大关Ｍｓ７．１级地震序列中的１１个Ｍｓ≥４级地震的震源机制解和９８个小震震源机制解，分析了震源区应力场的基本图象和变化形态。结果表明，震源区应力场的基本图象和构造应力场的方向相符。Ｍｓ７．１级主震未对震源区应力场的方向产生可觉察的改变。大量小震机制解的空间取向的优势方向与主震机制解一致。取向离散的小震机制解多出现在序列的前期，至序列末期则很少发现。小震机制解由较离散向集中过渡，显示了震源区应力场动态调整的过程。因此，小地震在强震序列中也做出不可忽略的贡献。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.