国家名义之下的旅游资源垄断与产权困境——以从化温泉风景区为例

旅游资源的公共物品问题在地理学制度转向的背景下受到西方学者的广泛关注,旅游资源的国家所有制及其近30 a经历的市场化改革使得中国的旅游资源问题别具特色。以温泉资源为例,借助对从化温泉风景区这一典型案例地的深度剖析,采用深度访谈、文献分析和实地考察等定性研究方法探讨国家所有的旅游资源在开发过程中屡遭破坏的原因。研究结果表明,温泉资源的开采权分配格局形成于计划经济时代,在市场化改革进程中资源的产权依旧被多家半官方企业所垄断,各家企业在追求个人利益最大化的过程中,使当地的温泉资源变成了国家名义之下的公地,并因此导致了温泉资源过度开采的后果。地方政府在这种旅游资源管控格局中丧失了指导地方发展的主动权,并成为舆论与上级责难的对象,但当其试图走出这一产权不清导致的困境时受制于至上而下的行政体制而举步维艰。     

大理洱海旅游环境治理事件中的主体博弈与权益协商

以大理洱海环境治理事件为典型案例，基于半结构式访谈、观察法等质性方法，从环境正义视角切入分析洱海环境治理中的主体博弈与权益协商议题。研究发现，洱海的环境治理是一种以环境名义开展地社会治理与目的地管理过程，逐渐从治理水环境延伸至环境、民生、产业升级等多方面的综合治理；洱海治理隐含权力张力与利益冲突，本地村民、旅游经营者及地方基层政府三方基于合情、合理与合法性原则，围绕“情、理、法”逻辑进行利益博弈与协商；乡村旅游中的环境治理应置于乡村与社会治理框架体系下进行，关照民生与发展。环境正义理论可解释乡村旅游中的环境治理与冲突现象，为揭示环境治理背后的利益冲突与社会问题提供独特视角。     

社会重构下的温泉旅游地兴衰研究——以从化温泉为例

采用历史文献分析、实地考察与深度访谈相结合的定性研究方法,对从化温泉这一典型案例地进行深入研究。研究发现,旅游需求重构对于温泉旅游地的发展具有重要影响,旅游重构过程因为改变了温泉水的使用方式及其产出效应,而温泉水使用量又成为判断温泉地是否进入成熟期的饱和标准,因此,旅游需求重构的过程对于温泉旅游地进入生命周期的后半阶段划分起到了延缓作用。     

文学旅游地的空间重构研究——以凤凰古城为例

文学和旅游之间关系十分密切,以文学旅游地为切入点,运用定性研究方法分析了凤凰古城如何通过文学和旅游的影响实现其空间重构,得到结论如下:1开发者的旅游开发行为迅速改变了凤凰的社会经济结构,在其旅游发展过程中,不同权力主体(政府、开发商、小成本经营者、旅游者等)之间的权力博弈实现了空间的"权力化"重构;2以沈从文及其作品等为代表的湘西文学作品和旅游者的地方想象共同建构了凤凰古城的地方形象,文学和旅游的"邂逅"赋予凤凰诗性的想象空间,实现了凤凰古城诗性空间的构建;3权力空间和诗性空间的建构过程是相互影响的:权力空间的构建过程中包含了权力主体对诗性空间建构过程的运用;反之,诗性空间的建构过程也包含着不同权力主体对空间的利用和争夺,并受之影响。     

乡村旅游景观特质网络演进的蒋巷村案例

在乡村地理的相关研究中,景观特质演化的逻辑主线与运行机理未得到充分重视。以蒋巷村为案例地,运用社会网络分析与行动者网络理论等研究方法,以网络结构特征与权力关系为切入点,力图呈现乡村旅游景观特质网络演进过程,并解读其背后的逻辑。研究发现：① 蒋巷村景观特质网络密度不断增大,景观特质间联系度持续增强;景观特质网络主题特色整体稳定,高中心度特质波动明显,其中,服务环境和村干部C的名人效应不断凸显,但乡村氛围有所下降。② 蒋巷村景观特质演进的背后是中央政府、地方政府、村两委、政治精英、驻村企业、村民以及当地的资源环境要素等七类主体组成的行动者网络;政府有效引导、精英人物视野以及形式变化下主体的倒逼与自觉成为景观特质演进成功与否的关键;权力格局与利益通道的变化成为角色定义、分配与转换的驱动力量,也成为景观特质网络构建的主要因素。③ 社会网络分析和行动者网络理论在抽象关系网络化以及演进形成机制逻辑梳理方面具有适用性。此外,还对景观特质演变与社会空间重构,空间、权力与利益的运行逻辑以及案例背后的制度逻辑进行了讨论。     

国外旅游发展与政治信任研究进展与启示

信任或者不信任的动态关系变化对于理解现代社会、社会关系和发展过程十分重要。然而已有研究都表明政治信任日趋下降,危及到政府的合法性地位和可持续发展。旅游作为促进地方发展的一个工具,对政府工作和政治稳定具有重要影响,但是旅游发展与政治信任的关系尚未得到应有的关注。文章在概述社会科学中关于政治信任相关解释的基础上,结合对西方学者实际案例的解读,梳理出国外旅游发展与政治信任的主要研究议题,包括旅游发展中影响政治信任的因素、政治信任与旅游支持度、旅游发展特殊背景下的政治信任与一般意义上的政治信任、政治信任与旅游政治4个方面,并论述其对于国内研究的借鉴与启示作用。旅游研究中的政治信任问题并非无关紧要,相反,随着旅游大众化时代的到来,很多地方已经把旅游业视为带动社会经济发展的主导产业和支柱产业,赋予其应对宏观经济挑战、带动就业和脱贫致富的政治使命;而政治信任关乎到这些目标的实现,更关乎到社会稳定和政府的合法性地位。把政治信任引入到旅游研究中来,为国内的旅游研究带来理论新视角和实践层面的新思考。     

中国区域治理中公私合作伙伴关系研究

以新国家空间理论视角阐释中国区域治理中公私合作伙伴关系的产生逻辑和运行机制。本文认为建构公私合作伙伴关系旨在空间修复发展资源分配不均、经济发展失衡和政府管制失灵。首先,中央政府根据行政等级、职能和区划来调整多层级政府权力关系,并依据企业产权属性推进政府和市场权力再分配以修复治理困境。其次,中央政府以行政激励促进公私合作,达成区域整体利益最优并构建资源分配秩序。同时,地方政府联盟以辖区利益最大化为导向,推动中央政府和社会资本融入地方治理。最后,多层级政府以行政命令界定公私部门责任边界,或构建公共服务体系来解决市场失灵。中国区域治理不仅是国家权力跨尺度重构以实现国家管制,也是以跨越公私边界的权力、责任与利益的相互作用构建新的区域治理体制。     

旅游发展背景下乡村空间正义的主体博弈与协商——广州石屋新村案例

以广州石屋新村为案例地,通过深入访谈、参与式观察以及收集文本材料等方式获取素材,运用扎根理论进行编码分析,探讨旅游发展背景下乡村空间正义主体博弈与协商的维度与过程。研究发现：① 乡村空间正义主体博弈与协商的内容主要包括分配正义、居住正义、边界正义和信仰正义4个维度,贯穿4个维度的核心和焦点是权力正义。② 4个维度彼此交织,相互影响,前2个维度呼应了马克思空间正义思想的部分观点,后2个维度是中国语境下的理论创新。③ 乡村转型发展过程中杂糅了政府、企业、村民各自的诉求,导致不同主体展演了多元复杂动态的空间正义博弈与协商过程。     

旅游地民居景观形态演变中的旅游地方化建构——基于地方口述史的哈尼蘑菇房案例

以云南元阳箐口哈尼蘑菇房民居为案例,运用地方口述史的研究方法,阐释哈尼蘑菇房形态衍化的旅游地方化建构机制。研究表明:1)哈尼蘑菇房形态演变过程中存在土木蘑菇房、砖混平房和旅游景观房3阶段地方性表征差异;2)旅游地方化是当旅游地的地方性受到弱化威胁时,地方风格重构的过程,资源、权力、资本和知识的多行动主体发挥着功能、机制、意象和知识建构作用,主体之间的作用力影响旅游地民居形态衍化方向;3)在旅游地方化过程中需处理好人居环境诉求与旅游地方化建构之间的和谐一致性,规避由于旅游化带来的超越地方性。     

山东温泉资源旅游开发研究

在借鉴温泉旅游开发理论和实践经验的基础上,通过实地调查和资料分析,并采用案例归纳研究方法,分析了山东省案例。研究表明：（1）山东温泉成因属隆起断裂型,分布既广泛而又集中,以中高温和中温温泉为主,多数温泉化学成分丰富,所处环境地貌类型多样;（2）山东温泉旅游发展迅速,按开发区位可分为都市近郊及小城镇周边两种类型,按温泉功能可分为休疗保健式、观光娱乐式和综合式3种开发模式,但目前开发利用程度较低,法律规范不健全,环境与资源管理有待加强。基于温泉资源和开发利用现状分析,提出构建＂二心五区十二景＂山东温泉旅游开发布局地域系统的设想。     

The resilience and sustainability of local wetland management institutions in Illubabor and Western Wellega,Ethiopia

Local community based institutions that coordinate the management of natural resources have been linked to socioecological resilience, adaptation and sustainability within rural livelihood systems throughout the developing world. The resilience and sustainability of related local institutions, however, is influenced by their relationship with external actors and institutions, particularly in facilitating, supporting or hindering local institutional arrangements. From this standpoint, this paper examines the case of local community based institutions involved in wetland management in western Ethiopia. Drawing upon the findings of participatory fieldwork undertaken in eight wetland‐using communities of Illubabor and Western Wellega zones in Oromia Region it is argued that although local institutions do play a key role in coordinating wetland management and sustaining the benefits from wetlands, the sustainability and resilience of the institutions themselves is threatened by a range of factors. Despite their grassroots nature, their effectiveness is influenced by their reliance on local government backstopping that appears to have diminished in recent years, as well as a perceived lack of local government support for collective action over individual rights.     

Impediments to community fisheries management: Some findings in Kompong Pou commune,Krakor District in Cambodia's Tonle Sap

This paper broadly assesses some reasons why co‐management of inland fisheries by resource users and state agencies in Cambodia remains difficult to realize. Our survey of the resources, human capacity and associated de facto mechanisms for achieving community fisheries (CFi) objectives among fishing communities of Krakor District, located along Tonle Sap Lake, found these mobilizations at a crossroads in terms of empowered institutional and legal frameworks. Although the commune is a local administrative authority in the context of Cambodia's evolving decentralization and deconcentration (D&D) reform process, decision making and accountability in natural resource management have yet to be transferred to, or opened to participation from, local and subcommune level stakeholders and agencies. Furthermore, the institutional links between the commune council and CFi are ambiguous. This lack of linkages between central government, state agencies and CFi has left fisherfolk struggling to survive against more powerful competing interests. The preliminary findings presented here suggest that the achievement of sustainable CFi management in the Tonle Sap Lake remains problematic without local level decision making powers, sustained funding of CFi and related local government, and partnership between key shareholders in rural development programmes that recognize and encompass women's roles in natural resource management.     

The meaning of place: Attachments to Femundsmarka National Park,Norway, among tourists and locals

In Norway, the management of natural and cultural resources is subject to increasing public scrutiny. Conflicts are escalating over many issues concerning the balance between preservation and utilisation. Traditionally conflicts over issues like growth in commercial nature tourism, predator control, forest policies, protected areas management, cultural heritage protection, and rights associated with common access, have been explained in terms of opposing values, attitudes, and goals between urban and rural interests. However, historical differences between the urban and rural in terms of social conditions, employment opportunities, services, cultural norms, and lifestyles are no longer clear-cut or predictable. Nor can differences between urban and rural communities easily explain attitudes or values held in relation to the environment. To examine how a local community and a population of tourists feel about an area we examine data from two separate surveys from the Femundsmarka-Røros region in Southern Norway. This region includes a wilderness-type national park and a historic mining town recognised as a World Heritage Site and including a diverse agricultural landscape. We compare the perspective of the community with that of tourists regarding the strength and nature of attachment to place, and reasons and priorities for resource protection. We also assess how residence and experience of using the area affect attachment to place and attitudes to management priorities. The results have implications both for the management of this particular area, and for how we approach attitude diversity in resource management.     

阳朔“西街现象”的形成机理分析——旅游地发展中的游客理性消费与政府“无为而治”

阳朔县作为中国最早对外开放旅游的县之一,其演化历程具有独特性和典型性。在旅游参与期曾出现过一段主客关系和谐、商业秩序与休闲氛围俱佳的“西街现象”,引起媒体和业界的广泛关注,尚缺乏学术层面的解读。本文采用实证归纳的案例研究方法,借鉴旅游治理和目的地发展的相关理论,分析了“西街现象”的形成过程与内在机理,得出以下结论和启示：在旅游发展初期,信息完全的理性旅游消费者的到来,有助于规范目的地的商业经营环境。市场与社区自下而上互动协商达成共识的秩序,促成激励诚信经营的非正式制度嵌入于人际网络和旅游交易的场域之中,政府顺应市场规律即能实现“无为而治”的良性发展状态。本文通过归纳以有预算的理性游客作为市场推动力所触发的旅游地的发展特点,部分回应消费转型背景下旅游市场理性回归后的可能影响。对现实的启发是,适当控制旅游发展的速度和规模,给予本地人成长的时间和空间,教育游客与提升政府监管力度双管齐下,建立规则在先,更利于目的地实现可持续性的发展。     

The Ogallala Formation of the Great Plains in Central US and Its Containment of Life-Giving Water

The Ogallala Formation of Miocene/Pliocene age is present over a large area of the Great Plains in the central US. The formation is composed of mostly clastic material eroded and transported eastward from the Rocky Mountains by eastward flowing rivers and streams. It contains the life-giving water that supports the population and farming activities of this vast area. However, this precious water resource is fast being depleted. The geology and geologic history, groundwater recharge, irrigation development, and water law and management of the region are outlined so as to highlight the nature and extent of the water problems facing that region and point to a more sustainable path. Further strengthening local water management and coordination with state government as well as better interstate coordination of the High Plains states will help sustain this critical water resource for generations to come.     

Can New Zealand's Covenanting Agencies Meet the Challenge of the Biodiversity Strategy?

In February 2000 the New Zealand Government released its national Biodiversity Strategy with significant emphasis on the role of central and local government, communities and private landowners in achieving biodiversity conservation on public and private land. New Zealand has had provisions in legislation for the protection of biodiversity on private land for more than 70 years. There are now a wide range of of purposes and management flexibility within the nine types of covenants administered by the Department of Conservation (DoC) and the Queen Elizabeth National Trust's (QE II National Trust) Open Space covenants. In addition a small number of territorial local authorities (TLAs) manage private covenanting schemes, the most notable being the Auckland Region by Rodney and Franklin District Councils. Funding appears to be the critical issue for covenanting agencies being able to meet the objectives of the NZ Biodiversity Strategy affecting the ability of agencies to fund survey, administration, fencing, pest management and landowner advice. Unless funding is addressed landowners will be left shouldering most of the burden of conservation management, planning and funding for these areas and the tide may not have turned for biodiversity protection and enhancement on private land.     

遗产地农村社区参与旅游发展的制度嵌入性——丹霞山瑶塘村与断石村比较研究

基于制度嵌入性理论,采用质性研究方法,采取主位的研究立场,揭示正式制度与非正式制度对农村社区参与旅游发展的约束与影响。研究发现：遗产地农村社区参与旅游发展是一个制度约束下的理性行动过程,同时嵌入在多层正式制度和非正式制度中;不同农村社区在参与旅游发展过程中,由于制度嵌入的差异,导致相异的行动决策和发展结果,社区内部非正式制度嵌入的差异是主要影响因素;当社区内部非正式制度脱嵌时,外部正式制度的有效嵌入是协调遗产地与社区发展的关键因素。研究认为,制度嵌入性范式可以深入地解释不同农村社区参与旅游发展的差异性,为中国农村社区参与旅游发展的增权行动、制度设计和监督管理提供有益参考。     

福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区建立对毗邻社区居民的影响研究

自然保护区的建立对改善区域生态环境、保护生物多样性和恢复生态系统功能具有重要作用.如何处理自然保护区生态保护与毗邻社区社会经济发展之间的关系,是当前自然保护区研究者、决策者和社区居民共同关注的问题.利用文献调研法、问卷调查法、访谈法和意愿调查法等,分析福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区的建立对毗邻社区居民的影响.研究结果表明,大部分社区居民对福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区的建立持赞同态度,这种态度受被调查者的教育程度、年龄和性别的影响;保护区的建立使大多数社区居民收入减少,而社区居民没有得到相应的补偿;社区居民面临着缺少资金、补偿制度缺失和缺乏生产技术等问题;提出了福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区毗邻社区社会经济可持续发展的建议.