单层网壳结构的阻尼减振控制分析

对凯威特型单层球面网壳结构进行了削弱杆件刚度、附加阻尼器杆件的减振控制研究.削弱部分原有杆件的刚度后,附加阻尼减振杆件.根据阻尼杆件的力学特性,在ANSYS软件中建立附加阻尼杆件的数值计算模型,根据阻尼杆件的不同位置进行结构建模及动力分析,主要考察阻尼杆件的布置位置对网壳结构减振效果的影响,以附加斜杆和附加环杆两种方式为例进行了网壳减振结构地震作用分析.研究结果表明:阻尼杆件的布置位置对网壳结构的减振控制效果有非常重要的影响,通过合理削弱原有杆件刚度并设置附加阻尼杆件,可以使网壳结构的位移、加速度和杆件内力等动力反应有较大的降低.     

替换阻尼杆件的双层柱面网壳被动控制振动台试验研究

本文在拟动力装置上对自行设计的孔隙式粘滞阻尼杆件进行了性能测试，并用其替换双层柱面网壳的部分下弦杆进行了被动减震控制的振动台试验，输人了多种能级的不同地震动，针对替换不同位置和数量的阻尼杆件进行了多种工况下的试验研究。试验结果表明减震效果明显，与理论分析结果吻合较好。     

凯威特单层球面网壳结构隔震分析

将凯威特网壳结构的固定支座设置成隔震支座，分别采用弹簧支座和粘弹阻尼支座对结构进行了隔震控制。在有控和无控状态下，计算了凯威特网壳结构的自振频率，初步分析了凯威特网壳结构的隔震控制机理。分别在常遇和罕遇各三种地震作用下，对网壳结构进行了时程分析，对网壳结构的最大水平位移、隔震支座的最大水平位移、最大支座反力和网壳结构的杆件轴力进行了数值计算。研究结果表明：两种隔震装置均有效地控制了凯威特网壳结构的支座反力和杆件轴力，粘弹阻尼支座还明显地减少了隔震支座的水平位移和隔震结构的水平位移。隔震方法对于大跨网壳结构的减振是有效的。     

基于SMA隔震支座的双层球面网壳结构地震响应分析

采用橡胶支座的隔震方式是目前较成熟的隔震技术,但橡胶支座存在着水平变形大、阻尼较小、耗能不足等问题。SMA-橡胶复合隔振支座充分利用了形状记忆合金(SMA)丝的超弹性特点,在支座工作时起到恢复力主要补充作用,使得支座在抗侧移能力和耗能方面都得到了加强。通过建立双层球面网壳模型,对其在普通橡胶支座和SMA复合橡胶支座两种不同工况下的隔震效果进行对比分析,说明在采用后者的双层球面网壳结构其杆件的内力值和节点位移值都明显降低,受拉的上弦杆和受压的下弦杆无论是受力峰值及其杆件数量都有所减少,提高了网壳结构的变形协调能力,限制了网壳结构薄弱杆件的破坏,SMA复合橡胶支座起到了较好的减震耗能作用,对双层球面网壳的隔振作用优于橡胶支座。     

黏滞阻尼器在单层网壳结构中的优化布置

目前采用黏滞阻尼器对单层网壳结构进行减振控制时,阻尼器最优布置位置通过试算确定。针对此问题,推导了地震作用下黏滞阻尼器耗能公式,提出了以能量比例系数为评价指标的阻尼器优化布置准则。以单层球面网壳和单层柱面网壳为例,对比分析了地震作用下分别采用优化布置准则与现有布置方式布置阻尼器时结构最大节点位移减振系数,验证了所提出优化布置准则的正确性及在单层球面网壳和单层柱面网壳中的适用性。     

节点刚度对单层柱面网壳地震响应及内力的影响分析

论文首先采用壳单元Shell163建立了单层柱面网壳模型,同时利用壳单元模拟了焊接空心球节点,并通过计算验证了模拟方法的合理性。然后,通过调节空心球节点的厚度,考察了节点刚度变化对单层柱面网壳地震响应的影响,分析结果表明,在强震作用下节点刚度变化对网壳节点响应与杆件内力的影响均较大,建议在进行此类结构的动力分析时考虑节点刚度的影响。     

球面网壳结构的分段式多维隔震控制

球面网壳结构是典型的大跨度空间结构,地震时水平和竖向地面运动分量对其地震响应的影响均十分显著。为了提高网壳结构的抗震性能,可采用支座型隔震装置形成分段式多维隔震机制。在这类多维隔震体系中,碟形弹簧支座可用于结构的竖向隔震,同时,可将其与适用于水平隔震的摩擦摆(FPS)或SMA-橡胶支座配合使用。基于上述概念设计,提出了水平和竖向隔震装置的构造和计算模型。进而,根据网壳结构多维隔震的动力方程,开展了El Centro波作用下双层球面网壳和单层球面网壳结构多维隔震控制的数值模拟。计算结果表明,多维隔震球面网壳结构的杆件内力、加速度和位移的减振效果能达到50%以上,验证了所提多维隔震技术对保护球面网壳结构免遭地震破坏的有效性。     

多点激励的高位隔震单层柱面网壳振动台试验

为研究单层柱面网壳结构橡胶支座隔震的效果以及地震动行波效应对隔震网壳地震响应的影响,采用高阻尼橡胶支座对网壳缩尺模型进行高位隔震,输入多组实际地震波进行振动台试验,包括一致激励及视波速1 000m/s、500 m/s和250m/s,测试结构的加速度、位移及杆件应变等动力响应。试验结果表明:HDR支座高位隔震有效延长大跨网壳结构的自振周期,上部结构所承受的总水平地震作用值降低烈度1~3度,隔震后上部结构的运动趋于同步。行波激励下,结构地震响应沿地震波传播方向相对逐渐增大,地震波传出端附近的隔震支座剪切变形明显增大,按一致激励设计偏于不安全。     

集中塑性铰在网壳弹塑性地震响应中的应用

运用SAP2000分析设计软件和集中塑性铰理论,对现有振动台试验模型进行弹塑性时程模拟分析,通过试验与模拟分析对比,验证集中塑性铰理论在空间网格结构弹塑性地震响应分析中的适用性。分析中考虑几何和材料双重非线性影响,获得了节点位移响应、杆件塑性铰的分布特征、结构的整体变形及失效形态。振动台试验与模拟分析均表明:单层网壳试验模型在地震作用下的破坏始于支座附近及靠近肋杆的斜杆杆件端部,最终破坏是由网壳模型底部第一圈、第二圈结构杆件动力失稳破坏引起的,模型底部第一圈、第二圈大部分杆件经历了失稳或较大塑性变形,部分杆件达到极限强度与节点拉脱,使结构整体向下凹陷;采用集中塑性铰方法模拟杆系结构的动力弹塑性性能与振动台试验结果基本吻合,较适用于空间杆系结构地震下的弹塑性性能评定,且易被工程师掌握。     

拟负刚度阻尼减振结构的动力特性与减振效果分析

对拟负刚度阻尼减振结构的动力特性与减振效果进行了研究。首先,证明了采用拟负刚度控制方法时,结构响应与外荷载之间满足齐次性;其次,对拟负刚度阻尼减振结构的加速度放大系数和位移放大系数进行了研究,并与粘滞阻尼减振结构的加速度放大系数和位移放大系数进行了比较;最后,对地震荷栽作用下拟负刚度阻尼减振结构的减振效果进行了分析。研究结果表明：当外荷载与结构的频率比大于1或结构的周期较长时,拟负刚度控制对结构绝对加速度的控制效果要好于粘滞阻尼减振结构的控制效果,对结构位移的控制效果要差于粘滞阻尼减振结构的控制效果。     

Strength failure of spatial reticulated structures under multi-support excitation

Under strong earthquakes, long-span spatial latticed structures may collapse due to dynamic instability or strength failure. The elasto-plastic dynamic behaviors of three spatial latticed structures, including two double-layer cylindrical shells and one spherical shell constructed for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, were quantitatively examined under multi-support excitation (MSE) and uniform support excitation (USE). In the numerical analyses, several important parameters were investigated such as the peak acceleration and displacement responses at key joints, the number and distribution of plastic members, and the deformation of the shell at the moment of collapse. Analysis results reveal the features and the failure mechanism of the spatial latticed structures under MSE and USE. In both scenarios, the double-layer reticulated shell collapses in the "overflow" mode, and the collapse is governed by the number of invalid plastic members rather than the total number of plastic members, beginning with damage to some of the local regions near the supports. By comparing the numbers and distributions of the plastic members under MSE to those under USE, it was observed that the plastic members spread more sufficiently and the internal forces are more uniform under MSE, especially in cases of lower apparent velocities in soils. Due to the effects of pseudo-static displacement, the stresses in the members near the supports under MSE are higher than those under USE.     

附加粘滞阻尼器的球形储罐减震性能研究

球罐作为石油化工行业的重要存储容器,一旦在服役期间发生破坏,不仅将造成重大经济损失,而且易发生重大人员伤亡事故。用ADINA分析软件建立了球罐的设计模型及简化理论模型,并研究了附加粘滞阻尼器的速度指数与配置方案对球形储液罐减震的影响。利用达朗贝尔原理建立动力方程,采用非线性动力方程计算其基底剪力值,与有限元法计算结果对比分析。研究结果表明:当速度指数为0.3的时候,在地震动作用下其结构柱顶的加速度变大;当速度指数大于等于0.7时,滞回曲线明显变扁,耗能减震的效率降低到15%以下。相对于全布置方案,按方案7在布置粘滞性阻尼器,球罐基底剪力、柱顶速度、柱顶位移、拉杆应力及拉杆拉力的控制上,效果能达到全布置方案的60%以上,在波高的控制上能达到70%以上。有限元验算与计算结果较为吻合,可为后续的研究应用提供参考依据。粘滞阻尼器有助于球罐结构减震,但粘滞阻尼器的参数和配置方案应综合考虑工程的实际情况而定。     

Dynamic behavior of single-layer latticed cylindrical shells subjected to seismic loading

The single-layer latticed cylindrical shell is one of the most widely adopted space-framed structures. In this paper, free vibration properties and dynamic response to horizontal and vertical seismic waves of single-layer latticed cylindrical shells are analyzed by the finite clement method using ANSYS software. In the numerical study, where hundreds of cases were analyzed, the parameters considered included rise-span ratio, length-span ratio, surface load and member section size. Moreover, to better define the actual behavior of single-layer latticed shells, the study is focused on the dynamic stress response to both axial forces and bending moments. Based on the numerical results, the effects of the parameters considered on the stresses are discussed and a modified seismic force coefficient method is suggested. In addition, some advice based on these rescarch results is presented to help in the future design of such structures.     

基于BP神经网络的网格结构损伤识别与试验研究

针对网格结构中杆件数量众多,但节点数总是远远小于杆件数的特点,损伤识别中采用了基于BP神经网络技术和面向节点的损伤初步定位方法的网格结构损伤识别的三步法。对双层柱面网壳结构模型在不同杆件去掉时的四种损伤情况下的振动特性进行了实测,并以实测低阶模态的频率变化率和少数测点的振型分量作为神经网络输入参数,对模型的各种损伤情况进行了识别。结果表明,所用的方法可以精简神经网络的结构,并提高其模式识别的能力。该方法可用于对大型复杂结构的损伤识别。     

网壳结构的粘滞阻尼减振分析与试验研究

本文将粘滞阻尼器引入网壳结构,针对网壳结构粘滞阻尼器减振系统,编制了有限元分析程序,并对网壳结构进行了大量的振动控制分析和计算。作者设计制做了适合网壳结构的粘滞阻尼器,进行了性能试验;在此基础上设计制作了一个球型网壳结构模型,并进行了粘滞阻尼器减振的地震模拟振动台试验。     

A simplified analytical model for U-shaped steel dampers considering horizontal bidirectional deformation

Hysteresis steel dampers are widely used in earthquake-resistant structures, where some of them are anisotropic and capable of sustaining earthquake-induced bidirectional deformation. In this paper, a simplified analytical model is proposed for simulating the hysteretic behavior of U-shaped steel dampers with horizontal bidirectional deformation. The proposed model is composed of a series of shear springs with different nonlinear characteristics in a radial configuration, and the Menegotto–Pinto hysteresis model is employed to represent the hysteretic characteristics of the springs. The mechanical and shape-related parameters of the hysteresis model are set according to the multi-directional deformation characteristics of steel dampers. With the aim of validating the effectiveness and applicability of the analytical model, a U-shaped steel damper was used as an example. The pseudo-static hysteretic characteristics of the steel damping element were analyzed and the elasto-plastic seismic response of a curved bridge featuring a steel hysteresis device was investigated. The results showed that the proposed model is sufficiently accurate to simulate the hysteretic behavior of U-shaped steel dampers, and thus provides a practical method to assess U-shaped steel dampers through seismic response analysis.     

Experimental and analytical study on pounding reduction of base‐isolated highway bridges using MR dampers

Pounding between adjacent superstructures has been a major cause of highway bridge damage in the past several earthquakes. This paper presents an experimental and analytical study on pounding reduction of highway bridges subjected to earthquake ground motions by using magnetorheological (MR) dampers. An analytical model, which incorporates structural pounding and MR dampers, is developed. A series of shaking table tests on a 1:20 scaled base‐isolated bridge model are performed to investigate the effects of pounding between adjacent superstructures on the dynamics of the structures. Based on the test results, the parameters of the linear and the nonlinear viscoelastic impact models are identified. Performance of the semiactive system for reducing structural pounding is also investigated experimentally, in which the MR dampers are used in conjunction with the proposed control strategy, to verify the effectiveness of the MR dampers. Structural responses are also simulated by using the established analytical model and compared with the shaking table test results. The results show that pounding between adjacent superstructures of the highway bridge significantly increases the structural acceleration responses. For the base‐isolated bridge model considered here, the semiactive control system with MR dampers effectively precludes pounding. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

15km3天然气球罐设计研究及优化

天然气的广泛应用,促进存储容器向大型化发展。以已投产使用的10km³天然气球罐为设计基础,设计建造完全国产化的15km³天然气球罐,利用计算参数建立有限元模型,验证模型的可靠性。建立双层拉杆模型,施加地震荷载及风载,进行动力响应分析及应力分析。为讨论双层拉杆最优位置及直径,建立了5种上下拉杆比例不同的模型,另外每种比例模型设计3种不同拉杆直径。结果表明:在8度设防二类场地地震波的情况下,上层和下层拉杆比例为0.618∶1,直径为50mm的模型对于球罐优化方面优于其他模型,球罐各项参数均显著减小且应力无放大效应。     

Stochastic seismic response of structures with added viscoelastic dampers modeled by fractional derivative

Viscoelastic dampers, as supplementary energy dissipation devices, have been used in building structures under seismic excitation or wind loads. Different analytical models have been proposed to describe their dynamic force deformation characteristics. Among these analytical models, the fractional derivative models have attracted more attention as they can capture the frequency dependence of the material stiffness and damping properties observed from tests very well. In this paper, a Fourier-transform-based technique is presented to obtain the fractional unit impulse function and the response of structures with added viscoelastic dampers whose force-deformation relationship is described by a fractional derivative model. Then, a Duhamel integral-type expression is suggested for the response analysis of a fractional damped dynamic system subjected to deterministic or random excitation. Through numerical verification, it is shown that viscoelastic dampers are effective in reducing structural responses over a wide frequency range, and the proposed schemes can be used to accurately predict the stochastic seismic response of structures with added viscoelastic dampers described by a Kelvin model with fractional derivative.