顶部条形基础作用下加筋挡墙性能的试验研究

针对加筋挡墙顶部受条形基础载荷作用时的工作性能开展试验研究,分析条形基础距挡墙面板距离对基础极限承载力、加筋挡墙变形特点、筋材应变和破坏模式的影响。试验结果表明：基础极限承载力随基础偏移距离 增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且在 为 （ 为挡墙高度）时达到最大值;条形基础加载至破坏前一级载荷时,基础沉降与挡墙高度比值均小于2%,面板水平位移与挡墙高度比值均小于1%,且当 小于0.6时,面板顶部水平位移明显大于中底部;各层筋材中应变最大值随 增加而逐渐向远离面板方向发展,且筋材最大应变由最初出现在顶层而转向中间层;顶部受条形基础载荷作用下加筋挡墙破坏以3种模式为主,即顶层面板挤出的浅层破坏、破坏面沿基础边缘发展并向深部推进和加筋挡墙整体破坏。     

循环荷载及静载下土工格室加筋路堤模型试验研究

为探究土工格室加筋路堤在循环荷载及静载下的各种性能,利用美国GCTS公司的USTX-2000加载装置进行加载,通过改变加筋层数、格室高度,格室焊距对土工格室加筋路堤进行一系列模型试验。对各种工况下加筋路堤极限承载力、长期循环荷载及固定振次循环荷载后极限承载力的变化进行研究。试验表明,土工格室加筋能显著提高地基极限承载力并能显著减小坡顶和坡中临界破坏时的法向累积变形,在加筋间距一定的情况下,加筋层数增加和格室高度增大均可不同程度提高极限承载力并减小临界破坏时坡顶法向累积变形,格室焊距的减小也可在一定程度提高极限承载力,格室焊距对边坡法向变形影响不大;长期循环荷载下固定间距加筋层数对路堤竖向累积沉降量影响不大,而对边坡坡顶法向累积变形有一定影响,格室高度增大和格室焊距减小均可不同程度减小路堤竖向累积沉降量和坡面法向累积变形;越靠近加载点处,路堤土压力值受加筋影响越显著,加筋提高了土体刚度和密实度,使加筋路堤土压力值较无筋路堤明显增大;对于无筋路堤,改变动载幅值和振次均导致振后极限承载力有不同程度的降低,而对于加筋路堤,当动载幅值≥30 kPa或动载振次≥1 000时,振后极限承载力均有不同程度的提高。     

均布荷载下台阶式加筋土挡墙性能的试验分析

台阶式加筋土挡墙变形与力学特性尚待进一步深入研究。利用模型试验综合分析台阶宽度、上墙筋材长度和筋材层间距对两级台阶式加筋土挡墙性能的影响,试验结果表明:当台阶宽度由1.3H₁(H₁为下墙高度)减至0.4H₁、筋材层间距减小或上墙筋材长度增加时,挡墙顶部沉降明显减少,且墙顶极限承载力显著增加;台阶式加筋土挡墙水平变形受台阶宽度和上墙筋材长度的影响显著,顶部加载时以上墙中部“鼓肚”和下墙沿墙高逐渐增大为主;增加台阶宽度使上墙底部垂直土压力增加,而下墙靠近墙面侧垂直土压力显著减小,增加上墙筋材长度和减少层间距使垂直土压力向远离墙面一侧发展;顶部加载时台阶式加筋土挡墙滑动面始于加载板后缘,绕过上墙墙底承台并贯通于下墙顶部土体,其破坏模式以上墙深层滑动破坏为主。     

Bearing capacity of two close strip footings on soft clay reinforced with geotextile

For many years ago, the beneficial effects of using reinforcement to improve the property of soil have been demonstrated. Over the last three decades, the use of polymeric reinforcement such as geotextile has increased in geotechnical engineering. Among the possible applications, earth reinforcement techniques have become useful and economical techniques to solve many problems in geotechnical engineering practice, such as improve the bearing capacity and settlement characteristics of the footing. This research presents the effect of geotextile inclusion on the bearing capacity of two close strip footings located at the surface of soft clay. A broad series of finite element analysis were performed on two footings with width of 1 and 2 m using two-dimensional plane strain model using the computer code Plaxis (ver 8). Only one type of soft clay was used for the analysis, and the soil was represented by two yielding criteria including hardening soil model and Mohr–Coulomb model, while reinforcement was represented by elastic element, and at the interface between the reinforcements and soft clay, interface elements have been used. A wide range of boundary conditions, including unreinforced and reinforced cases, was analyzed by varying parameters such as number of geotextile layers, vertical spacing of layers, depth to topmost layer of geotextile, tensile stiffness of geotextile layers, and distance of between two footings. From numerical results, the bearing capacity ratio and the interference factor of the foundations have been estimated. On the basis of the analysis performed in this research, it can be concluded that there is a best distance between footings and optimum depth for topmost layer to achieve maximum bearing capacity for closely spaced strip footings. The bearing capacity was also found to increase with increasing number of reinforcement layers if the reinforcements were placed within a range of effective depths. In addition, the analysis indicated that increasing reinforcement stiffness beyond a threshold value does not result in a further increase in the bearing capacity.     

Numerical study of the 3D failure envelope of a single pile in sand

The paper presents a comprehensive study of the failure envelope (or capacity diagram) of a single elastic pile in sand. The behavior of a pile subjected to different load combinations is simulated using a large number of finite element numerical calculations. The sand is modeled using a constitutive law based on hypoplasticity. In order to find the failure envelope in the three-dimensional space (i.e. horizontal force H, bending moment M and vertical force V), the radial displacement method and swipe tests are numerically performed. It is found that with increasing vertical load the horizontal bearing capacity of the pile decreases. Furthermore, the presence of bending moment on the pile head significantly influences the horizontal bearing capacity and the capacity diagram in the H–M plane manifests an inclined elliptical shape. An analytical equation providing good agreement with the 3D numerical results is finally proposed. The formula is useful for design purposes and the development of simplified modeling numerical strategies such as macro-element.     

Lateral force and centroid location caused by horizontal and vertical surcharge strip loads on a cross‐anisotropic backfill

This work presents analytical solutions for determining lateral force (force per unit length) and centroid location caused by horizontal and vertical surcharge surface loads acting on a cross‐anisotropic backfill. The surcharge loading types are point load, line load, uniform strip load, upward linear‐varying strip load, upward nonlinear‐varying strip load, downward linear‐varying strip load, and downward nonlinear‐varying strip load. The planes of cross‐anisotropy are assumed parallel to the backfill ground surface. The proposed solutions, derived by integrating the lateral stress solutions (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 2005; 29 :1341–1361), do not exist in literature. Clearly, the type and degree of material anisotropy, loading distance from the retaining wall, and loading types markedly impact the proposed solutions. Two examples are utilized to illustrate the type and degree of soil anisotropy, and the loading types on the lateral force and centroid location in the isotropic/cross‐anisotropic backfills generated by the horizontal and vertical uniform, upward linear‐varying and upward nonlinear‐varying strip loads. The parametric study results demonstrate that the lateral force and centroid location accounting for soil anisotropy, loading distance from the retaining wall, dimension of the loading strip, and loading directions and types differ significantly from those estimated using existing isotropic solutions. The derived solutions can be added to other lateral pressures, such as earth pressure or water pressure, required for stability and structural analysis of a retaining wall. Additionally, they can simulate realistically actual surcharge loading problems in geotechnical engineering when backfill materials are cross‐anisotropic. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bearing capacity tests of strip footings on reinforced layered soil

The ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings resting on subsoil consisting of a strong sand layer (reinforced/unreinforced) overlying a low bearing capacity sand deposit has been investigated. Three principal problems were analysed based on results obtained from the model tests as follows: (1) the effect of stratified subsoil on the foundations bearing capacity; (2) the effect of reinforcing the top layer with horizontal layers of geogrid reinforcement on the bearing capacity; (3) effect of reinforcing stratified subsoil (reinforced and unreinforced) on the settlement of the foundation. It has been observed that reinforcing the subsoil after replacing the top layer of soil with a well-graded soil is beneficial as the mobilization of soil-reinforcement frictional resistance will increase.     

Experimental Study of Bearing Capacity of Granular Soils,Reinforced with Innovative Grid-Anchor System

The pull-out resistance of reinforcing elements is one of the most significant factors in increasing the bearing capacity of geosynthetic reinforced soils. In this research a new reinforcing element that includes elements (anchors) attached to ordinary geogrid for increasing the pull-out resistance of reinforcements is introduced. Reinforcement therefore consists of geogrid and anchors with cubic elements that attached to the geogrid, named (by the authors) Grid-Anchor. A total of 45 load tests were performed to investigate the bearing capacity of square footing on sand reinforced with this system. The effect of depth of the first reinforcement layer, the vertical spacing, the number and width of reinforcement layers, the distance that anchors are effective, effect of relative density, low strain stiffness and stiffness after local shear were investigated. Laboratory tests showed that when a single layer of reinforcement is used there is an optimum reinforcement embedment depth for which the bearing capacity is the greatest. There also appeared to be an optimum vertical spacing of reinforcing layers for multi-layer reinforced sand. The bearing capacity was also found to increase with increasing number of reinforcement layer, if the reinforcement were placed within a range of effective depth. The effect of soil density also is investigated. Finally the results were compared with the bearing capacity of footings on non-reinforced sand and sand reinforced with ordinary geogrid and the advantages of the Grid-Anchor were highlighted. Test results indicated that the use of Grid-Anchor to reinforce the sand increased the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow square footing by a factor of 3.0 and 1.8 times compared to that for un-reinforced soil and soil reinforced with ordinary geogrid, respectively.     

加筋带布置对地基承载力的影响

现场原位载荷试验表明：素碎石薄垫层(Z/B=0.2)地基经土工带加筋后，能提高地基承载力。通过承载力比BCR分析加筋层数Ⅳ、加筋首层间距U、加筋带间距H、加筋线密度LDR对地基承载力的影响，并对极限稳定时筋带的设计拉力进行了讨论，提出用筋带的设计强度预估加筋地基极限承载力。     

Experimental and numerical analyses of circular footing on geogrid-reinforced granular fill underlain by soft clay

Experimental and numerical investigations into the bearing capacity of circular footing on geogrid-reinforced compacted granular fill layer overlying on natural clay deposit have been conducted in this study. A total of 8 field tests were carried out using circular model rigid footing with a diameter of 0.30 m. 3D numerical analyses were performed to simulate soil behavior using finite element program Plaxis 3D Foundation. The results from the FE analysis are in very good agreement with the experimental observations. It is shown that the degree of improvement depends on thickness of granular fill layer and properties and configuration of geogrid layers. Parameters of the experimental and numerical analyses include depth of first reinforcement, vertical spacing of reinforcement layers. The results indicate that the use of geogrid-reinforced granular fill layers over natural clay soils has considerable effects on the bearing capacity and significantly reduces the lateral displacement and vertical displacement of the footing.     

加筋土挡墙静载模型试验及其力学性能研究

为研究加筋土挡墙在墙顶荷载作用下土体受力和变形形态,通过改变筋材层数、筋材长度和替换加筋材料等方式对加筋土挡墙进行了4种工况的模型试验。对4种工况下的加筋土墙体内竖向土压力、墙面水平位移、墙顶竖向位移和筋材应变等进行对比研究。研究表明,挡墙上部竖向土压力增长较快且各层竖向土压力最大值由加载点下部向墙面处移动;墙顶荷载超过130 kPa时,由于不均匀沉降,第5层筋材对应墙面处有向内收缩趋势,墙面水平位移最大值大约在上三分点位置;整个加载阶段,筋材总体应变值增幅不大且远小于筋材设计应变峰值;增加挡墙内筋材层数和增加筋材长度均可提升挡墙各方面性能,但增加筋材层数提高效果要优于增加筋材长度;使用废旧轮胎代替单向格栅进行加筋可有效提高挡墙整体性能,分散超载引起的附加应力,有效减小墙面水平位移和墙顶竖向位移。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of slope stabilization by stone columns

In this study, an investigation has been performed on a small-scaled laboratory model and its numerical model by the code of PLAXIS to see the effect of stone columns (SCs) placed vertically in a soft soil slope in terms of slope stability, bearing capacity, and settlements. Also, several hypothetical cases have been examined by the code. Effect of s/D ratios (distance between the vertical axes of SCs/diameter of SCs) was also investigated on slope stability, ultimate bearing capacity, and settlement of a footing rested on top of the slope on the laboratory model. Firstly, ultimate bearing capacity and settlement properties of soil were determined for unreinforced soil that is no SCs were considered. Then, some values of soil were determined after the installation of stone columns with various ratios of s/D. The ratios of s/D were 2, 3, 3.5, and 4. The tests carried out on the laboratory model were simulated and numerically analyzed in two dimensions under plain-strain conditions by Mohr?CCoulomb model. In the analyses, PLAXIS computer code, which is based on finite elements method, has been employed. Then, a parametric investigation was carried out to see the effect of SCs on the stability of the slope. In the parametric investigation, several hypothetical cases that were one layer of soil and two layers of soil with the presence of water in the reservoir side of the slopes were examined. The analyses in the investigation were performed by the PLAXIS code for various slope angles ??, ratios of c/(??H), and ratios of s/D. From the test results of the laboratory model, and the results obtained from the numerical analyses, it was observed that the bearing capacity of the footing constructed on the top of the slope in soft soil was increased; settlements were decreased after the improvement with SCs. From the analyses performed, it was found that the SCs increased the stability of slope 1.18- to 1.62-fold as a relative effect of different parameters.     

Pseudo Static Seismic Stability Analysis of Reinforced Soil Structures

The paper pertains to the pseudo-static seismic stability analysis of reinforced soil structures. Using limit equilibrium method and assuming the failure surface to be logarithmic spiral, analysis has been conducted to maintain internal stability against both tensile and pullout failure of the reinforcements. The external stability of the reinforced earth wall is also assessed in terms of its sliding, overturning, eccentricity and bearing modes of failure. The influence of the intensity of the surcharge load placed on the backfill is also considered in the analysis. The obtained results are validated by comparing the same with those reported in literature. Studies have also been made regarding the influence of backfill soil friction angle, horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations, surcharge load, the tensile strength of reinforcement, pullout length of the reinforcement and number of reinforcement layers on the seismic stability against various failure modes as mentioned earlier.     

Experimental and numerical study of soil-reinforcement effects on the low-strain stiffness and bearing capacity of shallow foundations

This paper presents results of meticulous laboratory testing and numerical simulations on the effect of reinforcement on the low-strain stiffness and bearing capacity of shallow foundations on dry sand. The effect of the location and the number of reinforcement layers is studied in the laboratory, whereas numerical simulations are used to study the reinforcement-foundation interaction. Laboratory tests show an increase of 100, 200, and 275% not only in bearing capacity but also in low-strain stiffness (linear load–displacement behaviour) of a square foundation when one, two, and three layers of reinforcement are used, respectively. The specimen preparation technique is found to be crucial for the repeatability and reliability of the laboratory results (less than 5% variability). Numerical simulations demonstrate that if reinforcements are placed up to a depth of one footing width (B) below the foundation, better re-distribution of the load to deeper layers is achieved, thus reducing the stresses and strains underneath the foundation. Numerical simulations and experimental results clearly identify a critical zone between 0.3 and 0.5B, where maximum benefits not only on the bearing capacity but also on the low-strain stiffness of the foundation are obtained. Therefore, soil reinforcement can also be used to reduce low-strain vibrations of foundations.     

有限填土加筋土挡墙的稳定性及破坏模式分析

有限填土加筋土挡墙是短加筋土挡墙的一种特殊情况,其工作性状还没有被清晰地认识。文章在离心模型试验成果的基础上,采用FLAC软件建立有限填土加筋土挡墙的二维数值模型,讨论了加筋间距、加筋长度以及墙面与竖直平面的夹角对挡墙稳定性和破坏模式的影响。结果表明:（1）墙后有限填土情况下主动土压力约为库伦主动土压力的1/2~1/3;（2）在稳定地基工况下,挡墙均为复合破坏模式,滑动面呈折线型,在挡墙中下部,滑动面同时穿过了加筋区和填土区,从墙趾处滑出;在挡墙上部,滑动面基本沿着填土与稳定墙面的接触面向上发展;（3）潜在滑动面是自下向上逐渐形成的,体现为下部剪切、上部拉张的特征;（4）在墙后有限填土情况下,加筋长度减小到0.4H时,挡墙仍能保持稳定,加筋间距在控制挡墙稳定性方面具有重要作用。     

条形基础加筋砂土地基极限承载力计算

基于传统的极限平衡条分法,利用临界滑动场法计算了条形基础的加筋地基极限承载力。假定土体处于极限平衡状态时,土体与筋材间存在均匀的摩擦力,通过建立土体条块极限平衡方程,推导了地基承载力的递推关系式。首先,设定计算土体范围,并划分条块和离散状态点;其次,根据递推公式计算各个状态点的参数,并搜索临界滑面;最后,根据搜索出的滑面计算地基承载力。通过实例比较进一步验证了计算结果的可靠性,并分析了首层筋带埋深、铺设层数和长度对地基承载力和滑面位置的影响。研究结果表明：地基承载力随着筋带埋深的增加先增大后减小;随着层数和长度的增加先逐渐增大,最后趋于稳定;滑面位置的变化规律主要是垂直影响深度和水平影响范围增大或减小。该方法原理简单、易于编程,为条形基础加筋地基承载力的计算提供了一种新思路,是临界滑动场法在地基承载力计算中的推广应用。     

Bearing capacity of square footings on reinforced layered soil

In the present study, an approximate method has been suggested to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of a square footing resting on reinforced layered soil. The soil is reinforced with horizontal layers of reinforcement in the top layer of soil only. The pre requisite to the method is the ultimate bearing capacity of unreinforced layered soil, which can be determined from the methods already available in literature. The results have been validated with the model tests conducted on two layered soil compacted at different densities and the top layer reinforced with horizontal layers of geogrid reinforcement.     

External seismic stability of vertical geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls using pseudo-static method

Analysis of external stability of vertical geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls is very important in the seismic prone zone. The scope of this paper is to obtain required minimum reinforcement length, L _min, for external seismic stability of vertical GRS walls by pseudo-static limit equilibrium method. Then, L _min can be calculated to resist sliding, eccentricity, and bearing capacity failure modes. The parameters considered include both horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients (k _h and k _v ), surcharge load (q), wall height (H) and the properties of retained backfill, GRS, and foundation soil. Results show that L _min against sliding failure mode, L _min,S , increases more quickly than that against the other two failure modes with the increase in k _h , q, or unit weight of retained backfill, γ _b , while L _min,S decreases more quickly than that against the other two failure modes with increase in friction angle of retained backfill, ? _b , or unit weight of GRS, γ _r . For the different failure modes, the effect of k _v on L _min is not identical with the change of k _h , and in addition, L _min/H will tend to remain unchanged with the increase in H. In general, L _min against bearing capacity failure mode, L _min,BC, is larger than L _min against the other two failure modes. However, L _min,BC will be less than L _min against eccentricity failure mode, L _min,E , for k _h exceeding 0.35, or friction angle of foundation soil, ? _f , exceeding 37°, and L _min,BC will also be less than L _min,S for friction angle of GRS, ? _r , being no more than 26°.     

加筋土桥台承载特性的载荷试验研究

加筋土桥台作为承载结构,其承载力及其影响因素备受关注。以美国鲍曼桥为工程原型,通过大比例缩尺模型的静载试验研究加筋土柔性桥台的承载性能。试验研究中,以有纺土工织物为筋材,共设置3组加筋土柔性桥台模型的载荷试验,主要考察桥梁基座的位置,即桥梁承载区外沿与面板的水平净距对桥台承载力的影响及其变化规律。试验结果表明,水平净距是影响加筋土桥台承载性能的重要因素,承载能力随水平净距的增大而增大,但增幅快速递减;桥台面层水平位移和顶部沉降均随水平净距的逐渐增大而减小,且减小趋势表现出收敛特征;随着水平净距增大,筋材应变极值减小,桥台整体稳定性增强,表现出良好的复合体特性。试验研究结果还表明,美国现行规范关于加筋土桥台承载力计算方法可能仅限于特定的填料和加筋布置方式,因此在工程实践中宜结合工程实际。     

Uplift response of symmetrical anchor plates in reinforced cohesionless soil

The uplift response of symmetrical anchor plates with and without geogrid reinforcement layers has been evaluated in model tests and numerical simulations using PLAXIS. Many parameters of the reinforcement layers were used to reinforce the sandy soil over circular, square, and rectangular symmetrical anchor plates of various sizes. In the current research, different parameters, such as relative density of sand and embedment ratios, in conjunction with geogrid reinforcement layer parameters including size, number of layers, and the proximity of the layer to the circular anchor plate, were investigated in a scale model. The failure mechanism and the associated rupture surface were observed and evaluated. Test results showed that using geogrid reinforcement layers significantly improves the uplift capacity of symmetrical anchor plates. It was found that inclusion of one geogrid layer resting directly on top of the symmetrical anchor plate was more effective in enhancing the symmetrical anchor capacity than the layer itself. It was also found that the inclusion of one geogrid layer on the symmetrical anchor plate improved the uplift capacity more than the same symmetrical anchor plate embedded without a reinforcement layer. The single geogrid layer was also more effective in enhancing the uplift capacity compared to the multiple geogrid layer reinforcement approach. In general, the results show that the uplift capacity of symmetrical anchor plates in loose and dense sand can be significantly increased by the inclusion of geogrid layers. It was also observed that the inclusion of geogrid layers reduces the requirement for a higher L/D ratio to achieve the required uplift capacity. The results of the laboratory and numerical analysis are found to be in agreement in terms of the breakout factor and failure mechanism pattern.