Effect of near-fault earthquake on bridges: lessons learned from Chi-Chi earthquake

The objective of this paper is to describe the lessons learned and actions that have been taken related to the seismic design of bridge structures after the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Much variable near-fault ground motion data was collected from the rupture of Chelungpu fault during the Chi-Chi earthquake, allowing the seismic response of bridge structures subjected to these near-fault ground motions to be carefully examined. To study the near-fault ground motion effect on bridge seismic design codes, a two-level seismic design of bridge structures was developed and implemented. This design code reflects the near-fault factors in the seismic design forces. Finally, a risk assessment methodology, based on bridge vulnerability, is also developed to assist in decisions for reducing seismic risk due to failure of bridges. Director of Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering. Supported by: the Science Council, Chinese Taipei, under grant no. SC 90-2211-E-002-028.     

汶川大地震简支梁桥落梁震害与设计对策

总结了5.12汶川大地震中简支梁桥落梁震害及主要影响因素,发现除地震山体滑坡等地质灾害外,断层地表破裂、近断层地震动效应、桥台胸墙冲切破坏、防落梁构造措施单一及桥梁体型复杂等因素都是引起简支梁桥落梁震害的重要原因。提出了简支梁桥防落梁设计的基本理念及相关技术方案要点为允许墩梁间发生滑移,以降低桥墩承受的地震惯性力,以及盖梁提供允许的最大滑移长度及支座支承宽度,再辅助挡块或拉索限位器等共同防止落梁发生。最后结合现行规范,以拉索限位器为例给出了简支梁桥防落梁设计方法。     

The response law of far-field seismic ground motion of the Wenchuan earthquake and its damaging mechanism in the Loess Plateau

A series of housing collapses and other serious damage was caused by the 2008 Wenchuan M_S 8.0 earthquake in the seismic intensity Ⅵ areas of the Loess Plateau, which is hundreds of kilometers away from the epicenter, and which showed a remarkable seismic intensity anomaly. The seismic disasters are closely related to the seismic response characteristics of the site, therefore, the systematic study of the far-field seismic response law of the Wenchuan earthquake in the Loess Plateau is of great significance to prevent the far-field disaster of great earthquake. In this paper, the seismic acceleration records of several bedrock stations and loess stations from the seismogenic fault of the Wenchuan earthquake to the Loess Plateau were collected, and the attenuation law of ground motion along the propagation path and the characteristics of seismic response on the loess site are studied, and the mechanism of amplification effect of ground motion is analyzed based on the dynamic feature parameters of the loess site obtained through the HVSR method. Taking a typical loess site of thick deposit as the prototype, a series of shaking table tests of dynamic response of loess site models with different thicknesses were carried out. Amplification effect, spectral characteristics of acceleration in model sites were analyzed under the action of a far-field seismic wave of the Wenchuan earthquake. The results show that seismic attenuation on the propagation path along the NE strike of the seismogenic fault to the Loess Plateau is slower than that in other directions, and the predominant period range of ground motion on bedrock site of the Loess Plateau presents broadband characteristics. Because the natural periods of loess sites with thick deposits are within the predominant period range of bedrock input wave, loess sites appear significant amplification effect of ground motion, the horizontal acceleration of ground motion exceeds 0.1 ?g, the seismic intensity reaches 7°. The thicker the loess deposit is, the more significant the change of spectral characteristics of ground motion on loess sites, and the narrower the predominant period range of ground motion becomes, and the closer it is to the natural period of loess sites. Therefore, for some old houses on thick loess sites, the poor seismic performance and strong seismic response eventually led to their collapses and damages because their natural periods are very close to the predominant period of ground motion of the Wenchuan earthquake on thick loess sites; For these damaged high-rise buildings, the resonance effect might be the main reason for their damages because their natural periods are included in the predominant period range of ground motion of the Wenchuan earthquake on thick loess sites.These research results would provide a basis for seismic disasters prediction and evaluation and seismic design of construction engineering in the Loess Plateau.     

铁路梁式桥地震灾害损失评估

针对铁路桥梁地震灾害评估中多因素影响问题,结合铁路桥梁地震灾害的复杂特点和各结构层次的震害表现形式,从桥面系、上部结构和下部结构3个方面构建铁路梁式桥地震灾害评估指标体系.基于改进的层次分析法计算了各评估指标的权重,以桥梁承灾系统为研究主体,运用多级综合模糊理论,建立铁路梁式桥震害评估模型.结合汶川地震中一座铁路混凝土...     

青海玛多M7.4地震中桥梁地震破坏现象分析

2021年5月22日青海省玛多县发生了M7.4地震,造成玛多县境内的野马滩1、2号桥破坏,其主要表现为桥梁纵向位移过大导致多跨主梁落梁,桥墩也有不同程度的破损.经现场专家鉴定,地震影响烈度均突破桥梁抗震设计值,并且初步判断这种整齐划一的落梁震害的机理系近断层地震动方向性效应的强速度脉冲作用所致.野马滩大桥位置的地震影响烈度调查结果为Ⅸ,但是野马滩大桥附近无强震动观测台站,大桥附近没有获得地震动记录,这不利于野马滩大桥地震作用下地震响应和破坏机理的研究.另外,野马滩大桥的设计参数和折损情况也很难掌握,桥梁模型难以准确估计.为此,本文拟采用另一座同等抗震设防烈度的桥梁,通过有限元程序,使用反应谱法作为参考,同时使用拟合的地震动和脉冲记录进行桥梁结构反应时程分析,以便间接地揭示玛多地震桥梁地震反应特征和破坏机理.计算结果分析表明,所分析的桥梁结构地震响应位移和内力均超过罕遇地震设计值,其中一条地震动记录最大反应接近极罕遇设计值,导致桥梁结构出现破坏甚至损毁震害现象的出现.     

汶川地震框架柱震害的初步分析

按照框架结构抗震概念设计的要求,结构应具有多道抗震防线,其中一个原则是“强柱弱梁”。但是在汶川地震中,框架结构柱的破坏明显重于梁,柱端与节点的破坏较为突出,即所谓的“强梁弱柱”结构很普遍。在对地震破坏区实地考察的基础上,对框架结构梁柱节点处的破坏以及柱顶、柱脚和柱身的震害进行分类,分析了各种震害的原因,总结了框架结构中框架柱的破坏特点,从期为将来框架柱的抗震设计提供震害经验。     

汶川地区震后钢筋混凝土框架结构的地震易损性研究

以汶川地震为研究背景,针对震后典型钢筋混凝土框架结构进行地震易损性研究。基于Cornell理论框架结合汶川地质资料,拟合出考虑场地特点的地震危险性模型,同时定义损伤水平状态及限值指标,以概率解析易损性研究方法为基础,运用考虑地震动参数的解析易损性评估方法绘制汶川地区钢筋混凝土框架建筑的地震易损性曲线。研究结果表明:考虑地震动参数的概率解析易损性研究方法是一种有效的地震易损性评估方法;以PGA作为地震强度输入指标的结构反应,随自振周期的增大体系最大响应的相关性降低,结构各个损伤状态的失效概率均随之增大。     

汶川地震前南北地震带中北段地形变变化特征的研究

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震是我国自建国以来灾难最为严重的一次强地震。 文中讨论了汶川地震前震源附近与外围地区潮汐形变变化及龙门山地震带、 鲜水河地震带和祁连山地震带断层活动的特点。 分析结果表明: 震前沿龙门山地震带分布的雅安、 汶川及茂县观测台地倾斜测项在2006年初发生转折, 由单向东倾或西倾转向平稳, 临震前无明显变化; 龙门山断裂带及附近地区有5个断层水准观测场地, 除耿达场地观测到巨幅变化外, 其他场地震前未观测到突出的前兆性变化。 震源外围龙灯坝断层蠕变仪(Δ=220 km)震前观测到持续时间在3个月左右的突变性异常, 但依据突变持续时间较难估计相应地震为8级。 而离震中较远的祁连山地震带中西段, 震前也有巨大的断层水准变化, 其与汶川地震的关系值得讨论。     

汶川大地震震害特点与成因分析

2008年5月12日汶川地震造成巨大人员伤亡和财产损失.本文从工程抗震角度分析了震区房屋倒塌的原因,指出地震时房屋倒塌与否与诸多因素有关.在此基础上,分析了汶川地震震害严重的四个主要因素:震级大,烈度高,断层破裂长;震区人口稠密,房屋、路桥等人工工程多;抗震设防水平低;地震诱发地质灾害严重.最后,将汶川地震震害与1976年唐山地震震害作了对比.所得结论可供理解汶川地震震害、改进结构抗震设计参考.     

汶川地震中远场深覆盖土层动力反应分析

对上海佘山地震台在汶川地震中测得的基岩波地震记录进行频谱特性分析,然后以同济大学教学科研综合楼场地土层为研究对象,应用水平成层土层地震反应的一维有限元方法,分析该深覆盖场地在这一实测地震记录作用下的动力反应,并将其与同济大学强震监测台在汶川地震中获得的地表波记录进行对比。结果表明：汶川地震的远场地震动记录中,基岩波的长周期卓越性比地表波更为明显;而在土层剪应变为10-6~10-4的小变形阶段,《上海市地震动参数区划》中给出的各类土壤的阻尼比建议值明显偏小。最后,对阻尼比的修正进行了一些探讨。     

长联大跨摩擦摆支座隔震连续梁桥多维地震反应分析

结合长联大跨连续梁桥的特点,以1座(65+123+156+123+10×90+55)m长联大跨摩擦摆支座隔震连续梁桥为背景,建立了全桥三维有限元模型,运用非线性时程分析法,分析了地震动输入模式、地震动强度、摩擦摆支座参数对该桥内力、位移和能量响应的影响。研究结果表明:(1)长联大跨连续梁桥布置摩擦摆支座,可有效延滞固定墩顶有效主梁质量效应,实现全桥协同抗震。大部分地震能量可通过支座滞回耗能散耗,大幅降低了该桥固定墩地震能量耗散需求。(2)长联大跨连续梁桥减隔震设计中,建议采用水平单向+竖向地震组合进行内力设计,采用三向地震组合进行位移设计。(3)强震作用下,支座摩擦因数取0.029~0.034时该桥隔震性能最优。     

玛多地震中大野马岭大桥震害机理分析

2021年5月22日青海玛多发生了M_s7.4级地震,从地震中桥梁震害情况看:此次地震的特点是断层北侧震害轻,南侧震害重。位于断层南侧的野马滩大桥是简支梁桥,发生大量落梁,是此次地震中受损最为严重的大桥之一;而位于北侧的大野马岭大桥是连续梁桥,仅发生了部分挡块开裂。其中原因值得深入研究。本文通过有限元分析软件Midas/Civil建立大野马岭大桥（上行线）模型,进行地震反应分析,讨论分析了大野马岭大桥在此次地震中的震害机理。发现南北向的地震动是造成该桥横向挡块破坏的主要原因,东西向地震动因受到桥台和纵向挡块的约束并没有出现严重损伤。若将该桥由连续梁桥变成简支梁桥,地震反应会有所变化,但总体趋势特点变化并不大。另外,本文通过现有资料选定5组地震动作为输入,进行地震反应分析,比较分析不同地震动对该桥的影响,并验证地震动模拟效果。     

Shake-table tests and numerical simulation of an innovative isolation system for highway bridges

Damage investigation of small to medium-span highway bridges in Wenchuan earthquake revealed that typical damage of these bridges included: sliding between laminated-rubber bearings and bridge girders, concrete shear keys failure, excessive girder displacements and even span collapse. However, the bearing sliding could actually act as a seismic isolation for piers, and hence, damage to piers for these bridges was minor during the earthquake. Based on this concept, an innovative solation system for highway bridges with laminated-rubber bearings is developed. The system is comprised of typical laminated-rubber bearings and steel dampers. Bearing sliding is allowed during an earthquake to limit the seismic forces transmitting to piers, and steel dampers are applied to restrict the bearing displacements through hysteretic energy dissipation. As a major part of this research, a quarter-scale, two-span bridge model was constructed and tested on the shake tables to evaluate the performance of this isolation system. The bridge model was subjected to a Northridge and an artificial ground motion in transverse direction. Moreover, numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of the bridge model. Besides the test bridge model, a benchmark model with the superstructure fixed to the substructure in transverse direction was also included in the numerical analyses. Both the experimental and the numerical results showed high effectiveness of this proposed isolation system in the bridge model. The system was found to effectively control the pier-girder relative displacements, and simultaneously, protect the piers from severe damage. Numerical analyses also validated that the existing finite element methods are adequate to estimate the seismic response of bridges with this isolation system.     

波形钢腹板混凝土箱拱地震响应分析

采用时程分析法,对三向地震动作用下的波形钢腹板混凝土箱拱新型结构的地震特性进行分析,通过与混凝土腹板的混凝土箱拱动力特性和地震响应特点的对比,得出该新型拱圈结构具有较优越的抗震性能。同时,把三向地震作用的结果与在两个主方向(纵桥向和横桥向)同时施加地震动的计算结果进行比较,得到竖向地震动对波形板箱拱地震响应的影响程度。     

不规则公路桥梁地震动参数快速评估技术研究

快速评估不规则公路桥梁的地震动参数为桥梁地震响应分析、桥梁安全性设计提供科学依据。研究一种快速、有效的不规则公路桥梁地震动参数评估技术,以C形不规则公路桥梁为原型设计振动台与公路桥梁模型,选取Imperial Valley波作为地震动输入,采用加速度传感器、位移传感器采集桥梁加速度与位移数据;结合已知地震动数据计算地震动持续时长参数,优化衰减模型获取精确的地表峰值加速度参数。分析地表峰值加速度与其他地震动参数关系可知,地表峰值加速度与损坏概率成正比,桥梁结构发生损坏的概率在50%以下;震级越大、震中距越小、地表峰值加速度越大。     

Seismic damage of highway bridges during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Many highway bridges were severely damaged or completely collapsed during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.A field investigation was carried out in the strongly affected areas and over 320 bridges were examined. Damage to some representative highway bridges is briefly described and a preliminary analysis of the probable causes of the damage is presented in this paper. The most common damage included shear-flexural failure of the pier columns, expansion joint failure, shear key failure, and girder sliding in the transversal or longitudinal directions due to weak connections between girder and bearings. Lessons learned from this earthquake are described and recommendations related to the design of curved and skewed bridges, design of bearings and devices to prevent girder collapse, and ductility of bridge piers are presented.Suggestions for future seismic design and retrofitting techniques for bridges in moderate to severe earthquake areas are also proposed.     

四川九寨沟MS7.0地震的地震动分布和衰减特征初步分析

2017年8月8日在四川阿坝州九寨沟县发生了M_S 7.0地震,这是继2008年四川汶川M_S 8.0地震和四川芦山M_S 7.0地震后在此地区发生的又一强震。本研究对此次地震中的66组主震记录进行了常规校正处理,基于此分析了此次地震中典型台站——九寨百合台站的地震动特征,并通过地震动的峰值加速度、反应谱参数分析了近场效应特征。研究结果表明:九寨百合台站的三分量峰值加速度都超过了100 gal,而地震动持时相对较短,并且三分量反应谱在短周期大于Ⅷ度多遇地震设计谱,小于Ⅷ度罕遇地震设计谱;由于九寨沟地震属于典型的走滑型地震,因此地震动参数的方向性特征不明显;九寨沟地震的地震动的峰值加速度以及反应谱谱值小于同等震级的芦山地震,并且小于几个典型衰减关系的预测值。对九寨沟地震的地震动参数特征研究表明,此次地震是一次震级较大、但灾害损毁程度较低的地震。     

美国地震区划图的发展——地震危险性图与抗震设计图

在过去的数十年里,美国地震区划图随着建筑抗震设计需求而不断发展变化,从最初的一张图发展成现今抗震设计图和地震危险性图两图共生的形式。地震危险性图主要反映依据地震科学认识与基础观测资料评估得到的国土地震危险性分布,抗震设计图则继承了传统地震区划图的主要功能,反映国土范围内建筑抗震设计所需地震动设计参数的分布,服务于建筑设计。依据抗震设计需求,美国地震区划图的演化过程可划分为地震系数分区区划、设计地震地震动区划和最大考虑地震地震动区划3个阶段,各阶段均始于地震危险性图的改进,并以抗震设计理念与方法的更新换代以及与之相适应的抗震设计图的编制为标志。本文总结了美国地震区划图的演化历程,对地震危险性图与抗震设计图发生变革的技术原因、主要特征、应用意义及其影响进行了重点的分析与论述。     

汶川地震远场地震动特征及其对长周期结构影响的分析

汶川8．0级大地震中,中国数字强震动台网获得了大量的数字强震动记录,这些记录特别是远场记录具有丰富的长周期地震动分量。本文根据东南强震动中心获取的区域数字强震动记录,分析汶川8．0级地震的远场地震动特征,研究了基岩场地及深厚软弱场地的长周期地震动及其差异;根据长周期结构的特点,选取建于深厚软弱场地上的江苏A050强震台的超长地震记录进行结构地震反应分析,研究汶川8．0级地震对远场长周期结构的影响,并结合实际震害特点,提出了长周期结构抗震及地震安全对策中一些值得注意和思考的问题。     

震后多层砌体结构的抗震鉴定与加固设计

本文以5·12汶川地震后绵竹市某砖混结构住宅为典型调查研究对象,介绍了震后多层砌体结构房屋的常见震害现象和一般震害规律,结合有关规范分析了一般受损建筑不同的抗震鉴定方法和手段,对比分析了各种抗震加固措施的加固效果与适用条件,较为全面地总结了一般多层砌体结构从震害调查到鉴定加固的方法和程序,为灾后砌体结构的抗震加固设计提...