巴尔喀什-准噶尔构造单元划分及特征

以板块构造观点讨论了构造单元的划分原则.研究区包括西伯利亚、哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔和塔里木三大板块,以哈萨克斯坦.准噶尔板块为主体.该板块进一步划分为两个微板块,东北为巴尔喀什.准噶尔微板块,以古生代洋盆为主体,古老陆壳残片少量;西南称科克切塔夫-伊塞克-伊犁-中天山微板块,以古老的陆壳基底为主体,古生代洋盆次之.在此基础上对各微板块作了进一步划分,对各次级单元主要特征分别进行了描述.     

环境同位素在识别伊犁河谷地下水补给来源中的指示作用

重点分析了研究区潜水、浅层承压水、泉水及地表水δD、δ¹⁸O的分布特征,并对5组水文钻探井地下水样品进行分析.潜水δD变化范围为-97.32‰~-67.51‰,平均值为-80.34‰;δ¹⁸O为-15.85‰~-10.66‰,平均值为-12.08‰.浅层承压水δD为-111.93‰~-68.38‰,平均值为-84.79‰;δ¹⁸O为-16.01‰~-10.52‰,平均值为-12.30‰.泉水δD为-102.06‰~-71.63‰,平均值为-84.10‰;δ¹⁸O为-14.21‰~-9.70‰,平均值为-12.24‰.地表水δD为-90.53‰~-60.99‰,平均值为-72.58‰;δ¹⁸O在-13.20‰~-9.54‰,平均值为-11.21‰.地下水δ¹³C为-9.4‰~-5.6‰,平均值为-8.3‰,极差为3.8‰.结果表明:地下水与地表水均起源于当地大气降水.潜水与浅层承压水水力联系较强,潜水与浅层承压水属于同一含水系统.与浅层承压水相比,深层承压水年龄较大,在20 ka左右,属于沉积埋藏水.深层承压水与浅层承压水的水力联系较弱.潜水与浅层承压水的δ¹³C值较为接近,且接近大气CO₂的δ¹³C值-7‰.研究区地下水中碳的主要来源为大气CO₂.     

川东北地区石炭系成岩作用及储集性

川东北石炭系为一套蒸发性局限海潮坪沉积,仅残存中石炭统黄龙组.残厚在通江-南江-巴中地区为20m左右,且分布零星;开县-大竹-垫江一带为主要分布区,达县地区最厚,局部可达70m.岩性主要为含粒屑微一粉晶白云岩、角砾状白云岩、膏岩及泥晶灰岩等.经历了白云石化、重结晶、溶蚀等成岩作用和构造作用,地层的溶蚀孔、晶间孔和裂缝发育,其储集性能得到了较大改善,成为川东北乃至川东地区碳酸盐岩地层中最重要的一套储集层.孔隙度大于3%的储层分布范围也在开县-大竹-垫江构造上,呈北东向展布.宣汉以北,主要是由于双石庙、通江-南江-巴中地区石炭系地层变薄,因而储集性能较差.高产的沙罐坪气藏预示本区石炭系具良好的油气远景.     

末次冰期最盛期以来长江扬中段古河谷的沉积环境

选择长江扬中段古河谷作为研究对象, 探讨末次冰期最盛期以来的沉积环境.搜集整理了扬中—泰州长江大桥地质勘探钻孔28个, 根据钻孔资料, 绘制了长江古河谷的地质剖面示意图.在其中2个钻孔采集了粒度样品、磁化率样品, 分别用Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪、BartingtonMS2磁化率仪进行了分析; 在4个钻孔采集了¹⁴C年代样品, 利用液体闪烁计数仪进行测定, 得出了27个年代数据.结果表明: 扬中地区长江古河谷约-61 m以上沉积为末次冰期最盛期以来的沉积; 末次冰期最盛期、晚冰期早期(约12 000 a B.P.), 河流滞留沉积与溯源堆积形成了厚约24 m的河床相砂砾层; -23~-37 m为12 000 a B.P.-8 000 a B.P.时的河漫滩相沉积, 沉积物主要为粉砂及粉砂质黏土, 局部细砂; 8 000 a B.P.-4 000 a B.P.为河口湾环境, 形成河口湾-浅海沉积, 厚度为-17~-23 m, 沉积物主要为粉砂夹粉砂质黏土; -17 m以上为4 000年以来的河口坝、汊道河床沉积及三角洲形成以来的河床、河漫滩沉积.     

辽西地区义县组沉积剖面结构分析与对比

辽西金岭寺-羊山盆地与阜新-义县盆地的沉积环境分析与对比,一直存在分歧.对两个盆地义县组典型剖面的沉积剖面结构分析,不仅揭示了两个盆地的沉积相特征,而且为两个盆地沉积相的对比提供依据.四合屯地区的沉积相可以划分为冲积扇-河流相、滨湖相、半深-深湖相;义县地区沉积相可以划分为冲积扇-河流相、河流相、滨浅湖与湖相.相同的沉积相由于具体沉积环境的不同而体现出一般性及特殊性.四合屯地区的尖山沟层及以下的沉积相与义县地区的砖城子层及以下的沉积相可对比.两剖面复成分砾岩杂色沉积、泥裂、石膏层等为该区可能存在的干旱气候提供了依据.     

辽宁板块构造特征及大地构造单元划分

利用板块构造理论,依据近年来1：5万区域地质调查及相关科研成果,对辽宁地壳发展演化进行了分析研究,提出辽宁地壳发展可暂划分为早前寒武纪大陆增生构造体制和中元古宙以来的板块构造体制.中太古代-古元古代发现了绿岩地体和古元古宙裂谷,因此将早前寒武纪视作原始板块,中元古代-古生代视作古板块,中生代以来视作现代板块.在此基础上对辽宁大地构造单元进行了划分.辽宁Ⅰ级构造单元为塔里木-华北板块.Ⅱ级构造单元为天山-赤峰陆缘活动带和华北陆块.Ⅲ级构造单元5个,分别为建平-西丰华力西陆缘造山带、冀辽地块、铁岭-清原微地块、辽吉地块及下辽河-辽东湾新生代裂谷.Ⅳ级构造单元16个.为清楚地了解辽宁地壳发展演化特点,对5个Ⅲ级构造单元地质特征进行简要阐述.     

日照—连云港地区重磁异常特征及其构造意义

航空重力、磁力测量是解决海陆过渡区地球物理资料不连续问题的有效途径,所获取的数据为进一步认识苏鲁造山带西段断裂展布、大地构造属性等基础地质问题提供了科学依据.基于最新高精度航空重磁数据,编制了日照-连云港地区1:25万重力、磁力异常图,结合区域地质资料,分析重、磁异常特征,在日照-连云港地区圈定了郯庐断裂带、桑墟-连云港断裂、东海-赣榆断裂、五莲-桃园断裂等基底断裂构造.研究认为苏鲁造山带南部边界为桑墟-连云港断裂（连黄断裂）,以该断裂为界,北侧基底为华北板块组成部分,断裂南侧为下扬子板块基底;以东海-赣榆断裂为界,苏鲁造山带可分为南部和北部,两部分在后期构造活动方面差异显著.      

吉南珍珠门组的解体与古-中元古界层序的重建

辽东吉南是我国古-中元古界发育最好的地区之一,但两省古-中元古界地层划分方案并不一致,使两省古-中元古界地层无法对比.通过岩石组合、构造变形、地球化学、年代及生物地质特征的对比发现Ⅰ、Ⅱ区镁质大理岩是在不同地质时期、不同大地构造环境下形成的.Ⅰ区时代为中元古代,Ⅱ区时代为古元古代.对吉南古-中元古界层序进行了重新划分.中元古界划分为大红峪组和高于庄组.古元古界划分为集安群、临江群、大栗子群.     

塔里木盆地寒武-奥陶系烃源岩萘、菲系列化合物单体碳同位素特征

为了揭示塔里木盆地海相烃源岩中芳烃分子同位素的地质-地球化学信息,利用逐步增加试剂极性的方法对芳烃馏分进行了进一步的分离,并利用气相色谱同位素质谱(GC-IR-MS)分析技术测定了萘系列和菲系列的单体碳同位素.分析结果显示,芳烃分子碳同位素分布为-47.5‰ ～-17.4‰,其中寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩的碳同位素为-38.2‰ ～-17.4‰,平均为-26.8‰;其中ML1-1、ML1-2两个样品的碳同位素为-36.8‰ ～-17.4‰,平均为-25.7‰;中-上奥陶统烃源岩为-47.5‰ ～-20.3‰,平均-30.6‰.结果表明,萘系列和菲系列化合物整体上表现为寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩富集13C,而中-上奥陶统烃源岩更富集12C;在受到异常高温作用或过成熟度阶段,成熟度可能对芳烃的分子碳同位素产生较大影响,使其更富集13C.不同样品的二甲基萘系列化合物的碳同位素分布特征相似,暗示其可能具有相似的碳同位素分馏机制.而三甲基萘、二甲基菲系列化合物的碳同位素分布杂乱,暗示其成因来源可能较为复杂.塔里木盆地两套海相烃源岩中1,6-DMN、1,2,5-TMN、1-MP和1,9-DMP的碳同位素存在明显差异,可以对两套烃源岩进行有效的区分.     

哈图金矿蚀变岩型矿体特征及金赋存状态研究

哈图金矿由石英脉型和蚀变岩型矿体组成,蚀变岩型矿体遭受了强烈黄铁矿化、毒砂化、碳酸盐化、硅化和绢云母化蚀变.成矿作用划分5个阶段:钠长石-石英阶段(I)、黄铁矿-碳酸盐-石英阶段(II)、黝铜矿-黄铜矿-自然金阶段(III)、毒砂-碳酸盐-绢云母阶段(IV)和方解石-石英阶段(V).其中,II—IV阶段是主要金成矿阶段.哈图金矿含金矿物主要为自然金,平均成色912.自然金呈裂隙金、包裹金、粒间金形式嵌布在黄铁矿和毒砂中.当载金矿物为黄铁矿时,自然金与黝铜矿-黄铜矿-闪锌矿关系密切;当载金矿物为毒砂时,自然金与黄铁矿-黄铜矿关系密切.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).