月分布式水文概念性模型及应用

文章在RS与GIS支持下,建立地理空间信息库,提取流域土地利用、土壤类型和植被类型等地理信息及相应的水文空间参数,采用已有的水文概念性模型,建立了一个月分布式水文概念性模型.模型结构简单,所需参数较少,可操作性强.模型在雁栖河流域的应用结果显示,总体上能较好地模拟流域的月迳流量,可用于评估流域水资源量、气候变化以及土地利用变化对水资源的影响.     

滦河流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文响应

以滦河流域为研究区,利用1985和2000年土地利用数据,结合SWAT分布式水文模型定量评价了流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应,并分析了流域地表径流变化与主要景观类型的响应关系。结果表明:SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）模型可以较好地模拟滦河流域的月流量过程,在研究区具有较好的适用性;1985—2000年流域林地向草地和耕地的转变导致流域年均地表径流和总径流量分别增加了12.6%和5.1%;并使得流域年均地表径流变化空间差异显著,整体呈增加趋势,且主要受到林地变化的影响,而在三道河子以上集水区地表径流的变化则主要受到耕地景观的影响。合理规划土地利用格局,对于流域水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。     

滦河流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文响应

以滦河流域为研究区,利用1985和2000年土地利用数据,结合SWAT分布式水文模型定量评价了流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应,并分析了流域地表径流变化与主要景观类型的响应关系。结果表明:SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型可以较好地模拟滦河流域的月流量过程,在研究区具有较好的适用性;1985—2000年流域林地向草地和耕地的转变导致流域年均地表径流和总径流量分别增加了12.6%和5.1%;并使得流域年均地表径流变化空间差异显著,整体呈增加趋势,且主要受到林地变化的影响,而在三道河子以上集水区地表径流的变化则主要受到耕地景观的影响。合理规划土地利用格局,对于流域水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。     

滁州花山水文实验流域径流与氮素耦合模拟研究

采用SWAT模型方法对滁州花山水文实验流域进行了径流与氮素耦合模拟,探讨了流域土地利用对氮素输移的影响。构建了花山水文实验流域SWAT模型,采用2008年1月~2013年12月的降雨、径流等数据对径流模型进行率定和验证,以2012年5月~2013年12月的氮浓度监测数据对氮负荷模型进行验证。利用所建立的模型对现状土地利用情形和土地利用变化情景假设下进行了径流与氮素耦合模拟,计算了现状和不同土地利用情景假设下流域的径流深和氮负荷。结果表明:汛期的氮流失量占全年氮流失的比重较大,每年的汛期是控制氮流失的关键时期;旱地的氮流失潜力较水田大,林地的增加对氮负荷具有一定的消减作用;控制氮肥的使用,加强水土保持能力,可以有效减少流域氮负荷。     

水文网络模型在分布式流域水文模拟中的应用

水文网络模型是地理信息系统对流域实际河网水系的一种规范化描述,它采用拓扑关系来确定流域水流的空间聚合与分散。准确地描述水文网络对成功模拟流域水流的空间分布起着至关重要的作用。水文网络数据模型的关键在于如何表达水文网络的构成要素,以及如何建立要素间的拓扑关系。本文重点阐述了水文网络模型在分布式流域水文模拟中的应用。实例研究证明,采用水文网络模型来表达流域河网水系结构有助于准确地模拟流域上水流的空间与时间分布。     

从水文学产汇流角度分析碱坪沟“8·13”泥石流特征

本研究以四川省都江堰市龙池镇碱坪沟泥石流流域对象,基于HEC-HMS流域分布式水文模型,利用RS和GIS技术提取流域产汇流参数,模拟分析碱坪沟8·13泥石流的暴雨汇流过程,结合流域内土地利用类型分布,模拟降雨-径流关系,并综合考虑泥石流的相关特征参数,利用情景分析法探讨泥石流流域内的土地利用类型变化对泥石流汇流过程的影响关系。     

水文模型空间数据库的建立——以普定后寨河流域为例

在水文模型研究中，往往要利用多种信息，包括属性数据和空间属性数据，这些数据只有在地理信息系统的管理下才能方便地为水文模型所利用，因此有必要建立一个水文模型空间数据库。本文，以后寨河流域为例，阐述了水文模型空间数据库的建立过程。建立的空间数据库不仅十分有利于水文模型的建立与校验，同时在空间信息查询、专题图件的生成与管理、土地利用评价等方面也获得了广泛应用。     

一种可用于表征土地利用变化水文效应的水文模型探讨--SWAT模型在云州水库流域的应用研究

基于对SWAT模型的发展和运行流程的概述，以云州水库流域为例，模拟了20世纪80年代土地覆被状况下的1985年的流量过程。从结果来看，云州水库流域日径流模拟值与实测值曲线拟合度较好，其模拟结果的确定性系数为0．79，达到了乙等方案的要求，取得了较好的模拟效果。由此可以看出，SWAT模型在云州水库流域的应用是比较成功的，从而为该流域不同土地利用变化和土地覆被变化(LUCC)下的水文效应研究奠定了较好的基础。     

大通河流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文响应

以大通河流域为研究区域,利用1985年和2005年土地利用数据,结合SWAT分布式水文模型定量评估了流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应。结果表明：1985-2005年大通河流域的土地利用变化主要表现为草地向耕地、居工地转变,草地所占比例由46.7%骤降至20.9%,而耕地面积由1985年的1065.8km²增加到2005年的3243km²;相较于1985年的土地利用情景,2005年土地利用情景下的模拟的多年平均径流增加了1.92×10⁸m³,由于上中下游主要的土地利用/覆被变化不同,导致流域径流变化增加程度由西北至东南逐渐增大;大通河流域年径流的增加主要表现为汛期径流增加,讯期月平均径流增幅达到了0.40×10⁸m³·mon^-1;非汛期径流则呈不明显减小趋势,平均降幅为0.024×10⁸m³·mon^-1。合理规划大通河流域土地利用方式,提高水源区涵养能力,对流域水资源可持续发展具有重要意义。     

开都河流域山区径流模拟及降雨输入的不确定性分析

选取塔里木河源区的开都河流域为研究区,将流域内气象水文站点数据与遥感数据相结合,利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程(DEM)和降雨等资料,模拟流域水文过程,并在出山口实测径流数据的基础上对模型进行率定和验证;对降雨输入所带来的径流模拟不确定性进行分析,探讨降雨输入的空间异质性对水文预报结果的影响机制.结果表明:MIKE-SHE模型能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,但精度上仍有待提高;降雨输入的空间分布程度对径流模拟有重要影响.FY-2C遥感估算降雨资料能够更好地表达降雨时间的空间异质性,相应地对径流模拟精度也有一定程度的提高.     

气候变化对陆地水循环影响研究的问题

简要地回顾了现存的由气候情景驱动水文模型研究气候变化对陆地水循环影响的方法。指出这种单向连接方法很难将气候变暖及人类活动引起的陆地水循环变化反馈给大气。这既影响对降雨的预测精度,又不能正确地描写陆地水循环的变化。近10年来气候学家对大气环流模型中陆面过程模型的改进以及水文气候学家对大尺度水文模型研究所取得的进展,展现了它们之间的互补性,以及未来用水文-气候耦合模型方法研究气候变化与人类活动对陆地水循环影响及水资源预测的可能性。     

气候与土地利用变化对水文水资源的影响研究

水资源短缺和水患灾害已成为全球关心的重大问题。气候与土地利用变化对流域水资源和旱涝的影响以及由此产生的社会经济后果已引起人类社会的广泛关注。深入综合地开展这方面的研究对国民经济建设和可持续发展规划决策有重要的意义。通过分析总结已进行的有关研究工作 ,对该领域的研究进展作了简要回顾 ,讨论了现有工作的不足和今后的研究内容和方法。     

Integrative assessment of hydrological, ecological, and economic systems for water resources management at river basin scale

This study presents a basin-scale integrative hydrological, ecological, and economic (HEE) modeling system, aimed at evaluating the impact of resources management, especially agricultural water resources management, on the sustainability of regional water resources. The hydrological model in the modeling system was adapted from SWAT, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, to simulate the water balance in terms of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and streamflow. An ecological model was integrated into the hydrological model to compute the ecosystem production of biomass production and yield for different land use types. The economic model estimated the monetary values of crop production and water productivity over irrigated areas. The modeling system was primarily integrated and run on a Windows platform and was able to produce simulation results at daily time steps with a spatial resolution of hydrological response unit (HRU). The modeling system was then calibrated over the period from 1983 to 1991 for the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China. Calibration results showed that the efficiencies of the modeling system in simulating monthly streamflow over 5 hydrological stations were from 0.54 to 0.68 with an average of 0.64, indicating an acceptable calibration. Preliminary simulation results from 1986 to 1995 revealed that water use in the study region has largely reduced the streamflow in many parts of the area except for that in the riverhead. Spatial distribution of biomass production, and crop yield showed a strong impact of irrigation on agricultural production. Water productivity over irrigated cropland ranged from 1 to 1640 USD/(ha·mm⁻¹), indicating a wide variation of the production conditions within the study region and a great potential in promoting water use efficiency in low water productivity areas. Generally, simulation results from this study indicated that the modeling system was capable of tracking the temporal and spatial variability of pertinent water balance variables, ecosystem dynamics, and regional economy, and provided a useful simulation tool in evaluating long-term water resources management strategies in a basin scale.     

Assessment of land use land cover change impact on hydrological regime of a basin

The sustainability of water resources mainly depends on planning and management of land use; a small change in it may affect water yield largely, as both are linked through relevant hydrological processes, explicitly. However, human activities, especially a significant increase in population, in-migration and accelerated socio-economic activities, are constantly modifying the land use and land cover (LULC) pattern. The impact of such changes in LULC on the hydrological regime of a basin is of widespread concern and a great challenge to the water resource engineers. While studying these impacts, the issue that prevails is the selection of a hydrological model that may be able to accommodate spatial and temporal dynamics of the basin with higher accuracy. Therefore, in the present study, the capabilities of variable infiltration capacity hydrological model to hydrologically simulate the basin under varying LULC scenarios have been investigated. For the present analysis, the Pennar River Basin, Andhra Pradesh, which falls under a water scarce region in India, has been chosen. The water balance components such as runoff potential, evapotranspiration (ET) and baseflow of Pennar Basin have been simulated under different LULC scenarios to study the impact of change on hydrological regime of a basin. Majorly, increase in built-up (13.94% approx.) and decrease in deciduous forest cover (2.44%) are the significant changes observed in the basin during the last three decades. It was found that the impact of LULC change on hydrology is balancing out at basin scale (considering the entire basin, while routing the runoff at the basin outlet). Therefore, an analysis on spatial variation in each of the water balance components considered in the study was done at grid scale. It was observed that the impact of LULC is considerable spatially at grid level, and the maximum increase of 265 mm (1985–2005) and the decrease of 48 mm (1985–1995) in runoff generation at grid were estimated. On the contrary, ET component showed the maximum increase of 400 and decrease of 570 mm under different LULC change scenario. Similarly, in the base flow parameter, an increase of 70 mm and the decrease of 100 mm were observed. It was noticed that the upper basin is showing an increasing trend in almost all hydrological components as compared to the lower basin. Based on this basin scale study, it was concluded that change in the land cover alters the hydrology; however, it needs to be studied at finer spatial scale rather than the entire basin as a whole. The information like the spatial variation in hydrological components may be very useful for local authority and decision-makers to plan mitigation strategies accordingly.     

Hydrological situation of a typical watershed in the Loess Tableland Area of China over the past 30 years

Due to deficient water resources in the Loess Plateau, watershed management plays a very important role, not only for ecological and environmental protection but also for the social development of the region. To better understand the hydrological and water resource variations in the typical watershed of the Loess Plateau and the Qinghe River Basin, the influences of land cover and climate change were analysed, and a SWAT model was built to simulate the response of the hydrological situation to land cover changes that have occurred over the past 30 years. The results demonstrated that the main land cover change occurring in the Qinghe River Basin was the conversion of land cover from grassland to woodland and farmland from the late 1980s to 2010. Woodland and farmland took 87.36 and 10.55%, respectively, from the overall area transferred over 20 years and more than 18% of the total watershed area. Hydrological simulation results indicated that land cover played a predominant role in the hydrological variation of the Qinghe River Basin, although the effects of climate change should not be discounted. The significant changes in land cover could be superimposed by policy orientation and economic requirements. Although it is hard to evaluate the land cover changes and the corresponding hydrological responses in a simple language, related analyses have demonstrated an increasing trend of runoff in the dry season, while there is a somewhat decreasing trend during the flood season in the river basin. There results could be significant and provide a positive influence on both future flood control and the conservation of water and soil.     

长江三角洲地区水资源供需平衡的估算模型研究

从地表热量平衡、水量平衡的基本理论出发,结合长江三角洲地区的气象、水文、土壤等资料建立了区域水资源量估算模型,计算了该地区的地表水、地下水及水资源总量;同时建立了用水系统的各个子模型,即根据本区农业生产状况建立了农业耗水的物理模型,由工业和生活用水量的变化,结合地区经济发展、人口增加等情况,建立了工业和生活用水的统计模型。利用实际资料进行了模型检验,对本地区未来水资源供需平衡状况进行了分析和预测。     

基于不同排放情景的洞庭湖流域水资源演化研究

流域水资源演化与气候变化和人类活动紧密相关,气候变化与人类活动的加剧极大地改变了流域水文循环。通过相似性和独立性分析,从CMIP5公开发布的47个气候模式中筛选出5个代表性气候模式,然后计算未来高、中、低3种不同排放情景下的气温和降水,构造符合研究区产汇流特性的水文模型,计算洞庭湖流域水资源量并分析其演化规律。结果表明:不论温室气体排放水平如何,洞庭湖流域水资源量在未来60a呈现增加态势,汛期水量增加概率加大,而在高排放情景下枯季水资源量表现为减少趋势;未来洞庭湖流域水资源的时程分配将更趋不均匀化,而温室气体的持续排放将使其变化加剧。     

Test of a distributed modelling approach to predict flood flows in the karst Suoimuoi catchment in Vietnam

The major obstacles for modelling flood processes in karst areas are a lack of understanding and model representations of the distinctive features and processes associated with runoff generation and often a paucity of field data. In this study, a distributed flood-modelling approach, WetSpa, is modified and applied to simulate the hydrological features and processes in the karst Suoimuoi catchment in northwest Vietnam. With input of topography, land use and soil types in a GIS format, the model is calibrated based on 15 months of hourly meteorological and hydrological data, and is used to simulate both fast surface and conduit flows, and groundwater discharges from karst and non-karst aquifers. Considerable variability in the simulation accuracy is found among storm events and within the catchment. The simulation results show that the model is able to represent reasonably well the stormflows generated by rainfall events in the study catchment.     

Modeling and assessing land-use and hydrological processes to future land-use and climate change scenarios in watershed land-use planning

Effective information regarding environmental responses to future land-use and climate change scenarios provides useful support for decision making in land use planning, management and policies. This study developed an approach for modeling and examining the impacts of future land-use and climate change scenarios on streamflow, surface runoff and groundwater discharge using an empirical land-use change model, a watershed hydrological model based on various land use policies and climate change scenarios in an urbanizing watershed in Taiwan. The results of the study indicated that various demand and conversion policies had different levels of impact on hydrological components in all land-use scenarios in the study watershed. Climate changes were projected to have a greater impact in increasing surface runoff and reducing groundwater discharge than are land use changes. Additionally, the spatial distributions of land-use changes also influenced hydrological processes in both downstream and upstream areas, particularly in the downstream watershed. The impacts on hydrological components when considering both land use and climate changes exceeded those when only considering land use changes or climate changes, particularly on surface runoff and groundwater discharge. However, the proposed approach provided a useful source of information for assessing the responses of land use and hydrological processes to future land use and climate changes.     

Assessment of LULC and climate change on the hydrology of Ashti Catchment,India using VIC model

The assessment of land use land cover (LULC) and climate change over the hydrology of a catchment has become inevitable and is an essential aspect to understand the water resources-related problems within the catchment. For large catchments, mesoscale models such as variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model are required for appropriate hydrological assessment. In this study, Ashti Catchment (sub-catchment of Godavari Basin in India) is considered as a case study to evaluate the impacts of LULC changes and rainfall trends on the hydrological variables using VIC model. The land cover data and rainfall trends for 40 years (1971–2010) were used as driving input parameters to simulate the hydrological changes over the Ashti Catchment and the results are compared with observed runoff. The good agreement between observed and simulated streamflows emphasises that the VIC model is able to evaluate the hydrological changes within the major catchment, satisfactorily. Further, the study shows that evapotranspiration is predominantly governed by the vegetation classes. Evapotranspiration is higher for the forest cover as compared to the evapotranspiration for shrubland/grassland, as the trees with deeper roots draws the soil moisture from the deeper soil layers. The results show that the spatial extent of change in rainfall trends is small as compared to the total catchment. The hydrological response of the catchment shows that small changes in monsoon rainfall predominantly contribute to runoff, which results in higher changes in runoff as the potential evapotranspiration within the catchments is achieved. The study also emphasises that the hydrological implications of climate change are not very significant on the Ashti Catchment, during the last 40 years (1971–2010).