几种主要养殖贝类滤水率的研究

在实验室条件下对厦门海域4种主要养殖贝类,僧帽牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏和翡翠贻贝的滤水率进行研究.结果表明:(1)这4种贝类的滤水率范围为54～74.8cm3/(g·min),滤水率大小顺序依次为僧帽牡蛎、缢蛏、翡翠贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔;(2)单位体重滤水率与个体大小之间呈负幂函数关系(FR=aWb,FR'=aWb-1),b-1值范围在-0.435 6～-0.392之间;(3)僧帽牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔对中肋骨条藻的滤水率高于对塔马亚历山大藻和锥状施克里普藻的滤水率;(4)僧帽牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔滤水率与藻类密度之间呈现负幂函数关系(FR'=aDb-1),其b-1值分别为-0.143和-0.215 2.     

Prey preference of the common long-armed octopus Octopus minor(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) on three different species of bivalves

Octopus minor is widely distributed along the northern coast of China. To date, there is little information on the prey selection process of this species. To understand this process, several experiments were carried out. Three types of bivalves, namely, Ruditapes philippinarum , Mactra chinensis , and Mytilus galloprovincialis , were used to observe the prey selection of O . minor and to analyze the potential causes of prey selection from three aspects: prey profi tability, adductor muscle tension and handling time. Under single-prey conditions, we found that the average (±SD) predation rates of O . minor on R . philippinarum , M . chinensis , and M . galloprovincialis were 1.73±0.50, 1.27±0.42, and 0.8±0.2/d, respectively. Under diff erent prey combinations, octopods actively selected one type of prey over the other(s), and the order of prey preference was R . philippinarum , followed by M . chinensis and lastly M. galloprovincialis . Furthermore, the shells of the consumed prey showed that O . minor only consumed bivalves by pulling them apart since there was no evidence of drill holes on the shells. The prey selection of O . minor was related to the prey profi tability and handling time;O . minor appeared to select preys with a higher profi tability and a shorter handling time. However, the diffi culty in opening the bivalve was not consistent with the prey preference of the octopods. These results suggest that O . minor prefers to consume R . philippinarum possibly due to a high profi tability and a short handling time that supports the optimum Foraging Theory.     

Effects of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense on the energy budgets and growth of two marine bivalves

Harmful algal blooms (HAB) may impose a serious threat to aquatic lives and human health. We determined the effects of a toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (clone ATCIO1, isolated from Hong Kong coastal waters) on the energy budget, quantified as scope for growth (SFG), and the growth rate of the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis. To quantify the SFG, clams and mussels were dosed with different amounts of toxic A. tamarense for 6 days, resulting in different toxin burdens in the tissues. Clearance rate, absorption efficiency, and respiration rate were subsequently measured in these toxin containing bivalves. Clearance rate significantly declined at the highest toxin burden in the clams only, while there was no significant difference in the clearance rate among different treatments for the mussels. The respiration rate of either bivalve was not significantly affected by toxin accumulation in the tissues. In contrast, the absorption efficiency of both clams and mussels decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner for mussels but not for clams, when the tissue accumulated the toxins. With an increase in paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin burden, SFG in both clams and mussels was significantly reduced, primarily because of the decrease of absorption efficiency. The growth rate of juvenile clam R. philippinarum, measured as an increment in tissue dry weight over a 15 d exposure period, was significantly lower during their feeding on toxic dinoflagellate than the growth rate of clams feeding on the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. The juvenile mussel P. viridis, however, exhibited similar growth rates after feeding on the toxic dinoflagellates and the nontoxic diatom. This study showed that SFG can provide a sensitive and integrated measure of the effect of HAB on the physiology of bivalves. Clam R. philippinarum may be more sensitive, in terms of their energy budget, to PSP toxin accumulation than the mussel P. viridis.     

Acetylthiocholine (ATC)--cleaving cholinesterase (ChE) activity as a potential biomarker of pesticide exposure in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, of Korea

The acetylthiocholine (ATC) - cleaving cholinesterase (ChE) activity in Manila clam, which is widely distributed throughout the coastal environment of Korea, was assayed as a potentially useful biomarker of organophosphorous pesticides (OPs). A clear dose-response relationship was determined between inhibited ChE in adductor muscle of clams and four OPs (methidathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, IBP) which are heavily used OPs in Korea. The measured EC(50)-24?h values of methidathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and IBP for Ruditapes philippinarum were 7.16?μg?l(-1), 0.34?mg?l(-1), 3.01?mg?l(-1), and 3.41?mg?l(-1), respectively. In field studies, ChE activity in Manila clams collected from 23 stations in the mid-western coastal region demonstrated spatial variation with statistical differences. These results suggest that ChE activity in R. philippinarum is a potential biomarker for assessing organophosphorous pesticide contamination in coastal environments.     

胶州湾双壳类壳体中的Ca,Mg,Mn,Sr元素组成及影响因素

探讨影响双壳类元素组成的可能因素,从胶州湾沿岸不同取样点采集黄海近海常见的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)、褶牡蛎(Oystrea denselamellosa)和紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis),分别测量了3种壳体的矿物物相类型和壳体中的Ca,Mg,Mn,Sr元素组成。研究表明:3种壳体分别属于文石质、方解石质和混合质壳;Ca,Mn元素含量在菲律宾蛤仔、褶牡蛎和紫贻贝壳体中没有差别,而Mg元素含量在菲律宾蛤仔壳体中含量较低,在褶牡蛎壳体和紫贻贝壳体中含量较高,Sr元素恰好与Mg元素相反。双壳类壳体中元素组成主要受壳体矿物物相类型的制约,而与水体环境要素之间的关系弱。     

微塑料和芘对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性效应研究

海洋环境中微塑料和多环芳烃(PAHs)污染日益严重,以滤食动物菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为研究对象,探讨了聚苯乙烯微塑料和芘单一及联合暴露对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性效应.分别采用两个聚苯乙烯微塑料粒径(0.3μm和6μm,20 μg/L)和两个芘浓度水平(10 μg/L和100μg/L)单独和联合暴露21d,测定其对菲律宾蛤仔生理活动(肥满度和摄食率)、免疫防御、氧化应激等相关生物标志物的影响.研究结果表明,除芘单一暴露组外,其余暴露组菲律宾蛤仔的摄食率与对照组相比都显著降低,但这两种污染物对菲律宾蛤仔的肥满度没有显著影响.微塑料和芘暴露均导致菲律宾蛤仔免疫功能受损,表现为血细胞凋亡率增加和吞噬活性被抑制;其中,在小粒径微塑料和高浓度芘存在的暴露组血细胞凋亡率均显著高于对照组,并且二者联合暴露组血细胞凋亡率最高;除大粒径微塑料暴露组外,各暴露组血细胞吞噬活性均显著低于对照组.菲律宾蛤仔抗氧化酶系统不能及时清除体内产生的自由基,导致机体出现氧化损伤现象,表现为抗氧化酶活性变化和丙二醛(MDA)含量升高.微塑料和芘联合暴露导致鳃组织谷胱甘肽疏基转移酶(GST)活性显著升高,消化腺组织过氧化氡酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低.综合生物标志物指数(IBR)结果显示,联合暴露对菲律宾蛤仔造成的胁迫压力高于单一暴露组.     

盐度对长江口3种滤食性贝类滤水率、摄食率、同化率的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了盐度对长江口缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)和光滑河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula laevis)滤水率、摄食率、同化率的影响。缢蛏组设6个盐度梯度(5,10,15,20,25,30),光滑河蓝蛤组设6个盐度梯度(5,10,15,20,25,30),河蚬组设6个盐度梯度(0,5,10,15,20,25),并测定了此3种滤食性贝类的生物学参数。结果显示,3种滤食性贝类的滤水率、摄食率和同化率随着盐度的上升而增加,当上升到一定盐度时达到峰值,然后随着盐度的升高而降低。盐度20时,缢蛏滤水率、摄食率和同化率达到峰值,分别为0.57L/h、5.38mg POM/h和0.72%。盐度10时,光滑河蓝蛤滤水率和同化率达到峰值,分别为0.46L/h和0.53%,摄食率在盐度15时达到峰值3.80mg POM/h。盐度5时河蚬滤水率和摄食率都达到峰值,分别为0.39 L/h和2.48 mg POM/h,同化率在盐度0时已达到峰值0.51%,并随盐度上升而下降。上述结果表明,盐度对3种滤食性贝类的3个摄食生理指标均有显著影响。     

氨氮对菲律宾蛤仔免疫力的影响

通过氨氮对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的急性毒性实验,发现氨氮质量浓度对数与死亡概率单位之间的相关性方程为y=1.827 1x 0.651 9,R2=0.971 9,据此方程计算出,氨氮对菲律宾蛤仔的24 h半致死浓度为239.88 mg/L,24 h内引起5%个体死亡的氨氮质量浓度为13.49 mg/L。通过氨氮对菲律宾蛤仔血细胞数量和血淋巴溶菌活力的影响实验,发现在各取样时间下,菲律宾蛤仔血细胞数量随着氨氮质量浓度的增加而降低,且差异显著(F﹥F0.05);随着时间的延长,各个处理组中菲律宾蛤仔的血细胞数量表现出相同的变化趋势,即在受到氨氮胁迫后6 h时达到最低值,之后有所升高,但第12小时与第24小时菲律宾蛤仔血细胞数量无显著差异(F﹤F0.05)。氨氮对菲律宾蛤仔血淋巴溶菌活力影响显著(F﹥F0.05),各取样时间下,随着氨氮质量浓度的升高,其血淋巴溶菌活力逐渐降低;第6小时,各氨氮质量浓度下的溶菌活力均达到最低值,同一氨氮浓度下第6,12,24小时时的溶菌活力无显著差异(F﹤F0.05)。     

胶州湾贝类体内29种元素含量的分析研究

从胶州湾不同污染程度的几个地点采集贻贝,蛤仔和牡蛎,通过用中子活化分析技术和原子吸收法,测得它们体内的２９种元素的组成,通过比较元素组成的差异性,初步分析了样品所在地的环境现状,该项研究是中国环境标本库海洋方面的重要部分。     

Influence of nutritional stress on digestive enzyme activities in juveniles of two marine clam species, Ruditapes decussatus and Venerupis pullastra

The potential use of digestive activities as indicators of the nutritional status in bivalves is discussed in relation to the results obtained in two clam species exposed to starvation and refeeding. Activities of some digestive enzymes (amylase, laminarinase, cellulase, and protease) were measured in juveniles of two commercially interesting species of clams, Ruditapes decussatus and Venerupis pullastra. The specimens were fed normally, being after subjected to a 15-days starvation and a further refeeding period. Samples were obtained at different moments of such feeding schedule to evaluate enzymes as well as weight (live, dry and organic) and length, in order to calculate growth rates and feeding efficiencies. Starvation led to a major decrease in clam growth as measured by dry weight and a negative growth as measured by organic weight, this coinciding with a certain degree of growth of the shell and a consumption of soft tissue. This response occurred more rapidly in R. decussatus but was of a lower magnitude than in V. pullastra. Activity of carbohydrases decreased rapidly in both species with starvation, although protease activity was maintained in R. decussatus. Recovery after the end of starvation was not similar in both species; while R. decussatus attained similar growth rates and enzyme activities to those measured prior to nutritional stress, V. pullastra only recovered 50% of its initial values. For both species of bivalves it can be concluded that digestive enzymes, and more specifically amylase, could be used as indicative of their nutritional condition.     

利用生物控制养殖池污染的研究

利用陆基围隔对微生物制剂、底栖滤食性贝类、大型藻类控制养殖池污染进行了研究。研究表明,微生物制剂效果明显,利生健浓度达到6mg/L时即可显著降低池塘底泥的自污染速率,底泥中总氮积累速率仅为对照组的45.4%,对虾存活率提高53.25%,并能有效缓解水体中的氨氮压力。底栖滤食性贝类效果不明显,底播密度过大会加快底质的氮污染。菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)适宜底播密度为100g/m2,100g/m2处理组水体中的氨氮含量、水体和底泥中的氮积累速率在各处理组中最低,但差异不显著(p<0.05)。结果还表明,江蓠(Gracilaria tenuistip)在池塘中受到微藻竞争、浮泥以及透明度变化影响,生长较差。同时,本文通过对养殖池塘污染物基本概况的初步分析,提出了养殖环境综合治理的初步设想。     

急性CO2酸化对菲律宾蛤仔钙壳和呼吸作用的影响

基于渤海表层典型的碳酸盐系统,通过实验室密闭培养实验,分析急性CO₂酸化条件对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum) CaCO₃形成速率(G)和CO₂呼吸速率(R_C)的影响,以探讨局部海域CO₂酸化的底层海水在潮流或者风海流等因素的驱动下,脉冲式影响贝类栖息地时养殖贝类可能的响应。结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔在急性CO₂酸化条件下发生轻微的钙壳溶解和显著的呼吸抑制。CO₂酸化和菲律宾蛤仔的呼吸作用共同驱动钙壳溶解,溶解速率随Ω_文石下降而升高,G(μmol/(FWg·h))=0.14 × Ω_文石-0.49 (n=12, r=0.95, p<0.01)。活体菲律宾蛤仔钙壳保持稳定的Ω_文石临界值为3.5,而在Ω_文石=1.0的条件下,每天溶解的钙壳相当于贝壳总重的2‰。相较于钙壳溶解,Ω_文石改变对菲律宾蛤仔呼吸作用的影响更大,R_C(μmol/(FWg·h))=0.27 × Ω_文石+0.90 (n =12, r=0.82, p<0.01)。由于呼吸代谢决定了摄食等各种耗能行为的效率,因此本研究的结果表明,尽管菲律宾蛤仔可以通过摄食等自身调节机制来抵御造成钙壳溶解的环境胁迫,然而这一机制本身就可能受到酸化环境的不良影响。     

菲律宾蛤仔在高浓度锌铅水体中的金属积累

双壳类软体的菲律宾蛤仔在高浓度Ｚｎ、ＰＢ（１－９ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾２）实验水体中短期（９６ｈ）暂养。测定了菲律宾蛤仔锶和软体部（除鳃以外的软体部,下同）的Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ含量。单项金属积累实验结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔鳃和软体部Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ含量随实验水体中Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ离子浓度的增加而增加,但鳃对Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ的积累量总是软体部高。这与两各器官的生理特性相一致。鳃是呼吸器官,与水体接触最为频繁,血液流经量大;软体部含内脏和肌     

几种生化信号物质对双壳类催产效应的研究

采用个体注射的方法，研究不同的信号物质（五羟色胺、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺、Υ－氨基丁酸ＧＡＢＡ、溴化乙酰胆碱）对双壳类催产的效应。结果表明：所选用的六种物质中，只有五羟色胺能有效地诱导菲律宾蛤仔、栉孔扇贝、贻贝的精卵排放。五羟色胺作用的有效浓度范围为１０＾－３￣１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，最佳作用浓度为１０＾－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。五羟色胺诱导的精卵排放具有作用潜伏期短（绝大部分在３０ｍｉｎ以内）、同步     

烟台四十里湾海区栉孔扇贝同化率周年变化及其与环境的关系

于１９９７年６月－１９９８年５月用现场方法测定了烟台四十里湾海区总颗粒物质（ＴＰＭ）、颗粒有机物（ＰＯＭ）现存量和栉孔扇贝同化率（ＡＥ）周年变化,并分析栉孔扇贝同化率与海区温度、盐度、ＴＰＭ和ＰＯＭ的关系。结果表明,（１）整个海区ＴＰＭ现存量秋季最高,其次为春季和冬季,夏季最低;海区ＰＯＭ含量变化不大,在１．３４－１．６５ｍｇ／Ｌ之间;栉孔扇贝同化率在春、夏、秋三了较高,冬季较低,其中在秋末冬初（     

大竹蛏稚贝滤水率的研究

2008 年 10～11 月间,采用实验生态学方法对大竹蛏(Solen grandis Dunker)稚贝进行了滤水率的研究.比较了不同饵料及浓度、规格、温度对大竹蛏稚贝滤水率(R<,F>)的影响.结果表明:(1)在适宜浓度下,大竹蛏稚贝对5种单胞藻的滤水率均随着浓度的增大而增大;(2)大竹蛏稚贝的滤水率随着体质量的增...     

利用虾池排出水养殖菲律宾蛤仔的研究

本文报道了福建泉州市晋江县金井垦区利用虾池排出水试养匪律宾蛤仔(花蛤)的结果。垦区排水渠道具有丰富的饵料生物和适宜的流水条件,饲养3个月的花蛤个体平均重量从1.5g增至6g。每亩毛产量可达2756kg。体重(W)相对月增长率与体重呈负相关(R_fW=1.028—0.405lnW)。调查结果还表明,这种花蛤养殖方式可大大地降低虾池排出水的有机质含量,从而减轻其邻近内湾的有机质污染压力。     

蛤仔提取物抗啮齿动物肿瘤实验

利用海产蛤类治疗肿瘤,我国古代早有记载。如《神农本草经》中写道:“文蛤主恶疮”,宋时的《卫济宝书》则有“癌疾初发,…宜下大车螯散取之”等记述,明朝的《本草纲目》述及“车螯”之肉可“治痈疽”,还提到淡菜(贻贝的干制品)能“治症瘕”。可见我国以海洋双壳类软体动物治疗肿瘤和包括肿瘤的疾病,由来已久。至今我国沿海渔民仍有流传以“海蛤”治癌的土方。 当前,向大海要药已成为药物研究的新动向，我国和世界各国对于防治肿瘤的重视，在一定程度上促进了海洋抗癌药物的研究,并已取得了一些进展。就蛤类而言,自六十年代以来,李振翩(C.P.Li)等在指出贝类提取物具有抗病毒和抗菌作用之后，李、Schmeer和其他研究者先后报道了硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)提取物对啮齿动物肿瘤(包括白血病)的预防和抑制效应及其活性物质(Schmeer称之为“ Mercenene”,意即“蛤素”)的化学和生物学特性。Hegyeli观察到这种蛤提取物的活性随环境水温的变化而消长。近年,Liu和 Lippman等人相继探讨了硬壳蛤肝脏提取物的抑瘤活性。此外，蛤类其他种也有人进行了抑瘤试验。但是,迄今尚未见有其临床观察的报道。 “古为今用,洋为中用”。为了寻求发掘、利用我国海洋药源的途径,我们根据我国古代的记载与民间流传的经验,以及国外文献的线索和生物生态现象的启示,自1970年起进行了30多种海洋动、植物抗动物肿瘤的初步实验。本文报道的就是该项实验结果之一，文中叙述的蛤仔[Venerupis (Amygdala) philippinarun Adams et Reeve]是我国分布广产量高的一种普通海产品。本实验旨在初步探明蛤仔提取物的抑瘤活性,并试图为从海洋双壳类中寻找抗癌药物摸索一条可行的路子。通过实验,证实蛤仔提取物对啮齿动物移植性肿瘤生长具有一定的抑制效应,并观察到其抑制值的季节变化似与蛤仔的性腺发育周期或肝脏季节变化有关。由于发现提取物中存在着过敏原,因而用于临床尚有待深入探讨。     

Effect of copper on the scope for growth of clams (Tapes philippinarum) from a farming area in the Northern Adriatic Sea

Copper is currently the most common biocide in antifouling paints. Levels of this metal were measured in the water, particulate matter and sediments from a shellfish farming area in the Sacca di Goro (Northern Adriatic Sea) over one year. With respect to the 1980s, copper environmental level increased twofold. The release of copper from shellfish farmers' boats was also estimated to be > 250 kg Cu y(-1). Clams Tapes philippinarum were collected in the same area and seasonally exposed to a sublethal (10 microg Cu l(-1)) concentration of copper. Physiological traits were significantly affected by copper exposure (scope for growth declined as a result of reduced clearance rate, increased oxygen consumption and a generally lower absorption efficiency). The results of this study are cause for concern for shellfish farming activities at least in Northern Adriatic, where shellfish farming is a monoculture of T. philippinarum. A strict interpretation of the precautionary principle might suggest that more rigorous regulatory action to control copper inputs in the field would be justified.