粤港澳大湾区海洋科技产业合作潜力研究 ——基于AHP-OVP模型

文章从系统工程学角度，基于R&D机构数、R&D人员数、R&D经费投入总额、GDP和科研专利授权量等数据，构建AHP-OVP模型，对粤港澳大湾区海洋科技产业合作潜力进行评价。结果发现：粤港澳大湾区海洋科技合作潜力层次分明，具有“两头小，中间大”的特点，香港与湾区内任一城市合作都能实现很好的契合度，是大湾区城市群海洋科技发展增长极，广州和深圳科研基础较为优越，应在增强自身海洋科技能力的同时帮助周边城市融入粤港澳大湾区海洋科技合作网络。促进大湾区海洋科技产业合作，应建立“核心 外围”式区域产业布局，发挥政府对海洋科技产业链培育的良性引导作用，完善以海洋技术咨询、海洋技术交易、风险资本市场、人才和信息沟通等为主要内容的大湾区城市群服务网络。     

基于海洋命运共同体理念的粤港澳大湾区海洋协同发展策略研究

海洋命运共同体理念与粤港澳大湾区海洋协同发展共同蕴含着“各美其美,美人之美,美美与共,天下大同”的理念。文章在探讨海洋命运共同体理念与粤港澳大湾区海洋协同发展的内在联系的基础上，结合粤港澳大湾区协同发展的现状和特点，提出基于海洋命运共同体理念的粤港澳大湾区海洋协同发展的7项策略，包括：建立海洋合作协调机制；加强涉海产业合作统筹谋划；以绿色发展理念优化海洋发展环境；以人才为牵引开展多层次合作交流；建立多方联动的应急保障服务平台；讲好粤港澳大湾区海洋协同发展故事；强化跟踪分析和督促检查。     

基于三阶段DEA-Tobit模型的我国沿海地区海洋科技创新效率及影响因素研究

在新常态背景下，海洋科技作为海洋经济发展新旧动能转化的推动力，对促进海洋经济高质量发展具有重要作用。本文基于三阶段 DEA 模型，剔除环境因素和随机干扰，测算 2006—2018 年我国 11 个沿海地区海洋科技创新效率，进一步 建立 Tobit 模型分析其影响因素。研究结果表明：在 2006—2018 年间，我国 11 个沿海地区海洋科技创新效率整体水平较低，区域差异明显；海洋科技创新规模效率过低是限制我国海洋科技创新效率提高的主要原因；政府支持力度、高技术产业规模、企业科技研发强度、科研机构研发能力、科技人才专业素质和科技人才组成结构等对海洋科技创新效率有促进作用，而地方财政科学支出对海洋科技创新效率有负向影响。应通过建立海洋科技创新核心主导下的区域协调机制，提高海洋科技创新规模化水平，完善海洋科技创新支撑体系，进一步提高我国海洋科技创新效率，形成创新驱动发展的科技兴海长效机制，推进海洋强国战略实施。     

“串珠成链”的粤港澳大湾区发展路径

为促进粤港澳大湾区的发展,提高其国际综合竞争力,文章在分析粤港澳大湾区发展条件的基础上,针对面临的问题,提出发展建议。研究结果表明:丰富的自然资源、集聚的城市经济和众多的渔港渔村为粤港澳大湾区的发展提供优越条件,但该区域发展面临资源要素分散和生态环境压力大等问题;对此,应树立"串珠成链"的发展思路,打造粤港澳大湾区6条重要发展链,即依托高(快)速铁路的"城镇链"、依托高(快)速公路的"产业链"、依托互联网的"创新链"、依托航道网络的"物流链"、依托滨海公路的"旅游链"和依托生态廊道的"生态链"。     

粤港澳大湾区海洋生态环境协同共治策略探讨

粤港澳三地为共同应对跨境污染等环境问题开始携手，经过多年的交流深化，已形成总体规划引领，合作框架协议约束，联席会议与粤港、粤澳环保合作小组及其下设的专题小组相结合的海洋环境协同共治平台。目前，粤港澳大湾区仍面临海域水质不断恶化、湿地生态功能退化、海洋生物资源衰退等严峻的生态问题。通过系统梳理，借鉴国际三大湾区先进经验，提出健全大湾区海洋生态环境协同治理法制体系、完善协同共治平台、统筹规划海洋生态环境保护、健全公众参与制度等策略，完善大湾区海洋生态环境协同共治机制。     

粤港澳大湾区海岛空间分布特征探析

海岛是海洋资源开发利用价值的核心内容之一。为合理保护及开发利用粤港澳大湾区海岛资源,促进海岛产业布局优化,从海岛资源空间分布角度出发,探析海岛在粤港澳大湾区发展中重点平台的作用。以粤港澳大湾区纳入中国海域海岛标准名录的850个海岛为研究对象,在对其地理坐标、陆域面积等基础数据进行数理统计的基础上,通过ArcGIS软件平台,采用最邻近距离法、核密度估计法、洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数方法,对粤港澳大湾区海岛的空间分布特征进行了分析与研究。结果表明:粤港澳大湾区海岛在空间上趋于集聚分布,呈现总体带状分布,局部组团分布的特点,形成了湾区西部海岛分布带和大鹏湾-大亚湾区、九州列岛区、万山-佳蓬担杆列岛区、川山群岛区4个明显的集聚区;粤港澳大湾区海岛以沿岸岛为主,面积分布呈现不均衡性的特点,基尼系数达0.58。     

我国沿海地区海洋经济、海洋科技创新和海洋生态环境的耦合协调关系探究

为加强海洋生态环境保护，大力提高海洋科技创新能力，推动海洋经济、海洋科技创新和海洋生态环境三者协调发展，文章以我国沿海11省（自治区、直辖市）为研究对象，选取22个评价指标，采用综合评价模型和耦合协调模型，评价2016年各沿海地区海洋经济、海洋科技创新和海洋生态环境的协调发展状况，并提出发展建议。研究结果表明:广东和山东处于中级耦合协调状态，上海和福建分别由于海洋生态环境和海洋科技创新的制约而处于初级耦合协调状态，天津等4个地区处于勉强耦合协调状态，河北处于轻度失调衰退状态，海南和广西处于中度失调衰退状态；各沿海地区在发展海洋经济的同时要提高海洋科技创新能力，守住海洋生态环境的底线，推动海洋经济系统、海洋科技创新系统和海洋生态环境系统的协调发展。     

粤港澳大湾区港口供应链优化研究

为充分发挥粤港澳大湾区港口的竞争优势,促进港口经济的协调发展,文章基于粤港澳大湾区主要港口的实际情况,构建供应链博弈模型并进行数值仿真,研究相关因素对深圳港和香港港绩效的影响。研究结果表明:随着商品价格和库存成本的提高,货物从深圳港向香港港转移,但转移幅度逐渐趋缓;深圳港在中低端商品的货源收集方面具有明显的竞争优势,而香港港对高端商品的吸引力更强;货运结构逐渐向中高端商品过渡对于提高港口收益具有促进作用,其中深圳港应通过降低商品库存成本而降低经营风险;深中通道和港珠澳大桥通车有效缩短腹地运输时间,对于绝大部分商品价格和库存成本组合都将提高粤港澳大湾区港口的总收益。     

新时代澳门海洋生态环境保护策略研究

文章结合国家有关海洋生态文明建设的要求和澳门海域实际情况，分析海域对于澳门经济社会发展的重要意义，明确“十四五”时期海洋生态环境保护的应对策略，包括：强化海洋空间管控，构建绿色发展格局；开展岸线整治修复，实施生态恢复工程；维护滨海湿地功能，推动海湾综合治理；建设旅游基础设施，发展海洋旅游市场；实施污染联防联控，有效推动公众参与。同时，结合澳门实际情况，提出中长期海洋生态环境保护策略，助力澳门在新时代“粤港澳大湾区”和“一带一路”建设中发挥更大作用。     

金融发展视角下海洋科技创新对海洋经济高质量发展的影响

随着海洋强国战略的实施,探究海洋科技创新对于海洋经济的影响成为实现海洋强国目标的重要推动力。文章基于2008—2019年中国11个沿海地区的面板数据,构建面板模型,在金融发展视角下探讨海洋科技创新对于海洋经济高质量发展的调节效应以及门槛非线性作用。结果表明：海洋科技创新对于海洋经济高质量增长具有显著促进作用;在海洋科技创新对海洋经济高质量发展的影响过程中,金融发展规模和效率表现出正向调节效应,而金融发展结构的调节效应暂不显著;在海洋科技创新作用于海洋经济高质量发展的过程中,金融发展规模存在双门槛效应以及最佳金融发展水平区间,金融发展结构和效率均存在单门槛效应,即当金融发展结构大于单一门槛值时,海洋科技创新对海洋经济高质量增长表现显著正向作用,当金融发展效率大于单一门槛值时,海洋科技创新对海洋经济高质量增长的促进作用增大。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.