上黑龙江盆地二十一站岩体角闪石和黑云母成分特征及成岩成矿意义

二十一站岩体位于黑龙江省东北部大兴安岭地区塔河县境内,该岩体产出的岩石类型包括早白垩世二长岩和石英二长斑岩及早侏罗世花岗岩和二长岩等,在该岩体中已发现斑岩型铜金矿床,但是该岩体形成的物理化学条件和岩石成因尚不清楚,不同岩性岩浆岩的成矿潜力也不明确。鉴于此,本文以二十一站岩体中不同时代的花岗岩、二长岩、石英二长斑岩的黑云母和角闪石为研究对象,结合偏光显微镜、电子探针背散射图像和电子探针化学成分,对该岩体的岩石学、矿物学特征进行了研究,并对岩浆结晶的物理化学条件、岩石成因和成矿意义进行了探讨。结果显示:早白垩世二长岩中角闪石化学成分显示:角闪石富钙(CaO 11.21%~11.78%)、富镁(MgO 13.61%~14.85%)、贫钠(Na2O 0.80%~1.11%)和贫钾(K2O 0.40%~0.54%),属于镁角闪石,结晶温度为704.92~805.58℃,平均温度为761.82℃,压力为73.83~115.93MPa,对应岩浆侵位深度为2.8~4.4km,结晶时岩浆氧逸度为△NNO+1.63,含水量为H2O=4.92%,反映出岩浆结晶时高温、高氧逸度、富含水分、浅侵位的特征。黑云母的Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg)比值比较均一,反映黑云母未遭受后期流体改造,均为原生岩浆成因的黑云母。其中早侏罗世花岗岩和二长岩所代表的A类黑云母化学成分上富铁(TFeO 19.92%~22.42%)贫镁(MgO 7.99%~10.46%),属于铁质黑云母,早白垩世二长岩和石英二长斑岩所代表的B类黑云母相比于A类黑云母更富镁(MgO 12.38%~14.45%)和钛(TiO21.90%~2.75%),贫铁(TFeO 16.64%~17.97%)和铝(Al2O315.00%~16%.79),属于镁质黑云母。A类和B类黑云母对应岩浆结晶温度分别为720~740℃和750~780℃;压力为202.20~443.49MPa和158~231MPa,对应岩浆侵位深度为6.67~14.64km和5.24~7.24km;结晶时岩浆氧逸度分别为10-15~10-16和10-12~10-13;岩浆来源为壳源,且B类黑云母对应岩浆有地幔物质参与。因此,可以认为二十一站岩体中早白垩世二长岩和石英二长斑岩具有中高温,高氧逸度应含水量,岩浆主要来源于地壳物质的部分熔融,并有部分地幔物质参与,侵位深度较浅的特点,具有形成大型斑岩矿床的潜力。早侏罗世花岗岩和二长岩氧逸度相对较低,侵位较深,物质来源为地壳,因此不具备成矿潜力。     

滇西六合正长斑岩中角闪石、黑云母和锆石的特征及其指示意义

滇西金沙江-哀牢山成矿带发育众多与富碱侵入岩密切相关的斑岩矿床。六合正长斑岩产于该成矿带中段,为贫矿富碱斑岩。在岩相学基础上,对六合正长斑岩中的黑云母、角闪石、锆石进行了矿物学研究,厘定了矿物结晶的温压条件、岩浆氧逸度和含水量等关键要素,并结合全岩地球化学和前人研究成果,讨论了制约滇西富碱斑岩成矿的条件。六合正长斑岩中的黑云母富镁(MgO=12.98%~14.83%)、铝(Al_2O_3=14.18%~16.52%),Fe~(2+)/(Fe~(2+)+Mg)=0.29~0.31,矿物温压计测得黑云母的结晶温度为615~669℃,形成压力为103~165 MPa,形成深度为3~5 km(平均深度为4.2 km)。角闪石富铁(FeO=21.75%~22.21%)、钙(CaO=10.14%~10.49%),属浅闪石质-韭闪石质角闪石,形成温度为817~843℃,形成压力为158~191 MPa,形成深度为5~6 km(平均深度为5.9km)。通过角闪石成分限定岩浆氧逸度(ΔFMQ)为+1.12~+1.27。岩体中的岩浆锆石结晶温度为687~1 098℃,Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)=11.18~54.78(平均值50),δEu=0.14~0.81。正长斑岩中角闪石以斑晶产出,全岩Dy/Yb值与SiO_2含量呈负相关性,La/Yb值与SiO_2含量呈正相关性,且δEu=0.97~1.00,说明六合岩浆在早期结晶大量角闪石,鲜有斜长石分离结晶。以上分析显示六合正长斑岩具有低氧逸度、高含水量的特征。对比斑岩矿床中含矿岩石的矿物学特征,认为六合正长斑岩不具有形成斑岩型矿床的潜力。     

滇西古永地区花岗岩中黑云母成分特征及其成岩成矿意义

滇西古永地区花岗岩与锡矿床在成因上密切相关。黑云母的电子探针分析结果表明,古永黑云母二长花岗岩中的黑云母为铁质黑云母,小龙河锡矿床黑云母似斑状二长花岗岩中的黑云母为铁叶云母。两花岗岩体中黑云母总体显示出富铁(w(TFe O)=22.39%~27.91%)贫镁(w(Mg O)=1.08%~10.51%,含镁系数为0.07~0.50)的特征;但两岩体花岗岩中黑云母的化学成分具有明显的差异,古永花岗岩体中黑云母表现出相对富镁,为含幔源物质混入的I型花岗岩;而小龙河成矿花岗岩体中黑云母相对富铝贫镁,为典型壳源过铝质的S型花岗岩。古永花岗岩体和小龙河花岗岩体中黑云母的结晶温度分别为700~750℃、620~650℃,氧逸度(lgf(O2))分别为-14.0~-13.8、-17.5~-17.2。古永岩体花岗岩中黑云母结晶压力为67~120 MPa,结晶深度为2.54~4.55 km。表明本区花岗岩形成于相对高温、低氧逸度、较浅的环境。相对于古永花岗岩体,小龙河花岗岩体具有更大的Sn成矿潜力,更有利于本区锡矿床的形成。     

湘南宝山矿床花岗闪长斑岩中黑云母的矿物学特征及其指示意义

湖南宝山矿床处于坪宝矿带的北端,是湘南地区最大的铜多金属矿床。为了进一步探讨矿区内花岗质岩石的形成条件及成矿潜力,文章在详细的野外地质和岩相学观察的基础上,对与成矿密切相关的花岗闪长斑岩中的黑云母进行了详细的矿物化学分析。电子探针分析结果表明:宝山花岗闪长斑岩中的黑云母为铁质黑云母和镁质黑云母,其中,Ti介于0.18~0.30,且Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)值介于0.42~0.58,属于典型的岩浆成因黑云母;黑云母的氧化系数为0.16~0.26,w(Mg O)为8.17%~11.72%,平均9.3%,MF值范围为0.38~0.50,指示其岩体属于壳幔混源型的I型花岗岩;岩体中以黑云母的全铝含量计算的结晶压力为97~174 MPa,相应的结晶深度为3.67~6.57 km,平均深度为5.12 km。其log f(O2)变化范围为-14.5~-12.8,表明黑云母是在较高氧逸度条件下结晶形成的,有利于铜矿的形成。     

玲珑黑云母花岗岩成因:矿物学特征约束

晚侏罗世玲珑黑云母花岗岩广泛分布于胶东半岛西北部,是胶东半岛众多中生代侵入岩中出露面积最大的岩体,为区内主要赋矿围岩。有关其成岩物理化学条件、岩石成因类型和源区特征却一直存在争议。本文在系统的岩石学和岩相学研究基础上,对钾长石、斜长石、黑云母和角闪石等主要造岩矿物进行了成分分析,以期厘定成岩物理化学条件,并进一步约束岩石成因。研究结果表明:钾长石K_2O含量为14.17%~15.85%,平均15.14%,Na_2O含量为0.62%~1.50%,平均1.04%,属于正长石(Or=86.51~94.35);斜长石Na_2O含量为8.41%~10.02%,平均9.11%,CaO含量为3.05%~4.54%,平均3.99%,属于更长石(Ab=74.97~84.56);黑云母相对富铁(FeO为18.49%~21.64%,平均20.13%)、贫镁(Mg O为8.06%~10.89%,平均9.50%),为镁铁黑云母或富铁黑云母;角闪石富铁(FeO为21.24%~22.24%,平均21.68%)、贫镁(Mg O为5.75%~6.57%,平均6.11%),均为含铁韭闪石质普通角闪石。花岗岩不同温压条件下的水逸度图解显示岩体形成压力为2.7~3.2kbar,深度为10~12km;锆石饱和温度计(综合前人数据计算得到)、角闪石-斜长石温度计和二长石温度计结果分别表明岩浆侵位温度为728~795℃,结晶温度为614~682℃,最后在531~565℃温度下固结成岩;黑云母和角闪石成分表明岩体形成时氧逸度较低,为-21.67~-16.73。黑云母化学成分Mg O与Al_2O_3呈现负相关性,说明其结晶过程中可能发生了Mg~(2+)和Al~(3+)的置换反应,结合黑云母Mg O-FeO-Al_2O_3图解可知岩体具有钙碱性花岗岩的特征。黑云母的含铁系数、MF值、AlⅥ值和较低的氧逸度指示玲珑黑云母花岗岩为S型花岗岩。黑云母具有由核部到边部FeO、Mg O和K_2O含量均一的特征,结合黑云母FeO/(FeO+Mg O)-Mg O图解、黑云母MF值以及角闪石Mg#值说明岩石物质来源为壳源。玲珑黑云母花岗岩中斜长石和黑云母的种属,岩体内大量太古宙继承锆石和产出方向与区域胶东群一致的胶东群残留体进一步说明其可能是胶东群部分熔融的产物,形成过程中没有明显幔源物质的参与。     

新疆蒙其克辉长岩脉黑云母和角闪石矿物学特征及成因意义

蒙其克辉长岩脉位于玛因鄂博断裂带南缘,属喀拉通克岩体一部分。以蒙其克辉长岩脉中黑云母及角闪石为研究对象,在岩相学观察基础上,利用电子探针对岩体中黑云母和角闪石进行矿物成分分析,限定岩体形成的温压条件、岩浆氧逸度及含水量等结晶条件,探讨岩浆演化及成岩过程。数据显示,辉长岩脉中黑云母矿物Fe~(2+)/(Mg+Fe~(2+))变化范围为0.27～0.33,具富镁(Mg O=16.01%～17.45%)、富铝(Al_2O_3=14.35%～15.75%)、贫钛(Ti O_2=1.69%～2.57%)、贫钙(Ca O=0.19%～0.56%)特征,属镁质黑云母。角闪石矿物具富镁(Mg O=10.48%～15.15%)、富钙(Ca O=10.26%～11.90%)、贫钾(K_2O=0.39%～1.14%)及富钠(Na_2O/K_2O1.0)特征,属镁角闪石和浅闪石。通过电子探针分析黑云母及角闪石矿物化学成分,经化学式计算矿物结晶温度分别为646.97℃～707.82℃和766.27℃～902.38℃;成岩压力分别为147.84～220.87 MPa和85.0 1～297.40 MPa;侵位深度分别为5.59～8.35 km和3.21～11.24 km;氧逸度logf _(O2)分别为-18.54～-16.49和-13.00～-10.49;同时,角闪石结晶时熔体中含水量为5.26%～6.96%。矿物成分相关比值及图解反映成岩物质主要来源于壳幔混合源,为钙碱性岩浆,蒙其克辉长岩脉的形成与俯冲作用关系密切。     

滇西姚安金矿床正长斑岩角闪石、黑云母化学特征及其地质意义

姚安金矿床位于金沙江-哀牢山富碱斑岩带中段,大地构造位置处于扬子板块西缘与三江特提斯构造域结合部位,其成矿与新生代富碱斑岩密切相关.前人研究都集中在富矿岩体的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征,对贫矿岩体研究甚少.文章以姚安矿区贫矿正长斑岩为研究对象,在岩相学基础上对姚安正长斑岩中的角闪石,黑云母进行了电子探针分析,计算了矿物结晶的温压条件、氧逸度和含水量等要素,并与其他地区富矿岩体与贫矿岩体进行了对比,讨论了富矿岩体与贫矿岩体在矿物化学尺度上的差异性.姚安贫矿正长斑岩角闪石富MgO(11.82％～12.93％)、CaO(11.25％～11.58％)、K2O(1.09％～1.37％)、Na2O(1.99％～2.21％),属于镁闪石;计算得出角闪石结晶温度为822.47～850.69℃,压力112.69～151.21 MPa;侵位深度为3.72～5.44 km.黑云母为岩浆成因且富镁,w(MgO)为14.36％～18.01％,Fe2+/(Mg+Fe2+)比值0.23～0.34,属于镁质黑云母.黑云母结晶温度为719.69～738.78℃;压力51.15～178.35 MPa;侵位深度1.69～5.89 km.通过角闪石成分计算岩浆氧逸度变化介于ΔNNO+0.20到ΔNNO+0.91,略高于Ni-NiO出溶线.根据角闪石化学成分计算出岩浆含水量介于2.54％～3.02％.大型-超大型斑岩Cu矿多金属矿与高氧逸度、富水的浅侵位中酸性岩浆密切相关,对比姚安富矿岩体和成矿带上马厂菁、北衙的富矿岩体,姚安贫矿岩体与六合贫矿岩体相似,具有低氧逸度,较深的侵位深度的特点.低氧逸度致使金属元素早期以硫化物形式沉淀,无法随岩浆运移,较深的侵位深度使得流体难以出溶成矿.以上特征是其不成矿的关键因素.     

芙蓉锡矿田骑田岭花岗岩黑云母矿物化学组成及其对锡成矿的指示意义

芙蓉锡矿田骑田岭复式岩体主要由早阶段角闪石黑云母花岗岩和晚阶段黑云母花岗岩组成.电子探针分析结果表明角闪石黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母属于铁黑云母,黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母属于铁叶云母.相对于黑云母花岗岩,角闪石黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的MgO、TiO2含量偏高,Al2O3含量偏低.矿物化学研究结果显示,角闪石黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的结晶温度、氧逸度(logfO2)分别为680℃～740℃、-16.00～-15.31,黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的结晶温度、氧逸度分别为530℃～650℃、-19.20～-17.50.从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩,岩浆结晶温度和氧逸度逐渐降低.与花岗岩有关的共存流体性质的研究发现,与角闪石黑云母花岗岩共存的热液流体log(fH2O/fHF)fluid,log(fH2O/fHCl)fluid,log(fHF/fHCl)fiuid值分别为4.22～4.39,2.78～3.24,-1.82～-1.73,而与黑云母花岗岩共存的热液流体log(fH2O/fHF)fluid,log(fH2OfHCl)fluid,log(fHF/fHCl)fluid值分别为3.27～3.53,2.85～3.22,-0.75～-0.22,可见与两种岩石类型共存热液流体的性质存在明显差异,且热液中Cl、Sn含量变化与岩浆结晶分异指数呈正相关关系.骑田岭岩体从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩,随着岩浆的演化.岩浆结晶期后分异出的热液流体向富Cl和Sn方向演化.芙蓉锡矿田的成矿流体应主要来源于黑云母花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的岩浆热液.     

江西永平铜矿区花岗岩热液蚀变与岩石成因:矿物化学、元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素制约

永平铜矿床是位于华南钱塘江-信江断裂坳陷带中的一个大型铜矿床.矿区内出露的岩浆岩主要有似斑状黑云母花岗岩体和少量石英斑岩脉,黑云母花岗岩岩体内及接触带发育斑岩型和矽卡岩型铜钼钨多金属矿化.对岩体中黑云母的电子探针成分分析表明,似斑状黑云母花岗岩中黑云母具有富镁贫铁高钛的特点,Fe/(Fe Mg)为0.21～0.33,TiO2含量为2.12%～4.28%;而石英斑岩脉中黑云母更加富镁贫铁,Fe/(Fe MS)为0.10～0.15,TiO2含量为2.43%～3.86%.黑云母的化学组成表明花岗质岩浆形成时的氧逸度很高,与长江中下游地区其他含铜花岗质岩体相吻合.永平花岗岩体遭受了较强的热液蚀变作用,部分黑云母蚀变为绿泥石.石英斑岩中绿泥石具有富铁贫镁低钛的特征(Fe/(Fe Mg)=0.72～0.76;TiO2=0.02%～0.06%),其形成温度为139～224℃.而似斑状黑云母花岗岩中绿泥石相对贫铁富镁高钛(Fe/(Fe Mg)=0.36～0.44;TiO2=0.05%～0.36%),形成温度稍高,为229～346℃,与该矿床流体包裹体研究获得的成矿温度(220～400℃)基本吻合.Sr-Nd-Hf同位素综合研究表明,永平似斑状黑云母花岗岩具有变化较大且相对较高的εHf(t)值(-0.1～-10.3)和εNd(t)值(-5.83～-7.95),反映岩石具有明显的壳幔混合成因特征.而石英斑岩的εHf(t)值(-8.4～-12.5)和εNd(t)值(-9.93～-10.2)均稍低于似斑状黑云母花岗岩,反映其形成过程中幔源物质贡献相对较小.永平岩体的地壳端元很可能就是该区中元古代基底地层重熔的产物.     

冀南綦村岩体斑状黑云母角闪闪长岩的成因矿物学研究

綦村岩体是冀南邯邢地区典型的中生代高镁闪长岩杂岩体,主要由斑状黑云母角闪闪长岩、角闪闪长岩、闪长岩、二长岩和少量辉长岩组成。对綦村斑状黑云母角闪闪长岩进行了较为详细的成因矿物学研究,探讨了其成因及其地质意义。研究发现,綦村斑状黑云母角闪闪长岩中的角闪石多为镁铝钙闪石和镁角闪石;黑云母主要为富镁黑云母;斜长石发育环带结构,核部以中长石和拉长石为主,边部多为更长石。角闪石矿物温压计估算结果显示,角闪石斑晶的形成温度为930~970 ℃,压力介于300~340 MPa之间,深度10~15 km,氧逸度为ΔNNO+0.1~+2.3,平衡熔融体中的水含量4.8%~5.5%;与黑云母平衡的角闪石形成温度为684~760 ℃,压力降低至42~61 MPa,熔体中水含量降至3.1%~4.3%,氧逸度为ΔNNO+0.7~+2.4。黑云母温度计和氧逸度计获得的结果与角闪石温压计估算结果一致。该结果表明,研究区高氧逸度的铁镁质岩浆在中地壳曾经驻留,并发生了以角闪石为主的结晶分异,富含挥发分的分异岩浆在后期快速侵位形成高镁闪长岩和矽卡岩型铁矿。     

岩溶地区现代土壤与洞穴石笋中单甲基支链烷烃与烷基环己烷对比研究

利用GC-MS（气相色谱—质谱仪）,对采自湖北清江流域和尚洞洞顶的土壤样品与洞内石笋样品进行分析,发现土壤中存在的七个系列单甲基支链烷烃在所有的石笋样品中均可以找到,呈现相似的分布模式,石笋中七个系列支链烷烃有可能来自洞穴滴水携带的土壤中的支链烷烃,但是也不能排除石笋原地生长的微生物的贡献。烷基环己烷的分布在土壤与石笋中呈现了相似的分布模式,但是主峰碳数有所变化,高碳数部分与低碳数部分的相对含量也发生了变化。主要原因可能是微生物选择性降解的结果,也有可能是土壤与石笋中微生物种类分布差异所造成的。本次研究初步显示了相对封闭稳定的洞穴沉积物与上覆土壤层中生物标志化合物的异同。      

Geogenic and anthropogenic zinc in epiphytic and terricolous lichens in Finland

At 31 sites in Finland the Zn content was determined of the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing on pine and birch, the terricolous lichen Cladina spp. in pine bark, and the inner part of birch bark. The anomalous contents of Zn in H. physodes on pine and Cladina spp. in soil appeared to be strongly related to sulphide ore deposits. Anthropogenic Zn correlated closely with S and Fe in H. physodes on pine and with Fe in Cladina spp. The binding of geogenic Zn was related to iron hydroxides, and was attributed to the different uptake mechanism of S in these lichens. Elevated values of Zn in H. physodes on birch were due to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Zinc in pine bark increased with the Zn content in H. physodes and reached a limiting value.     

Hydrogen and carbon in solid solution in oxides and silicates

The dissolution of H₂O and CO₂ in structurally dense, nominally anhydrous and non-carbonate oxide matrices such as MgO and CaO is reviewed. H₂O and CO₂ are treated as gaseous oxide components which enter into solid solution with the refractory oxide hosts. They form anion complexes associated with cation vacancy sites. Evidence is presented that OH^? pairs which derive from the dissolution of H₂O are subject to a charge transfer (CT) conversion into peroxy moieties and molecular hydrogen, O ₂ ^2? ... H₂. Because the O ₂ ^2? moiety is small (O^?-O^? distance ≈ 1.5 Å) high pressure probably favors the CT conversion. Mass spectroscopic studies show that molecular H₂ may be lost from the solid which retains excess oxygen in the form of O ₂ ^2? , leading to the release of atomic O. The dissociation of O ₂ ^2? moieties into a vacancy-bound O^? state and an unbound O^? state can be followed by measuring the internal redox reactions involving transition metal impurities, the transient paramagnetism of the O^? and their effect on the d.c. conductivity. Evidence is presented that CO₂ molecules dissolve dissociatively in the structurally dense oxide matrix, as if they were first to dissociate into CO+O and then to form separate solute moieties CO ₂ ^2? and O ₂ ^2? , both associated with cation vacancy sites. In the CO ₂ ^2? moiety (C-O^? distance 1.2–1.3 Å, OCO angle ≈ 130°) the C atom probably sits off center. The transition of the C atom into interstitial sites is accompanied by dissociation of the CO ₂ ^2? moiety into CO^? and O^?. This transition can be followed by infrared spectroscopy, using OH^? as local probes. Further support derives from magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, low frequency dielectric loss and low temperature deformation measurements. The recently observed emission of O and Mg atoms besides a variety of molecules such as CO, CO₂, CH₄, HCN and other hydrocarbons during impact fracture of MgO single crystals is presented and discussed in the light of the other experimental data.     

Comparative urbanization in Ghana and Kenya in time and space

There are few inter-African country urban analyses because of the continent’s enormous size and socioeconomic diversity, language barriers, and wide variations in national and regional urban research capacity. Nevertheless, comparative urban studies are critical in understanding contemporary African urbanization. In this comparative spatial and temporal analysis of Ghana and Kenya’s urbanization, we find that both countries are urbanizing rapidly and are faced with many common urban problems. Moreover, Ghana is more urbanized than Kenya and has a larger indigenous urban imprint and a more widely dispersed urban pattern. Besides their physiographic and population conditions, we trace these countries’ convergent and divergent urban trends to their shared but unique experiences of colonialism, nationalism and globalization.     

Temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment load in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers in Himalaya, India

The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers originate in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas (Garhwal) and result in high sediment yields causing flood hazards downstream of the Ganga River and high sediment flux to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers are perennial, since runoff in these rivers is controlled by both precipitation and glacial melt. In the present study, three locations in the upper reaches of the Ganga River were monitored for 1 yr (daily observations of, more than >1000 samples) for suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, more than one hundred samples were collected from various locations of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers at different periods to observe spatial and temporal variations in river suspensions. Further, multi-annual data (up to 40 yrs) of water flow and sediment concentrations were used for inferring the variations in water flow and sediment loads on longer time scales. In most previous studies of Himalayan Rivers, there has been a general lack of long term water flow and sediment load data. In the present study, we carried out high frequency sampling, considered long term discharge data and based on these information, discussed the temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment loads in the rivers in the Himalayan region. The results show that, >75% of annual sediment loads are transported during the monsoon season (June through September). The annual physical weathering rates in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River basins at Devprayag are estimated to be 863 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.25 mm yr⁻¹) and 907 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.42 mm yr⁻¹) respectively, which are far in excess of the global average of 156 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (0.58 mm yr⁻¹).     

Discovery of Cinnabar in Soils in Hg Anomalous Zones in City and Town Areas and Their Surroundings and Its Significance

As a result of systematic study on heavy minerals in soils at city and town areas and their surroundings,cinnabar was discovered for the first time in areas of Hg anomalies in China, and it was found that the distribution of cinnabar was basically coincident in scope with that of Hg anomalies, showing that Hg anomalies were‘closely related to cinnabar. This finding provides a theoretical basis for a verification of Hg anomalies in soils in city and town areas and their surroundings, as well as evaluation of its ecological effects, and is significant to revealing the occurrence modes and origin of Hg in soils.     

Regional gravity survey and application in oil and gas exploration in China

Ground gravity survey for regional structure unit delineation and oil and gas exploration in China is addressed in this paper with examples. Gravity survey scales, coverage, technical regulations and achievements at the national level are introduced, including data processing and anomaly interpretation techniques. Bouguer anomalies of terrestrial territories of China and classification of anomalous feature zones are also described; they are well correlated with lithotectonical boundaries, fault zones, and unexposed igneous plutons. Recent study results of petroliferous sedimentary basins are presented as well, including concealed boundaries and major structures of large basins. It is concluded that gravity survey is the most effective and economic method in unveiling unexposed and deep-seated structures, targeting and delineating oil and gas-bearing sedimentary basins, and locating main trap structures within prolific basins in early stage of exploration in China. Suggestions for improving exploration of both conventional and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in China are also given in the paper.     

煤中气孔和镶嵌结构及其在煤变质研究中的意义

河南省禹县、新密和荥巩煤田山西组Ⅱ₁煤的贫煤和无烟煤中,气孔发育。气孔形态有椭圆状（图版1）、圆状及不规则状（图版2）,有的几个气孔连在一起呈大的朵状气孔(图版3)。此外,在荥巩煤田西部无烟煤中还发育有镀嵌结构(图版4)。      

Re-Os and Pd-Ag systematics in Group IIIAB irons and in pallasites

Using improved analytical techniques, which reduce the Re blanks by factors of 8 to 10, we report new Re-Os data on low Re and low PGE pallasites (PAL-anom) and IIIAB irons. The new pallasite samples nearly double the observed range in Re/Os for pallasites and allow the determination of an isochron of slope 0.0775 ± 0.0008 (T = 4.50 ± 0.04 Ga, using the adjusted λ¹⁸⁷Re = 1.66 × 10⁻¹¹ a⁻¹) and initial (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)₀ = 0.09599 ± 0.00046. If the data on different groups of pallasites (including the “anomalous” pallasites) are considered to define a whole-rock isochron, their formation would appear to be distinctly younger than for the iron meteorites by ∼60 Ma. Five IIIAB irons (Acuna, Bella Roca, Chupaderos, Grant, and Bear Creek), with Re contents ranging from 0.9 to 2.8 ppb, show limited Re/Os fractionation and plot within errors on the IIAB iron meteorite isochron of slope 0.07848 ± 0.00018 (T = 4.56 ± 0.01 Ga) and initial (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)₀ = 0.09563 ± 0.00011. Many of the meteorites were analyzed also for Pd-Ag and show ¹⁰⁷Ag enrichments correlated with Pd/Ag, requiring early formation and fractionation of the FeNi metal, in a narrow time interval, after injection of live ¹⁰⁷Pd (t_1/2 = 6.5 Ma) into the solar nebula. Based on Pd-Ag, the typical range in relative ages of these meteorites is ≤10 Ma. The Pd-Ag results suggest early formation and preservation of the ¹⁰⁷Pd-¹⁰⁷Ag systematics, both for IIIAB irons and for pallasites, while the younger Re-Os apparent age for pallasites suggests that the Re-Os system in pallasites was subject to re-equilibration. The low Re and low PGE pallasites show significant Re/Os fractionation (higher Re/Os) as the Re and PGE contents decrease. By contrast, the IIIAB irons show a restricted range in Re/Os, even for samples with extremely low Re and PGE contents. There is a good correlation of Re and Ir contents. The correlation of Re and Os contents for IIIAB irons shows a similar complex pattern as observed for IIAB irons (Morgan et al., 1995), and neither can be ascribed to a continuous fractional crystallization process with uniform solid-metal/liquid-metal distribution coefficients.     

Trends in Analytical Developments and Earth Science Applications in LA-ICP-MS and LA-MC-ICP-MS for 2004 and 2005

This review of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry includes research that employed quadrupole instruments, and single-collector and multicollector magnetic sector field instruments. The most important trend in 2004–2005 was the growing appreciation that small matrix effects in LA-(MC)-ICP-MS need to be addressed in order to produce highly precise and accurate data by the method. The issue is most acute for isotope ratio measurements that require standard-sample-standard bracketing but can also be important for certain elemental analysis. Matrix-dependent elemental and isotopic fractionations were studied from the standpoint of laser-sample interactions and the behaviour of laser-generated particles in the ablation cell, transfer tubing and ICP torch. Innovations in LA-(MC)-ICP-MS involved signal smoothing, in torch laser ablation, on-line isotope dilution and molecular oxide monitoring. Other important research was carried out on the calibration and homogeneity of various reference materials; and the exploration of mature ( in situ U-Pb geochronology) and emerging (apatite fission-track chronometry, U-Th/He thermochronology, boron/strontium/uranium-series isotopic microanalysis) applications in the Earth sciences.