南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域水团研究

普里兹湾及其邻近海域是中国南大洋调查研究的传统优势海域与重点区域。围绕夏季表层水、冬季水、陆架水、绕极深层水、南极底层水、普里兹湾底层水、冰架水等研究海区主要水团的特征和分布,总结了前人在南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域基于调查资料开展的水团研究中所取得的成果。研究表明,前人在对陆架水的示性指标界定上,将陆架水是否区分为高盐陆架水和低盐陆架水存在较大争议,在高盐陆架水和普里兹湾底层水的定义上存在重叠;目前尚没有证据表明绕极深层水向南可以伸展到普里兹湾的陆架区域,也没有发现在普里兹湾附近海域生成南极底层水的直接证据。     

普里兹湾区水团和热盐结构的分析

普里兹湾陆架水能否下沉到８００ｍ甚至更深而与上升的绕极深层水相混合并形成南极底层水，迄今仍是一个悬而未诀的问题，利用１９８９－１９９０和１９９０－１９９１南极夏季在普里兹湾邻近海区“极地号”考察获得的温盐资料和有关的化学要素资料，通过对考察区热盐结构和水团分布特性的分析，发现高温，高盐的绕极深层水在某些情况下有可能扩展到普里兹陆架上，在观测期间的普里兹湾陆架上几乎不存在低盐陆架水，而观测到的仅是高     

南大洋太平洋扇区中尺度涡旋的统计特性及其变化

中尺度涡旋在南大洋海洋动力学中具有重要地位,其对气候变化的响应表现也引起了海洋学家与气候学家的广泛关注。本文利用涡动动能与涡旋自动探测技术两种方法对南大洋太平洋扇区的涡旋特性及其变化进行了分析。与前人结果相一致的是,高值的涡动动能主要集中在南极极锋海区,并且自西向东逐渐减弱。在过去的20年里,涡动动能在太平洋扇区的显著增强也集中在中西部海域,这里也是南极绕极流斜压性较强的海域。涡旋统计特性揭示了涡动动能的空间分布及其年际变化主要归因于涡旋振幅与旋转速度,而并非涡旋个数或者涡旋半径。这些结果进一步确认了对应于南半球环状模正位相的绕极西风异常改变了南大洋的涡旋特性,从而表现出涡旋活跃性增强。     

普里兹湾及其邻近海区冰-海相互作用的数值研究 Ⅰ.模式

南大洋在全球气候系统中起着重要的作用,对世界大洋水团的形成有重要的影响。在世界大洋中,约有55%-60%的海水特性应当归结于南大洋的物理过程。目前,南大洋的研究已得到各国海洋学者的日益关注,进展较大。但是,对于地处印度洋扇形区的普里兹湾海区的观测和研究则相对较少,其结果的差别甚大。例如底层水形成问题,有些研究者认为这一海区的底层水主要来源于威德尔海和罗斯海,本区内对底层水的贡献即使有,也是非常小的(Smith et al.,1984; Mantyla et al.,1995)。而有些研究者则从观测资料中找到了底层水有可能形成的迹象。就目前研究的结果来看,有些年份,如1982年(Middleton et al.,1989),1987年(Woehler et al.,1988),1991年(乐肯堂等,1996)均发现了异常高盐的陆架水,它有可能与深层水混合而形成底层水。对于该海区的环流特别是深层环流迄今为止也是知之甚少。大多数研究是基于动力高度的计算结果( Grigor yev,1967;Smith et al.,1984,1993;Middleton et al.,1989),但他们给出的环流型式相互之间差异很大。这些差异的存在,虽然确有年际变化等因素,但也不能排除研究方法本身的局限。该海区地形复杂(图1),海冰有显著的季节变化和年际变化(Allison et al.,1993,1994),使得该海区的物理海洋状况非常复杂。南极地区由于环境恶劣,海洋观测集中在夏季,并且资料的连续性较差,因而使传统的研究方法受到很大限制。为了充分发挥有限的实测资料的作用,采用合理的动力学和热力学模式并利用数值方法求解模式方程,不失为一种有效的研究途径。迄今为止,这一海区的数值研究还很少,考虑热力学作用的模式则尚未见诸报道。本文将利用最新的资料和模式,并在模式中同时考虑动力学和热力学的作用,用以研究普里兹湾海区的环流与海冰的动力学和热力学过程。以往的研究发现、等密面分析是研究普里兹湾海区混合与环流的有效方法(乐肯堂等,1997),我们将采用国际上新近发展起来的一种基于等密面的数值计算模式,研究普里兹湾海区环流和海冰的季节变化。这一工作将有助于进一步解决该海区南极底层水的形成问题,因而对于深入认识该海区在南大洋环流系统以至全球气候系统中的作用有重要意义。     

南大洋古环流研究方法综述

南大洋海洋环流系统由南极底层水AABW、南极绕极流ACC、南极表层水AASW、绕极深层水CDW组成,它们在全球气候调节中扮演重要角色。随着科考技术的进步,有关南大洋古环流研究越来越多,研究主要集中在温度、盐度、流向和影响作用等方面。研究侧重内容不同所采取的手段和方法也有差别,南大洋古环流研究方法包括古生物法、地球化学法、数值模拟、沉积法、实测资料等。本文就这些研究方法做一简单综述,以期强调南大洋在全球大洋历史中的作用。     

南极普里兹湾区环流与混合的研究

Mosby(1934)指出,如果南极区的陆架水由于海冰的形成而变得足够咸,那么该陆架水将因其密度较大而沿着大陆坡下沉,并因此而形成底层水。当然,在南极周围的海域中，由于较高密度的海水下沉而引起的混合过程是十分复杂的。由于南极底层水( Antarctic Bottom Water,AABW)的主要源区在威德尔海,故以往研究者对于这种混合过程的研究多数集中于威德尔海( Foster et al.,1987)。 至于位于印度洋扇形区的普里兹湾及其邻近海区,一般认为这种类型的海水混合过程实际上并不强烈。Smith et al.,(1984)曾经根据1980-1981年澳大利亚对普里兹湾区的考察资料,分析了这一区域的水团和环流。他们认为,在这一区域中,南极底层水的主要部分源于威德尔海和罗斯海。Middleton and Humphries (1989)利用澳大利亚1981-1985年夏天对普里兹湾海区的考察资料,分析了那里的混合过程,他们认为那里的绕极深层水(CDW)在周期性的上升流过程(它与潮汐和陆架波有关)的参与下与陆架上较冷的陆架水(SW,它与陆架上的海冰形成有关)相混合,形成了低温、高盐的混合水,这种混合水被称为普里兹湾底层水(PBBW),他们认为在多数年份中,这一混合过程可能对普里兹湾中活跃的底层水的形成起主导作用。 在上一篇文章(乐肯堂等,1996:以下简称“上文”)中,我们以中国第六次(CNARE-Ⅵ)和第七次(CNARE-Ⅶ)南极考察中所获得的温、盐资料为基础,并结合有关的化学要素资料,对普里兹湾区的水团分布特性进行了分析。分析结果表明,1991年1月,在普里兹湾外的陆架底部确实存在着上述的PBBW,且这一较重(密度较大)的水有可能沿着大陆坡下滑而达到800m以下的水层。 在本文中,我们仍以上述考察资料为基础,对普里兹湾区的环流和混合过程进行分析,进一步探讨普里兹湾区底层水形成的可能方式。本文所用的考察资料和站位均与“上文”相同,故相同部分不再赘述。     

普里兹湾及邻近海区水团和环流研究述评

普里兹湾是南极大陆周围仅次于威德尔海和罗斯海的最大海湾，位于印度洋扇形区。自１９５７年的国际地球物理年以来，同在南大洋其他海区一洋，在该海区开展了多次国际联合考察。我国自１９８９年起对普里兹湾区海洋学问题已连续进行了４次考察，取得了若干资料。在普里兹湾陆架上，早期的观测结果［１７，２７］，认为表层水异常温暖和深层水异常冷。１９６７年，在前苏联“Ｏｂ”号的第１２次南大洋考察中，制定了普里兹湾区的专题调查计划，以便解决上述问题。这次对普里兹湾考察的结果表明，表层的热盐结构类似于前几次考察（Ｇｒｌｇｏ…     

普里兹湾及邻近海域多航次水文特征比较分析

利用第15,16,21,25,26和27次南极考察在普里兹湾及邻近海域所获取的CTD观测数据,对该海域主要水团、典型层面水文要素平面分布等进行了对比分析。研究表明:1)普里兹湾及邻近海域水团主要包括南极表层水、普里兹湾陆架水、绕极深层水和南极底层水。夏季表层水温盐变化显著,没有固定的核心值;绕极深层暖水的分布范围和温盐特征相对比较稳定;南极底层水在各航次中均有出现。2)在陆架水中存在位温低于海面冰点的冰架水和温度低于现场温度的过冷水。冰架水主要分布在冰架前缘和70°30′E断面上,沿70°30′E断面最北可扩展至陆坡附近;过冷水主要分布在冰架前缘西部。3)高盐陆架水在普里兹湾存在较少,主要分布在埃默里冰架前缘和73°E断面67°30′~68°45′S范围内,其中S34.62的高盐陆架水均位于73°E断面附近,并沿73°E断面向北扩展至67°30′S附近,盐度最大值为34.64。4)夏季表层温盐分布时空变化特征显著。部分航次埃默里冰架前缘存在一个很强的纬向温度锋面,最高温度达到3.55°C。5)绕极深层水在第15航次涌升至100m以浅,涌升最明显的海域在63°00′~64°00′S附近,73°E断面涌升最强。     

南极普里兹湾附近73°E断面水文结构及多年变化

根据 2 0 0 2 ,2 0 0 0和 1999年中国南极考察和 1992年澳大利亚南极考察资料 ,分析了普里兹湾 73°E断面水团与地转流的结构及其多年变化 :(1)该断面上水团主要有南极表层水、绕极深层水、南极底层水和陆架水 ;(2 )南极表层水 1999,2 0 0 0年向北扩展最强 ,2 0 0 2年向北扩展最弱 ,绕极深层水 2 0 0 2年向南扩展也较强 ,1999和 1992年绕极深层水向南扩展较弱 ,南极底层水 ,位温在 - 0 .3～- 0 .4℃ ,盐度在 34.6 6左右 ,主要是本地形成 ,而 1992年高盐底层水可能来源于其他原因 ;(3)该海域深层水呈显著的升温 ,增暖率约为 0 .0 0 7～ 0 .0 0 8℃ /a;(4 )南极陆坡锋的强度和位置 ,与南极表层水的北向扩展和绕极深层水的变化一致 ;(5 ) 6 2°S～ 6 6°S是绕极流的南缘 ,东向流深度可达 2 0 0 0 m,最大流速中心在 6 4.5°S附近 ,2 0 0 0年北移至 6 3.5°S附近 ,最大流速为 3～ 5 cm/s;陆架上 6 8°S附近主要为流速 1cm /s左右的西向流。     

南大洋凯尔盖朗海台区的流场结构及季节变化

利用冰-海耦合等密面模式模拟了南大洋凯尔盖朗海台区的环流及其季节变化.对模拟结果的分析表明,该海区的南极绕极流具有非常显着的条带状分布和非纬向性特征.南极绕极流流经凯尔盖朗海台时,在海台的南部、中部和北部表现出不同的形式,其南部的一个分支贴近南极大陆,与西向的陆坡流之间有强的相互作用.海台以北的南极绕极流的变化以年周期为主,海台以南的变化以半年周期为主,其时间变化规律与这里的风应力的变化规律是一致的.     

Entrainment of Antarctic euphausiids across the Antarctic Polar Front by a cold eddy

An unusual region of high meso-scale turbulence has been identified in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. It has been shown that this is the result of eddy shedding from the Antarctic Polar Front. These eddies may dramatically affect the local distribution of marine organisms. To investigate this, the euphausiid community structure and species composition in the region of a cold eddy within the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone (APFZ) was investigated during April 2005. Water masses within the core of the eddy were typically Antarctic, showing they had come from south of the Antarctic Polar Front. Results of numerical analyses indicate that the euphausiid community within the survey area consisted of three distinct groups: those in APFZ waters, those at the edge of the eddy and those in the core of the eddy. These results indicate that eddies generated by the interaction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current with the South-West Indian Ridge play an important role in transporting Antarctic euphausiid species equatorward, thus contributing to the spatial heterogeneity of the zooplankton community within the region.     

大尺度环流异常对南极印度洋扇区海表面高盐异常的影响

南极印度洋扇区分布了许多南极底层水的生成区,此海域海水盐度变化对全球的气候变化有着深远影响。本文采用EN4再分析数据、实测海豹资料和WOD18数据,结合大气再分析和海冰密集度数据,对南极印度洋扇区表面盐度长期变化及其对大尺度环流异常的响应进行探究。2008年以来,南极沿岸出现显著的海表面持续性高盐异常,其中印度洋扇区变化最为显著,表层高盐水主要集中在达恩利冰间湖附近与沙克尔顿冰架以北的海域。沿岸海域的高盐陆架水向北扩张且影响深度不断加深,高盐的绕极深层水上涌也更加明显。此高盐异常与南极涛动(Antarctic Oscillation,AAO)、印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)两种大尺度环流密切相关。AAO与IOD正位相下,西风显著增强,促进海冰大量生成,为海表面提供了大量的盐通量。同时,海表面出现更显著的风场旋度负异常与低压异常,促进高盐深层水上涌,对高盐异常有重要维持作用。此外,纬向风剪切与蒸发增强也是影响该高盐异常的重要局地过程。     

Seasonal and interannual variability of the characteristics of Scotia-Sea front based on the satellite measurements of sea-surface temperature

We determine the characteristic features of the space structure of the Scotia-Sea Front and study the variations of its characteristics on the seasonal and interannual scales. It is shown that, in the climatic seasonal cycle, the Scotia-Sea Front is intensified in the warm period of the year when the temperature contrast between the cold waters formed as a result of thawing of ice and warmer waters transported by the South Branch of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current becomes more pronounced. The maximum seasonal variations of the intensity of this front are observed in the region of minimum intraannual displacements of the boundary of drift ice. The interannual variations of the characteristics of the front are observed in the form anomalous variations of its intensity and latitudinal displacements. A significant relationship is established between the interannual anomalies of the characteristics of the front and the areas of warm tropical waters in the Pacific Ocean caused by the events of El Niño.     

Fronts and strong currents of the upper southeast Indian Ocean

1 IntroductionBaroclinic component is the dominant part ofAntarcticCircum polarCurrent (ACC) (FandryandPillsbury,1979),and a baroclinictransportation asso-ciatedwithfrontsmakesupthem ajoritypartoftheto-talbaroclinictransportation oftheACC (Nowlin andCliff…     

普里兹湾附近绕极深层水和底层水及其运动特征

利用中国第15次南极科学考察科学考察队的CTD全深度观测资料(1998年11月至1999年2月),分析并讨论了普里兹湾以北的南大洋海域内,绕极深层水(CDW)和南极底层水(AABW)的物理特性及其空间分布.同时还与历史上其他学者的发现进行了比较.指出了在研究海域内,CDW在100～2000m之间从北向南扩展,其高温核(t>1.2℃)和高盐核(S>34.7)在75°E断面上最为深厚,向南扩展得最远;而AABW则在2500m以深由陆坡底部向北扩展,σ_θ>27.875的高密度水体在70°E断面上最为深厚,向北扩展得最远.此外还通过实测的CTD资料证实了CDW和AABW的经向环流特征,以及它们与迪肯流环(Deaconcell)、亚极地流环和深层流环的一致性.     

The US Southern Ocean Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: an introduction to AESOPS

The United States Southern Ocean Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), also known as AESOPS (Antarctic Environment and Southern Ocean Process Study), focused on two distinct regions. The first was the Ross-Sea continental shelf, where a series of six cruises collected a variety of data from October 1996 through February 1998. The second area was the southwest Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, spanning the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) at 170°W. Data were collected within this region during five cruises from September 1996 through March 1998, as well as during selected transits between New Zealand and the Ross Sea. The first results of these cruses are described in this issue. The Ross-Sea investigation extensively sampled the area along 76°30′S to elucidate the temporal patterns and processes that contribute to making this one of the Antarctic's most productive seas. Hydrographic distributions confirm that stratification is initiated early in October within the polynya, generating an environment that is favorable for phytoplankton growth. Significant spatial variations in mixed-layer depths, the timing of the onset of stratification, and the strength of the stratification existed throughout the growing season. Nutrient concentrations reflected phytoplankton uptake, and reached their seasonal minimal in early February. Chlorophyll concentrations were maximal in early January, whereas productivity was maximal in late November, which reflects the temporal uncoupling between growth and biomass accumulation in the region. Independent estimates of biogenic export suggest that majority of the flux occurred in late summer and was strongly uncoupled from phytoplankton growth. The ACC region exhibited seasonal changes that in some cases were greater than those observed in the Ross Sea. Sea ice covered much of the region south of the Polar Front in winter, and retreated rapidly in late spring and early summer. Mixed layers throughout the region shoaled in summer due to surface heating, while the addition of freshwater from melting sea ice enhanced stratification in the Seasonal Ice Zone, creating conditions favorable for phytoplankton growth. For example, silicic acid concentrations decreased from initial values as high as 65 to less than 2 μM within approximately 100 km (from 65.7 to 64.8°S). Fluorescence values, however, showed less than a two-fold variation over the same distance. The vertical flux of carbon in the Polar Front area is substantial, and marked variations in the composition of exported material exited over the region. The results provide a means whereby the controls of phytoplankton growth and organic matter flux and remineralization can be analyzed in great detail. Additional results of the AESOPS project are discussed.     

Modification and pathways of Southern Ocean Deep Waters in the Scotia Sea

An unprecedented high-quality, quasi-synoptic hydrographic data set collected during the ALBATROSS cruise along the rim of the Scotia Sea is examined to describe the pathways of the deep water masses flowing through the region, and to quantify changes in their properties as they cross the sea. Owing to sparse sampling of the northern and southern boundaries of the basin, the modification and pathways of deep water masses in the Scotia Sea had remained poorly documented despite their global significance.Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW) of two distinct types is observed spilling over the South Scotia Ridge to the west and east of the western edge of the Orkney Passage. The colder and fresher type in the west, recently ventilated in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, flows westward to Drake Passage along the southern margin of the Scotia Sea while mixing intensely with eastward-flowing Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) of the antarctic circumpolar current (ACC). Although a small fraction of the other WSDW type also spreads westward to Drake Passage, the greater part escapes the Scotia Sea eastward through the Georgia Passage and flows into the Malvinas Chasm via a deep gap northeast of South Georgia. A more saline WSDW variety from the South Sandwich Trench may leak into the eastern Scotia Sea through Georgia Passage, but mainly flows around the Northeast Georgia Rise to the northern Georgia Basin.In Drake Passage, the inflowing CDW displays a previously unreported bimodal property distribution, with CDW at the Subantarctic Front receiving a contribution of deep water from the subtropical Pacific. This bimodality is eroded away in the Scotia Sea by vigorous mixing with WSDW and CDW from the Weddell Gyre. The extent of ventilation follows a zonation that can be related to the CDW pathways and the frontal anatomy of the ACC. Between the Southern Boundary of the ACC and the Southern ACC Front, CDW cools by 0.15°C and freshens by 0.015 along isopycnals. The body of CDW in the region of the Polar Front splits after overflowing the North Scotia Ridge, with a fraction following the front south of the Falkland Plateau and another spilling over the plateau near 49.5°W. Its cooling (by 0.07°C) and freshening (by 0.008) in crossing the Scotia Sea is counteracted locally by NADW entraining southward near the Maurice Ewing Bank. CDW also overflows the North Scotia Ridge by following the Subantarctic Front through a passage just east of Burdwood Bank, and spills over the Falkland Plateau near 53°W with decreased potential temperature (by 0.03°C) and salinity (by 0.004). As a result of ventilation by Weddell Sea waters, the signature of the Southeast Pacific Deep Water (SPDW) fraction of CDW is largely erased in the Scotia Sea. A modified form of SPDW is detected escaping the sea via two distinct routes only: following the Southern ACC Front through Georgia Passage; and skirting the eastern end of the Falkland Plateau after flowing through Shag Rocks Passage.     

Open‐ocean convection and polynya formation in a large‐scale ice‐ocean model

The physical processes responsible for the formation in a large‐scale ice–ocean model of an offshore polynya near the Greenwich meridian in the Southern Ocean are analysed. In this area, the brine release during ice formation in autumn is sufficient to destabilise the water column and trigger convection. This incorporates relatively warm water into the surface layer which, in a first step, slows down ice formation. In a second step, it gives rise to ice melting until the total disappearance of the ice at the end of September. Two elements are crucial for the polynya opening. The first one is a strong ice‐transport divergence in fall induced by south‐easterly winds, which enhances the amount of local ice formation and thus of brine release. The second is an inflow of relatively warm water at depth originating from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, that sustains the intense vertical heat flux in the ocean during convection. The simulated polynya occurs in a region where such features have been frequently observed. Nevertheless, the model polynya is too wide and persistent. In addition, it develops each year, contrary to observations. The use of a climatological forcing with no interannual variability is the major cause of these deficiencies, the simulated too low density in the deep Southern Ocean and the coarse resolution of the model playing also a role. A passive tracer released in the polynya area indicates that the water mass produced there contributes significantly to the renewal of deep water in the Weddell Gyre and that it is a major component of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) inflow into the model Atlantic.     

关键海区潜沉率对全球变暖停滞的可能影响

本文从潜沉率入手，探究了潜沉率在全球变暖停滞过程中可能发挥的作用。本文利用SODA资料首先分析了全球潜沉率的时空分布特征，然后基于EOF分解明确了北大西洋翻转流区域和南极绕极流区域是潜沉率变率较大的两个海区，在此基础上选出了4个关键海区研究了局地潜沉率变化与全球海表温度异常之间的相关关系，最后对关键区潜沉率变化的原因进行了初步探索。结果表明，北大西洋翻转流和南极绕极流范围内的关键区域与全球变暖停滞之间存在超前10年的相关关系，潜沉过程可能是北大西洋翻转流和南极绕极流对全球变暖停滞产生作用的一种机制。平流项在这些关键区域的潜沉率变化中起主导作用。在南极绕极流地区，海面风应力的大小与该区域的潜沉变化密切相关。