相位单差残差评估北斗区域导航系统载波相位观测量质量

由于北斗区域导航系统采用混合星座设计,其不同类型卫星载波相位观测量的质量得到广泛关注。当基线较短且模糊度正确固定后,卫星残差信息可有效反映观测数据质量。本文采用优化的站际单差算法获取不同卫星单差残差序列,并对其进行统计分析与假设检验。结果表明,北斗GEO与IGSO卫星数据质量无系统性差异,其质量随卫星高度角的降低而明显变差。良好环境下,GEO与IGSO卫星相位单差残差基本服从正态分布,可依据卫星高度角等信号质量指标建立合适的随机模型。     

北斗导航卫星系统测距信号的精度分析

基于单测站和短基线实验的伪距相位差值 (Code-minus-phase Combination, CC)和多路径(Multipath, MP)两类组合观测值,对比分析了北斗（BD）和GPS测距信号质量,并检验了多路径误差对CC模糊度固定的影响。结果表明：BD GEO卫星(Geostationary Earth Orbit)的测距信号质量优于IGSO卫星(Inclined Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit),且两类测距信号的多路径误差分别包含长、短期的变化趋势。针对CC模糊度固定,当采用较长时间段（如本文中的600s）时,GPS L1/L2和BD B1/B2四个频段上的成功率均超90%;而对于快速模糊度固定（如仅采用120秒）,由于受强多路径误差影响,BD IGSO卫星的固定成功率最低,不超过50%。     

模糊度固定的北斗卫星多系统融合精密轨道确定

利用全球分布的IGS和MGEX站多模观测数据,研究了北斗卫星多系统融合双差动力学精密定轨方法,提出了适应北斗系统的双差模糊度固定策略。结合实测数据,对比了单系统与多系统融合、模糊度固定解与浮点解的定轨效果。结果表明：相比单系统定轨,多系统融合定轨能有效改进IGSO和MEO卫星轨道精度,但对于GEO卫星,多系统融合定轨并无优势;利用改进的模糊度固定策略对IGSO和MEO卫星双差模糊度进行固定,有效提高了长基线模糊度固定率,整体固定成功率由40%提高到60%以上;模糊度固定对定轨精度改进作用明显,IGSO和MEO卫星三维定轨精度分别提高了48%和36%,达到0.048 m和0.066 m。     

卫星观测值精度分析及随机模型精化

通过MGEX观测网CUT0测站连续10天的观测数据,采用零基线单差模型方法求解单差残差序列,并推导出北斗GEO／IGSO／MEO卫星观测值噪声。统计观测值噪声随高度角变化的情况,采用最小二乘拟合的方法建立精化的高度角随机模型。结果表明:北斗三类卫星的观测精度略有差别,精度从高到低依次为MEO、IGSO、GEO;B1频率相位观测精度约为伪距的129倍,B2频率约为118倍;北斗卫星伪距观测值的精度要稍优于GPS,相位观测值的精度与GPS相当。最后,基线测试结果表明,精化后的随机模型提高了单历元动态定位的精度,平均点位精度提高了42.1％,N、E、U方向各分量RMS改善的百分比分别为:31.6％、15.3％、31.4％。      

北斗卫星导航系统双差动力法精密定轨及其精度分析

针对GEO卫星切向轨道分量与双差模糊度强相关的问题,对经典双差动力法进行了改进,提出联合使用载波相位和相位平滑伪距实现北斗系统精密定轨,并从理论上分析了以上处理策略的可行性及对模糊度固定的影响,然后结合北斗系统精密定轨特点,推导给出了利用QIF方法实现北斗卫星双差模糊度固定的基本原理,实测数据分析表明:联合载波相位和相位平滑伪距,既可降低相关性,又可兼顾精度,定轨效果优于经典双差动力法;利用QIF方法能够取得一定的模糊度固定效果,但受观测条件限制,北斗卫星双差模糊度固定成功率整体不高,双差模糊度固定之后对轨道的改进作用有限。     

联合GEO/IGSO/MEO的北斗PPP模糊度固定方法与试验分析

由于北斗地球静止轨道（geostationary earth orbiting,GEO）卫星轨道精度较低且其观测值受多路径误差和伪距偏差影响严重,目前各分析中心尚未针对北斗GEO卫星提供长期稳定的相位小数偏差（uncalibrated phase delay,UPD）产品,北斗精密单点定位（precise point positioning,PPP）模糊度固定技术研究主要针对倾斜轨道（inclined geosynchronous orbiting,IGSO）和中地球轨道（medium earth orbiting,MEO）卫星。本文采用Wanninger和Beer的高度角模型消除了IGSO/MEO观测值伪距偏差,并通过小波变换提取低频分量修正伪距观测值的方法削弱了GEO卫星多路径和伪距偏差的影响。由于窄巷UPD估值受未模型化误差影响较大,本文改进了窄巷UPD估计的策略,该策略利用上一历元成功估计的窄巷UPD对当前历元的浮点模糊度进行改正,剔除了残差较大的浮点模糊度,修正固定错误的整周模糊度,从而提高了窄巷UPD的精度和稳定性。利用估计得到的UPD产品,本文实现了联合GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星的北斗非差PPP模糊度固定,并对其定位性能进行分析。结果表明：联合GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星的PPP固定解的首次固定时间和收敛时间均可以缩短到30 min以内;6 h后的E、N、U方向的定位误差由（1.35、0.35、2.75）cm减少到（1.07、0.26、2.24）cm,分别减少了20%、27%和18%。     

多GNSS融合的北斗卫星精密定轨

提供高精度的精密轨道产品对北斗系统的推广应用具有重要意义。给出了一种基于模糊度固定的北斗卫星多系统融合非差精密定轨方法,重点推导论述了模糊度固定的实现方法,并结合实测数据,对其精密定轨效果进行了分析,初步分析结果表明：利用本文方法,北斗GEO、IGSO、MEO卫星三维定轨精度分别达到1.263m、0.214m、0.134m,三类卫星径向定轨精度平均优于10cm,IGSO和MEO已经基本优于5cm;模糊度固定以后,北斗卫星三维定轨精度平均提高了21.8%,轨道切向精度改善最为明显,其中又以GEO卫星改进最大。     

北斗与GPS随机模型对比分析

针对两段北斗/GPS双系统的短基线,对比分析北斗B1和B2、GPS的L1和L2频率上伪距和相位的观测值精度、卫星精度与高度角的关系,以及不同类型观测值之间的交叉相关性。结果表明:北斗短基线观测精度与GPS精度相当,北斗系统的MEO卫星的观测精度最高,其次为IGSO和GEO卫星;北斗与GPS的精度与高度角存在不同程度的相关性;采用的接收机北斗B1和B2、GPS的L1和L2频率上的相位观测值存在弱相关,其他类型的交叉相关性不明显。     

北斗卫星导航系统的空间信号精度评估

针对卫星导航定位系统空间信号精度能否满足用户需求的问题,该文基于IGS MGEX发布的2016年连续100d的实测数据以及GBM分析中心的精密卫星轨道及钟差产品对北斗卫星广播星历误差、轨道精度以及空间信号距离误差进行统计分析。结果表明:北斗系统的IGSO和MEO卫星广播星历的均方根优于3m,GEO卫星广播星历误差RMSE优于5m;IGSO和MEO卫星广播星历轨道精度优于GEO卫星,且轨道误差在径向R精度最好;空间信号距离误差中,GEO卫星的SISRE均值优于1.5m,IGSO卫星的SISRE均值优于1.0m,MEO卫星的SISRE均值优于0.5m。由此反映出北斗空间信号稳定且精度逐渐提升。     

北斗卫星导航系统空间信号测距误差评估

针对北斗卫星导航系统空间信号测距误差能否满足公开服务性能需求的问题,该文顾及卫星轨道误差和卫星钟误差影响的北斗卫星导航系统空间信号测距误差评估方法,利用MGEX提供的北斗广播星历和GFZ提供的事后精密星历,对2018年1月北斗卫星的广播星历误差、轨道误差和空间信号测距误差进行了短期分析评估。结果表明,所有北斗卫星在评估期内的空间信号测距误差精度为2.11 m,满足北斗系统公开服务空间信号性能需求。其中,MEO卫星空间信号测距误差精度最高,为1.43 m,GEO卫星精度最差,为2.62 m;所有卫星的空间信号测距误差总体上优于2.5 m,空间信号测距误差呈1 d周期变化;在变化趋势上,MEO空间信号测距误差变化比较稳定,而GEO和IGSO存在一定的跳变情况。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。