地下热-水动力-力学耦合过程数值模拟:以CO_2地质储存为例

在地下流动系统问题的研究中,热-水动力-力学(THM)耦合过程是研究的热点问题。在地下多相非等温数值模拟软件TOUGH2的框架内,基于Biot固结理论和摩尔-库仑破坏判定准则,建立了THM耦合模型;采用积分有限差和有限元联合的空间离散方法,开发了THM模拟器TOUGH2Biot。该模拟器中热和水动力过程是全耦合,力学过程是部分耦合。通过与解析解的对比,验证了其正确性。基于鄂尔多斯盆地CCS示范工程,采用TOUGH2Biot研究了CO2注入地层后的THM响应。结果显示CO2的注入引起流体压力急剧增加,地层有效应力减小,地表隆起,隆起大小在几十个厘米,同时孔渗增加,利于CO2注入引起的压力上升向外消散。CO2注入最有可能导致剪切破坏的位置位于最大速率注入点上部盖层,其次为靠近地表的位置。     

多场耦合作用下岩体裂隙扩展演化关键问题研究

裂隙岩体热-水-应力（THM）耦合是目前研究的热点和难点。首先总结了裂隙岩体多场耦合的机制、模型、方法及研究内容,并通过分析裂隙对THM耦合的重要控制作用,提出了在THM耦合中考虑裂隙网络扩展演化及模拟的关键问题,同时指出了研究的3个关键点：（1）建立考虑裂隙网络演化的耦合模型;（2）裂隙扩展的数值模拟方法;（3）THM耦合及岩体变形、失稳全过程的数值模拟算法。随后通过对模拟多场耦合和裂隙扩展数值方法的归类比较,重点论述了目前适用于模拟多场耦合下裂隙扩展模拟的各种数值方法（包括有限单元法、无单元法、单位分解法、离散单元法、岩石破裂过程分析方法和数值流形方法）的优缺点,并通过对比研究,推荐采用数值流形方法（NMM）来实现对关键问题的模拟研究。最后,对研究思路和难点进行了初步探讨。     

承压水底板突水失稳过程的数值模型初探

利用自行开发的岩石破裂过程渗流与应力耦合分析系统F-RFPA2D,对承压水底板破裂失稳过程进行了数值模拟。在这个数值模型中,材料在开裂破坏过程中流体压力传递通过单元渗流-损伤耦合迭代来实现。根据模拟结果,分析了承压水底板失稳的机理,对承压水底板的突水部位的预测进行了探讨。得出了与实际基本一致的结果,说明了F-RFPA2D作为一种新的数值模拟方法,可以用来研究承压水底板突水问题。      

孔隙水压力对岩石裂纹扩展影响的数值模拟

应用岩石破坏过程渗流-应力-损伤(FSD)耦合分析软件F-RFPA2D,通过对孔隙水压作用下岩石试件加载破坏过程的数值模拟,对孔隙水压力大小和梯度对岩石试样中裂纹的萌生和扩展进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果再现了孔隙水压力作用下裂纹萌生扩展的全过程,表明孔隙水压力大小和梯度对岩石中裂纹的萌生和扩展模式都有很大的影响。     

耦合渗流-变形的数值流形法裂隙岩质边坡稳定性分析

岩石裂隙渗流问题作为影响岩石边坡失稳的重要因素吸引了越来越多研究者采用不同的数值方法模拟其力学行为。提出了一种基于渗流-变形耦合模型的数值流形方法,并相应地讨论了岩体裂隙网络中地下水的流动、渗透压力和岩石变形的耦合效应。基于最小能量原理,分别推导渗流条件下单元边界流体压力和系统的整体平衡方程,以及块体接触算法求解任意岩石裂缝的局部安全系数。通过一系列验证实例对所提出的数模模型进行检验,验证了该数值模型的鲁棒性和有效性。利用该方法模拟了一个岩石边坡由于渗流作用而发生的坍塌事故,再现了岩石边坡的破坏过程。模拟结果表明,过大的水力压力导致垂直裂缝张开,增加岩体变形量,最终导致边坡破坏。研究表明,该方法在模拟大规模工程问题方面具有很大的潜力。     

地质系统热-水-力耦合作用的随机建模初步研究

热-水-力(THM)耦合作用是岩石力学与环境地质中的重要基础理论问题,核废料地质处置库周围的缓冲材料和围岩中的热-水-力耦合现象将影响其力学稳定性、热传导性和渗透性,进而影响放射性核素在裂隙岩体中的迁移规律。核废料或放射性废料的地下深埋处置是国际上正在研究的永久性隔离的有效方法之一。因此,对核废料地质处置法安全性评估的一个重要内容就是对裂隙岩体中力学稳定性与构造应力、地下水渗流及热载荷等的耦合作用之数值模拟和评估。这已成为当前刻不容缓的重要的环境影响评价课题。笔者研究了温度场-渗流场-应力场中热传导系数和渗透率以及岩体力学参数的空间变异性,用实验方法研究三场耦合效应及裂隙岩体的场性能等效处理,试图建立热-水-力耦合作用的随机性数学模型及可视化数值模拟方法,为核废料地质处置安全性评估提供直观的新方法。     

盐岩储气库温度-渗流-应力-损伤耦合模型研究

推导了含夹层盐岩储气库在地应力、注-采气压力和温度联合作用下的温度-渗流-应力（THM）-损伤耦合数学模型,该模型不仅包含了盐岩的热损伤效应,还考虑了气体渗透的Klinkenberg效应以及气体沿夹层层面流动对渗透规律的影响。在此基础上,结合金坛储气库建设,采用数值仿真技术,对储气库在注-采气过程中考虑THM耦合与不耦合情况下的气体渗透、温度分布以及应力分布规律进行了详细的对比分析和探讨,研究结果表明：含夹层盐岩储气库应力-渗透-温度耦合效应十分明显。该问题的研究,为全面深入分析盐岩储气库的安全性和实用性提供了思路及前提,具有重要的理论及实践意义。     

降雨入渗引起非饱和土边坡破坏的水-土-气三相渗流-变形耦合有限元分析

为了全面地了解降雨入渗引起的边坡失稳破坏机制,基于有限元-有限差分理论(FE-FD scheme)的水-土-气三相渗流-变形耦合有限元数值分析方法被提出。程序中采用了Zhang等~([1])提出的以Bishop有效应力和饱和度作为状态变量的非饱和土弹塑性本构模型,从而可以连续地描述在降雨入渗时土体由非饱和状态转化为饱和状态过程中力学特性的变化。同时用Green-Naghdi客观应力速率张量来考虑边坡失稳过程中的大变形问题。程序不仅可以模拟由于降雨入渗引起的水分迁移、孔隙水/气压力变化的过程,而且可以很好地反映出由于降雨入渗所引起的边坡变形、塑性剪切带形成等力学行为。选取室内边坡模型试验为研究对象,用所提出的水-土-气三相渗流-变形耦合有限元程序来进行数值模拟,并与试验结果对比,验证了所提出的有限元数值方法的有用性。     

岩石弹塑性应力-渗流-损伤耦合模型研究(Ⅰ):模型建立及其数值求解程序

在地下水渗流场、应力场、损伤场的耦合作用下更易造成隧道围岩坍塌或涌水等灾害。首先,将围岩材料视作各向同性连续介质,基于Drucker-Prager准则建立岩石弹塑性损伤本构模型,采用完全隐式返回映射算法实现弹塑性损伤本构方程的数值求解。其次,以上述研究为基础根据岩石处于弹塑性状态时渗透系数动态演化公式,建立岩石弹塑性应力-渗流-损伤耦合模型,并给出三场耦合情况下的数值求解迭代方法。针对耦合模型中涉及参数较多且不易测定的问题,基于差异进化算法原理建立智能反分析方法,对耦合模型中的损伤参数进行反演。最后,利用C++语言编制相应的岩石弹塑性应力-渗流-损伤耦合程序和参数反演程序,利用所编程序进行以下计算:(1)对智能反分析程序的性能、正确性进行分析,对比不同差异策略、交叉因子、变异因子的反演精度和收敛速度。(2)分别采用弹性模型和弹塑性损伤模型进行隧道围岩位移场、应力场的计算。(3)不考虑力学作用的情况下进行孔隙水压力、渗流量的计算。(4)采用所建耦合模型计算得到隧道围岩应力场、渗流场以及损伤场的相互影响规律。研究结果表明,基于差异进化算法的智能反分析程序能够较好地解决耦合模型中损伤参数不易确定的难题,为实际工程中获得不易测定的计算参数提供了有效的方法,同时所建立的耦合模型通过应力、渗流和损伤的相互作用更能够真实地反映出岩石材料的宏观破坏现象,所编计算程序能够模拟地下水渗流场、应力场、损伤场之间的耦合特性,为受地下水影响严重的工程建设提供了方法,研究结论为后期对实际隧道工程进行耦合计算奠定基础。     

一种高温下混凝土化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模型

提出了一个用于模拟高温下混凝土化学塑性-损伤耦合本构行为的数值模型。发展了一个化学塑性-损伤耦合分析的一致性应力返回映射算法。为了保证对于全局守恒方程Newton迭代过程的2阶收敛率,推导并形成了一致性切线模量矩阵。数值算例显示了文中发展的化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模型在模拟高温下混凝土中复杂破坏过程的能力和有效性。     

A coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical application for subway tunnel

Subway tunnels and their surrounding geotechnical media are taken as an entirety, namely, tunnel-geomaterial system (TGS), and the stability and durability of the subway tunnels are subjected to the responses of the TGS to the thermal (T), hydraulic (H) and mechanical (M) loadings and their coupled effects. Modeling of the coupled THM processes that occur in the TGS are important for reliably assessing and predicting the performance of subway tunnels. Therefore, a numerical model of coupling the THM processes in the TGS is developed incorporating the equilibrium, motion, constitutive and compatibility equations. The proposed model considers full coupling between the thermal (temperature variation), hydraulic (water seepage), mechanical (subsidence) processes and changes in the material properties, such as stress-strain relation, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and hydraulic conductivity. The developed model is validated through comparisons of field tests, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Favorable agreement between the modeling results and the compared data verifies the capability of the developed model to well describe the THM behavior of subway tunnels in the TGS and their evolutions.     

Investigation of thermal-hydro-mechanical coupled fracture propagation considering rock damage

Thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupled fracture propagation is common in underground engineering. Rock damage, as an inherent property of rock, significantly affects fracture propagation, but how it influences the THM coupled fracturing remains stubbornly unclear. A pore-scale THM coupling model is developed to study this problem, which combines the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the discrete element method (DEM), and rock damage development theory together for the first time. This model can more accurately calculate the exchanged THM information at the fluid-solid boundary and fluid conductivity dependent on fracture and rock damage. Based on the developed model, the synergistic effect of injected temperature difference (fluid temperature below rock temperature) and rock damage (characterized by the parameter “critical fracture energy”, abbreviated as “CFE”) on fracture propagation of shale are investigated particularly. It is found that: (1) the generation of branched cracks is closely related to the temperature response frontier, and the fracture process zone of single bond failure increases in higher CFE. (2) through the analysis of micro failure events, hydraulic fracturing is more pronounced in the low CFE, while thermal fracturing displays the opposite trend. The fluid conductivity of fractured rock increases with a higher injected temperature difference due to the more penetrated cracks and wider fracture aperture. However, this enhancement weakens when rock damage is significant. (3) in the multiple-layered rock with various CFEs, branched cracks propagating to adjacent layers are more difficult to form when the injection hole stays in the layer with significant rock damage than without rock damage.

     

ATLAS III in situ heating test in boom clay: Field data,observation and interpretation

The ATLAS III small scale in situ heating test aimed at assessing the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) effects on the Boom clay of the significant temperature gradients generated in this host rock as a consequence of the geological disposal of radioactive, heat-emitting wastes. This paper presents data on temperature, pore water pressure and total stress measured during the experiment and highlights several interesting observations regarding the thermal anisotropy and THM coupling in the Boom clay. The test has a simple geometry and well defined boundary conditions, which facilitates the comparison between measurement and numerical modeling studies. These studies included three dimensional coupled THM modeling of the test. The good agreement between measurement and numerical modeling of temperature and pore water pressure yields a set of THM parameters and confirms the thermo-mechanical anisotropy of the Boom clay.     

岩石破裂过程TMD耦合数值模型研究

从岩石的细观结构层次出发,应用损伤力学和热弹性理论,对热力耦合作用下岩石破裂过程中热-应力-损伤相互作用关系进行了分析。初步建立了细观热-应力-损伤（TMD model,thermal-mechanical-damage）耦合数值模型,并在岩石破裂过程分析系统RFPA2D中加实现。运用该数值模型计算模拟均匀与非均匀材料试样在热力耦合作用下的应力分布及破坏形 态,通过与理论及试验结果对比,证明了该数值模型的合理性和有效性。     

Study of desaturation and resaturation in brittle rock with anisotropic damage

This paper deals with numerical modelling of anisotropic damage induced by desaturation and resaturation processes in a brittle rock. This study is conducted in the framework of geological barrier safety analysis for deep disposal of nuclear waste. A non-linear poroelastic model coupled with anisotropic damage is proposed for constitutive modelling of unsaturated rock. A fully coupled FEM method is used for modelling of hydromechanical coupling problems. Instantaneous phase change without dissipation between water liquid phase and vapour is included. Parametric studies are performed to investigate influences of main factors involved in such processes. Rock damage induced by excavation, desaturation and resaturation is evaluated. Finally, we analyse the importance of taking into account the correlation between induced damage and rock permeability.     

A multiple-code simulation study of the long-term EDZ evolution of geological nuclear waste repositories

This simulation study shows how widely different model approaches can be adapted to model the evolution of the excavation disturbed zone (EDZ) around a heated nuclear waste emplacement drift in fractured rock. The study includes modeling of coupled thermal-hydrological-mechanical (THM) processes, with simplified consideration of chemical coupling in terms of time-dependent strength degradation or subcritical crack growth. The different model approaches applied in this study include boundary element, finite element, finite difference, particle mechanics, and elasto-plastic cellular automata methods. The simulation results indicate that thermally induced differential stresses near the top of the emplacement drift may cause progressive failure and permeability changes during the first 100 years (i.e., after emplacement and drift closure). Moreover, the results indicate that time-dependent mechanical changes may play only a small role during the first 100 years of increasing temperature and thermal stress, whereas such time-dependency is insignificant after peak temperature, because of decreasing thermal stress.     

基于热-流-固耦合模型的石油钻井施工过程数值分析

岩土介质多场耦合问题需考虑诸多因素,温度、渗流及应力之间的耦合关系复杂,试验条件不易控制,且难以实现,因此,辅以数值模拟手段具有重要的意义。基于混合物理论,推导出岩土介质温度、渗流和应力耦合的数学模型及其控制方程,提出该数学模型的求解方法,以MATLAB语言为平台,将Abaqus程序作为一个模块嵌入迭代算法程序中,编制了多场耦合分析程序,并给出了2个典型算例验证该方法的有效性和实用性。然后,将建立的多场耦合模型和计算程序应用于石油钻井施工过程的模拟,重点分析井壁围岩内温度场、渗流场和应力场的变化规律,以及钻井液温度的变化对井壁稳定性的影响。研究成果对我国地下石油、核废料储存等工程设计和施工具有一定的指导意义。