准噶尔盆地西北缘阿拉德油田油源对比与成藏模式

以准噶尔盆地哈拉阿拉特山中东部地区阿拉德油田浅层稠油为研究对象,根据原油物性、地球化学特征及稠油降解作用,对原油碳同位素和生物标志化合物指标进行油源对比;根据包裹体均一温度,分析阿拉德油田油气成藏期次,建立成藏模式.结果表明:阿拉德油田主力层系中侏罗统西山窑组的原油为中等—严重生物降解原油,主要来源于玛湖地区下二叠统风城组烃源岩;三叠系、白垩系层系原油主要来源于哈山地区准原地下二叠统风城组烃源岩;浅层油藏存在白垩纪末期一期充注,具有"深部双向供烃、断层毯砂输导、地层圈闭聚集"的成藏特点.该结果可为研究区下一步油气勘探提供依据.     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油田延长组原油性质与来源分析

通过原油与油田水物理性质、原油与烃源岩族组成、饱和烃气相色谱以及萜烷与甾烷等生物标志化合物特征的多项地球化学指标对比,表明鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油田延长组长8、长6、长4+5等油层组原油性质较为复杂,其成熟度、母源氧化-还原环境及母质类型等方面存在显著差异。烃源岩评价也显示长9、长8、长7、长6、长4+5段的暗色泥岩有机质质量和类型有所差别,但均具备生排烃能力。油源对比结果进一步证明:成藏过程存在多套油源混源供油的成藏效应,其中长8油层组原油主要来源于长7—长8段烃源岩;长6油层组原油主要来源于长7—长6段烃源岩;长4+5油层组原油存在长7、长6及长4+5段多源烃源岩的贡献。     

乌石凹陷烃源岩生烃特征及差异成藏模式

针对乌石凹陷生烃特征不清和不同层系油气成藏差异性问题,通过烃源岩评价、生烃史演化分析、油源精细对比等手段对其烃源岩生烃特征及其差异成藏模式展开了研究.研究结果表明,乌石凹陷存在流二段上部和下部２套烃源岩,为形成于还原环境的中深湖沉积油页岩和泥页岩,富含无定形有机质和非海相沟鞭藻等藻类,以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ１ 型干酪根为主,为好－优质烃源岩.生烃动力学及生烃演化史分析显示,Ⅰ型干酪根生油能力最高,Ⅱ１ 型干酪根具有较高的生油能力,烃源岩存在２期生烃高峰期,第一期生烃高峰为涠洲组沉积末期(约２３ Ma),第二期为角尾组沉积末期(约１０ Ma),对应２期生烃高峰都伴生明显的生烃增压过程,是造成近洼带流二段普遍发育异常高压的原因.油源精细对比分析表明,中浅层涠洲组、流一段原油来自于流二段上部烃源岩,主要赋存于近洼带;流二段、流三段原油来自于流二段下部烃源岩,主要赋存于远洼带.综合研究认为,乌石凹陷表现为近洼带源外中浅层富集、远洼带源内富集的油气差异成藏规律.研究成果对于该区优化勘探、进一步扩大勘探成果具有重要指导意义.      

渤海海域渤东凹陷烃源岩特征与勘探潜力

近年来渤东凹陷内油气勘探因一直未取得重大突破而陷入低谷,主力烃源岩不明确是制约该区油气勘探的核心问题。结合地震、钻井、测井和分析化验等资料,对渤东地区烃源岩地球化学指标、分布特征及成因环境进行了分析,借助盆地模拟和油源对比结果,明确了渤东凹陷的主力烃源岩层系和勘探潜力。渤东凹陷发育东三段、沙一段、沙三段和沙四段4套烃源岩,其中,沙三段烃源岩有机质类型好、丰度高,为很好的烃源岩,其生烃量占凹陷总生烃量的61%,是渤东凹陷的主力烃源岩。地质分析表明,PL9-1油田的油气主要来自渤东凹陷,预示渤东凹陷具备较大的勘探潜力。油源对比结果表明,PL9-1油田75%的原油来自于沙三段烃源岩,渤东凹陷及周缘地区今后的勘探应以寻找沙三段烃源岩生成的油气为主。      

准噶尔盆地木垒凹陷油气来源及成藏特征

为解决准噶尔盆地木垒凹陷油气来源认识不清、成藏特征不明确问题,应用油源对比技术分析油气源;利用地震、测井和分析化验资料,综合评价生储盖条件、输导体系及圈闭条件。结果表明:木垒凹陷油气来源于二叠系平地泉组烃源岩,二叠系平地泉组深湖—半深湖相暗色泥岩为主力烃源岩,纵向上发育砂砾岩、云质岩和火山岩三类优质储层;受多期构造运动的影响,发育多层系、多类型(构造、岩性和不整合等)圈闭,为油气聚集提供良好的储集空间;断裂和骨架砂体构成立体复合式输导体系。木垒凹陷存在自生自储型和古生新储型两类成藏模式,其中以二叠系平地泉组烃源岩为主要油源的自生自储型岩性油藏和古生新储型构造—岩性油藏,是最有利的勘探方向。     

西湖凹陷中西部地区烃源岩生烃潜力及油源对比

西湖凹陷作为中国东部油气勘探主战场,一直以来都受到油气地质学家们的广泛关注。前人对西湖凹陷油气资源的研究主要集中在深部地层(平湖组及其下伏层),而对中浅层系(花港组及其上覆层)烃源岩的关注度相对较少。近年来已有勘探发现西湖凹陷中浅层系具有规模成藏的潜力,针对西湖凹陷烃源岩开展研究,利用多项地球化学测试手段分别分析了西湖凹陷中西部地区的烃源岩生烃潜力和生物标志化合物特征。结果显示：西湖凹陷煤和炭质泥岩的生烃潜力好,而泥质烃源岩生烃潜力变化较大,深部地层的泥质烃源岩评价为好或极好烃源岩,中浅层系为差烃源岩。烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₂～Ⅲ型,热演化阶段可划分为开始生烃阶段(R_o>0.6%)和大量排烃阶段(R_o>0.8%)。基于原油和各类烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征对比显示研究区泥质烃源岩为主要原油来源。本研究对西湖凹陷未来油气勘探与开发具有参考意义。     

乌石凹陷中—东区油气来源及成藏时间分析

分析乌石凹陷原油样品地球化学特征,根据特征生物标志物指标将原油划分为3种类型,即Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类。原油间异戊二烯烷烃、4-甲基甾烷和奥利烷等生物标志化合物呈现不同的组成特征。油源对比表明,乌石中—东区Ⅰ类原油主要来源于流二段上部源岩,Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类原油主要来源于流二段下部源岩。分析油藏砂岩储层流体包裹体,统计包裹体均一温度测试结果,结合埋藏—热演化史模拟进行对比。结果表明:乌石凹陷不同类型原油成藏时间存在差异,Ⅰ类原油呈晚期成藏的特征,成藏时间为从灯楼角组到望楼港组沉积时期;Ⅱ类原油为早期成藏的特征,成藏时间从下洋组到角尾组沉积时期;Ⅲ类原油成藏时间为从角尾组到灯楼角组沉积时期。乌石凹陷油气来源及油气成藏时间研究可为该区优化、进一步扩大勘探成果提供依据。     

济阳坳陷青东凹陷古近系沙河街组烃源岩地球化学特征及生烃潜力综合评价

采用有机地球化学方法和盆地模拟技术,结合济阳坳陷青东凹陷古近系沙河街组构造、沉积等方面的研究成果,分析研究区古近系烃源岩的生烃潜力、演化特征等。结果表明:研究区主要存在沙三下亚段和沙四上亚段两套烃源岩,烃源岩具有"北厚南薄"的发育特征,在凹陷中—北部深洼带最为发育,往南厚度变小;烃源岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型较好(Ⅰ—Ⅱ1),具有良好的生烃物质基础;烃源岩处于低熟—成熟阶段,成熟烃源岩的分布范围有限,主要局限于北部洼陷和中部洼陷的深洼区,但研究区沙四段烃源岩具有形成低熟油的基本条件,为研究区油气聚集创造一定的物质基础。     

泌阳凹陷下二门地区核桃园组油气成藏再认识

泌阳凹陷下二门地区位于泌阳凹陷东部,区内已发现下二门油田。该油田在核三上段至核二段下部为纯油藏,核二段上部为具气顶的油藏,核一段和廖庄组为纯气藏。经过40多年勘探开发,在下二门地区油气藏的发现难度越来越大,油气勘探陷入瓶颈期。为了进一步扩大该区勘探规模,取得新的油气发现,需要对该地区油气成藏机制再认识进而决定其下一步勘探方向。利用最新勘探和油藏资料,通过烃源条件分析、油源对比、天然气成分分析及油藏精细解剖,重新认识了该地区油气成藏机制。研究结果表明:泌阳凹陷深凹区的核二段泥页岩发育广,生烃指标较好,已进入低成熟阶段,具备较好的生油条件;下二门地区各层系油气与深凹区的源岩关系明确,表明油气以顺层运移为主,即核二段低熟油应该来自深凹区核二段低熟烃源岩,核三上段和核三下段原油分别来自深凹区核三上段和核三下段的成熟烃源岩;下二门地区核二段产出的天然气为低成熟伴生气,明显不同于深层凝析气,并非深层油气沿断层调整而来;下二门地区深层油气资源量大,但目前已发现储量规模有限,这预示着该区仍有较大的勘探潜力。因此,总结下二门地区的油气成藏特点及成藏模式,不仅可为该区油气勘探提供指导,而且可为我国东部类似断陷湖盆含油构造的进一步勘探提供借鉴。      

基于颗粒荧光定量技术的油气运移路径——以车排子凸起沙湾组砂岩输导层为例

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起沙湾组的油气来源于东侧的昌吉凹陷和南侧的四棵树凹陷,分析连接烃源岩与油气藏的砂岩输导层的输导特征和性能,结合颗粒荧光定量技术测定的QGF指数变化趋势和光谱特征,追踪沙湾组砂岩输导层油气运移路径.结果表明:研究区沙湾组一段东侧和沙湾组二段南侧砂体于地质历史时期发生油气运移;排612—排609井、排606—排602井一带和排8井区为沙一段油气由东南至西北方向的优势运移路径,与红车断裂带共同构成油气垂向和侧向运移的高效通道;优势运移路径指向的西北地区继承性构造高部位的岩性、地层和岩性—构造等圈闭是未来勘探的重点.     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.