徐州地区下古生界碳酸盐岩的碳、氧同位素研究

在已有的对徐州地区下古生界碳酸盐岩详细岩石学研究基础上，系统测试了碳酸盐岩方解石和白云石的碳、氧同位素组成特征；地球化学和岩石学研究相结合，综合提取了碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素组成的沉积、成岩地质信息；初步探讨了同位素组成的地层变化及其意义。研究结果表明：碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成特征可以指示沉积环境及其演化，开阔陆表海、灰质障壁砂坝、局限陆表海、潮下带、潮渠、藻坪诸沉积相间碳酸盐岩的δ^13C值表现出规律性变化，碳同位素组成变化曲线上的显著正偏移与海侵有关；碳酸盐岩氧同位素组成对成岩环境及其演化有明显响应，淡水成岩环境、潮上成岩环境、潮间成岩环境、潮下成岩环境和埋藏成岩环境具有不同的碳酸盐岩氧同位素组成特征；徐州地区大北望寒武系剖面地层界线附近都有碳、氧同位素组成变化的特征显示，研究工作证实了徐州地区下古生界同位素地层划分的可行性。     

川东地区石炭系碳酸盐岩碳、氧、锶同位素特征及其成因分析

利用微量元素和碳、氧同位素特征对样品有效性作出了检验.在证明样品未受明显蚀变的前提下对川东地区石炭系碳酸盐岩碳、氧、锶同位素进行了分析.在层序地层格架中对比不同体系域、不同岩性的碳、氧同位素特征,87Sr/86Sr比值特征,Z值与古温度特征,分析了碳酸盐岩的成岩环境.低位体系域以膏盐湖及萨巴哈环境为主,炎热干旱,陆源淡...     

保山地块下二叠统丁家寨组碳同位素特征

对保山地块的下二叠统丁家寨组碳酸盐岩、含砾钙质杂砂岩及其上、下层位的碳酸盐岩进行了野外剖面实测、钻孔编录和碳、氧同位素分析测试,发现该地区丁家寨组碳同位素表现出一定的变化规律。丁家寨组之下和之上的碳酸盐岩δ13C值偏大(均为正值),而丁家寨组δ13C值出现了一至多次负偏移。珊瑚化石和苔藓虫化石分别在铺门前组和丁家寨组中被发现,为其时代的限定提供了新依据。通过与全球其它地区同期碳氧同位素分布的投图对比,发现该时期碳、氧同位素数据因受到冰川的影响而表现出具有较强的线性相关性,这些样品受到了成岩作用的影响。δ13C负偏移可能与冰期低水位期沉积和成岩过程中近地表的暴露有关。卧牛寺玄武岩大面积喷发引起的各种效应,包括CO2含量的升高、全球变暖、风化作用的加强、陆源碎屑输入的增加等多种因素,协同冰川作用共同影响了丁家寨组海洋无机碳同位素的变化。     

贵州松桃大塘坡地区南华纪早期冷泉碳酸盐岩地质地球化学特征

贵州松桃大塘坡地区的南华系是研究古代天然气渗漏及冷泉碳酸盐岩的理想地区之一.该区冷泉碳酸盐岩由两类岩石组成: 一是两界河组含砾砂岩中(Sturtian冰期早期) 的白云岩丘或透镜体; 二是之上的大塘坡组第一段黑色含锰岩系中的似层状或透镜状菱锰矿矿体及少量白云岩透镜体.该地区冷泉碳酸盐岩的碳同位素具明显的负偏特征, 充填在菱锰矿矿石气孔中的沥青碳同位素为-30.98‰, 并具有异常高的硫同位素正值.结合冷泉碳酸盐岩的空间分布、古天然气渗漏构造、菱锰矿的沉积有机质等特征分析, 认为其与现代冷泉碳酸盐岩的特征十分相近.两界河组的白云岩丘是目前所发现的最古老的冷泉碳酸盐岩, 与在它之上的菱锰矿矿体是同一个古天然气渗漏系统中不同时期的冷泉碳酸盐沉积.天然气泄漏形成的冷泉与大塘坡组烃源岩的形成关系密切.      

距今14亿年低生物量的碳同位素证据

北京十三陵和天津蓟县两剖面中距今十四亿年海相碳酸盐岩的碳同位素表明,十三陵—蓟县地区当时具有较低的δ¹³C 值(共分析了152个样品),平均占δ¹³C=-0.7‰(PDB)。这种较低的δ¹³C 值很可能具有全球性。原始的海相碳酸盐岩较低的碳同位素组或反映较低的有机碳埋藏速率。有机碳的埋藏速率与当时全球生物量的大小有着密切的关系。磷酸盐岩较低的δ¹³C 值进一步反映当时较小的全球生物量的存在。每年8.11×10⁸吨有机碳推测是距今十四亿年全球生物量的最小值。     

燕山地区1.6～1.0Ga时期碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素组成、演化及其地质意义

依据实测的燕山地区(1.6～1.0Ga)高于庄组—景儿峪组114个碳、氧同位素数据,研究、讨论了中、新元古界碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素组成、演化及其地质意义。研究表明,燕山中、新元古界由下至上的地层序列上,碳、氧同位素表现明显的旋回性演化特征,二者多显正相关关系;δ13C在-3‰～3‰区间低幅、高频振荡;δ18O则表现为-2‰～-8‰的高幅、高频波动;δ13C值的增大与沉积环境由潮间向潮下演变、海平面上升、海水变淡、生物量增多相关;降低的δ13C多代表潮间—潮上环境。高于庄组瘤状灰岩及洪水庄组页岩δ13C为低负值,代表最大海泛期沉积。氧同位素组成和变化指示研究区总体为咸化环境,杨庄组上部和雾迷山组下部古海水盐度最高,之后盐度逐渐降低,至雾迷山组上部又有所升高。研究区与天津蓟县和北京十三陵地区的中、新元古代碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素组成与演化表现出明显的相似性,反映了它们共同受燕山裂陷槽发育的控制;同时,与北美Belt超群和俄罗斯乌拉尔里菲期碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素组成、演变的高度协同性,又说明了中、新元古代碳酸盐岩中碳、氧同位素组成、演化响应于全球古海洋背景和地球化学条件。     

峡东地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组碳同位素特征研究进展与国内外对比

本文重点通过研究峡东地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组碳同位素的变化规律, 来探讨其全球地层对比意义。峡东地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组经历了三次比较显著的碳同位素负漂移(EN1~EN3)和两次正漂移(EP1、EP2)。第一次碳同位素负漂移(EN1)发生在南沱冰期之后陡山沱组底部“盖帽碳酸盐岩”层位及其上部的白云岩, 与世界其他地区Marinoan冰期之后“盖帽碳酸盐岩”的碳同位素负漂移可进行对比; 第二次碳同位素负漂移(EN2)发生在陡山沱组中部; 第三次负漂移(EN3)发生在陡山沱组顶部, 是该地质历史时期持续时间最长的一期碳同位素负漂移, 同澳大利亚、阿曼、纳米比亚、加里福尼亚、西伯利亚、苏格兰等地碳同位素异常均可进行对比。两次正漂移(EP1、EP2)分别位于第二段中部和第三段的下部, 分别与陡山沱组所含的两个疑源类组合具有很好的对应关系; 而EN3则与陡山沱组上部所含的宏体化石组合(庙河生物群)相对应; 表明碳同位素的变化与生物演化具有一定的对应关系。研究表明, 利用碳同位素变化特征进行埃迪卡拉纪地层洲际对比是行之有效的手段之一。     

渝东地区寒武系龙王庙组高分辨率碳酸盐岩碳同位素记录及其古海洋学意义

早寒武世中―晚期是生命演化史上的重要节点。渝东地区寒武系龙王庙组海相碳酸盐岩地层记录了当时海水的碳同位素变化。在确保碳同位素组成有效保留海水原始信息基础上,分析发现龙王庙组61个碳酸盐岩样品的δ~(13)CV-PDB值分布在+2.7‰~-4.3‰之间;碳同位素变化曲线大体上呈先降低、后升高的变化趋势;地层中―下部δ~(13)C值波动幅度大,正、负漂移事件频发,出现可全球对比的幅度约为4‰的正漂移与幅度约为5‰的负漂移事件;地层上部δ~(13)C值具小幅波动,总体正偏。龙王庙组碳酸盐岩的碳同位素特征,受控于海平面变化、风暴沉积、生物演化引起的海洋生产力变化。龙王庙组沉积的早―中期,海平面变化频繁,陆源碎屑注入量波动性增大,风暴沉积发育,海洋环境的稳定性较差,生物种属数量逐渐降低,导致海洋原始生产力下降及碳同位素组成的频繁波动与多次负漂移事件。龙王庙组沉积的中―晚期,海平面长期缓慢上升,风暴沉积发育程度低,海洋环境趋于稳定,生物多样性增强,海洋原始生产力增大,使得碳同位素组成分布较为稳定,多表现为正值。渝东地区龙王庙组碳酸盐岩中δ~(13)C的急速负漂移可能归因于较浅水体、较充足陆源碎屑注入背景下的风暴沉积。     

鄂尔多斯南缘奥陶系生物礁相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素地球化学特征

为了研究生物礁相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素地球化学特征,采用同位素比质谱仪对鄂尔多斯南缘奥陶系生物礁发育地区的碳酸盐岩样品进行了碳、氧同位素测定,并采用ICP-AES,ICP-MS进行了主、微量元素分析测试.结果显示,δ(13 CPDB)值为-2.32‰～2.08%,δ(18 OPDB)值为-8.97‰～4.15‰,ω(Mn)...     

华南晚二叠世碳酸盐岩碳同位素旋回对海平面变化的响应

华南晚二叠世的碳同位素变化曲线是逐渐降低的,与全球海平面变化趋势相一致。华南晚二叠世碳酸盐岩碳同位素旋回可分为两个三级旋回,与两个三级海平面变化响应,其中吴家坪晚期和长兴期组成了一个三级旋回。华南长兴期识别出了三个四级碳同位素地层旋回可能与四级海平面变化旋回相对应。华南晚二叠世碳同位素旋回记录了全球海平面变化的信息:高值区和高海平面相对应,而低值区和低海平面相对应。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.