山东半岛东北部滨浅海地区灾害地质

通过浅地层剖面、岸滩剖面测量、遥感解译等资料,对山东半岛东北部滨浅海地区的主要灾害地质进行了研究。研究表明,研究区域内主要存在埋藏浅层气、埋藏古河道、海岸侵蚀等几种灾害地质,并对各种灾害地质的形态及空间分布特征进行了论述,最后绘制了研究区域内灾害地质因素的平面分布图。     

河北南堡-曹妃甸海域潜在的浅表灾害地质类型及特征

利用2~7kHz浅地层剖面探测、多波束、单波束水深数据以及侧扫声纳勘测影像等地质地球物理实测数据,分析研究了河北南堡-曹妃甸海域各种潜在的地质灾害类型,编制了该海域的灾害地质图与海底地貌图。并在前人对海岸带灾害地质类型分类的基础上,对该海域的潜在的灾害地质类型进行了分类。对海底浅层气、活动沙波、海底侵蚀、活动断裂、埋藏斜层、陡坡、陡坎以及沟槽等与近海海洋工程密切相关的灾害类型的空间分布特征深入研究。研究结果显示:调查区海域的潜在地质灾害因素分布较为集中,多发育在缓斜的水下侵蚀堆积岸坡与陡斜的水下侵蚀岸坡分界线附近,浅层气,陡坡陡坎以及沟槽都有发育;在陆架侵蚀洼地区,发育有较大规模的沟槽,海底侵蚀现象也是较为普遍;调查区其他海域,灾害类型较少,局部发育有活动沙波和埋藏斜层等。     

渤海海峡海域灾害地质研究

渤海海峡是黄渤海物质交换的通道,地质环境复杂,存在多种灾害地质因素。通过高分辨率浅地层剖面资料精细解译,结合前人研究成果,系统研究了渤海海峡海域的主要灾害地质的分布规律及其与环境演变的关系。研究表明,渤海海峡海域灾害地质类型复杂多样,包括潮流沙脊、潮流冲刷槽、浅层气、埋藏古河道、活动断层、不规则基岩等,它们在分布和成因上既有区别又有联系。晚更新世以来的渤海海峡海域的构造运动与"海侵-海退-海侵-海退-高水位"的沉积环境演变,共同决定了该区域海洋灾害地质的发生与发展。研究圈定了海底灾害地质类型及浅埋藏灾害地质类型的分布规律,对渤海海峡海域未来的工程建设和防灾减灾提供了理论基础。     

现代黄河三角洲滨浅海区的灾害地质

利用卫星遥感、测深、浅地层剖面及钻孔资料研究了黄河三角洲海岸及近海海洋灾害地质,编制了黄河三角洲海洋灾害地质图。黄河三角洲海岸灾害地质以海岸侵蚀为主,根据1976—2001年海岸的变化速率,可将海岸分为快速侵蚀海岸、中等程度侵蚀海岸、稳定海岸和淤积海岸四类,快速侵蚀海岸和中等程度侵蚀海岸长期以来遭受侵蚀。灾害地质因素有浅层气、灾害地貌、活动断层、海底滑坡、底辟、隆起脊、埋藏冲沟一古河道。浅层气主要分布在老黄河口附近渤海海底,近岸少见。浅层灾害地貌主要分布在三角洲前缘斜坡上的扰动区。扰动区位置在整个三角洲上变动明显,有向岸移动的趋势,斜坡坡度减小,扰动强度减弱。底辟除了发生在废弃三角洲侵蚀区外,还发生在三角洲外的渤海海底下部。隆起脊位于黄河口东部渤海海底,沿NE—SW方向发育,顺隆起脊发育活动断层。     

闽北近岸海域潜在的海洋灾害地质特征

根据2014—2017年在霞浦近岸海域实测得的约3 500km浅地层剖面和同网布设的单道地震剖面、侧扫声纳等地球物理资料,结合遥感影像和岸滩监测剖面等数据,综合运用海洋沉积学、层序地层学、构造地质学等方法,识别了研究区内存在的主要潜在海洋灾害地质因素,包括埋藏古河道、浅层气、浅埋不规则基岩面、楔形泥质体、潮流沙脊、海岸线变迁等,简要分析了其特征、成因机制和危害性,为探讨研究区的灾害地质防治奠定理论基础,为海洋资源开发及海洋工程建设提供科学依据。     

南黄海灾害地质及地质环境演变

利用浅地层剖面、卫星遥感及钻孔资料,研究了南黄海灾害地质类型及其分布,编制了南黄海灾害地质图。南黄海灾害地质类型很多,包括活断层、地震、海岸侵蚀、海岸淤积、沙波、现代潮流沙脊、古潮流沙脊、水下三角洲、古三角洲、古河道、浅层气、埋藏古河道、埋藏古三角洲和埋藏古湖沼洼地等。它们的分布范围很大,特别是在122.5°E以西的海域和海岸带地区,海洋灾害地质类型分布密集。晚更新世以来黄海地区发生了3次大规模海进,3次海进之间还经历了两次较大规模的海退成陆过程,这些过程决定了南黄海海域复杂的海洋灾害地质类型及分布。南黄海众多的灾害地质问题将会对海底工程建设安全构成很大威胁,应该引起高度重视。     

粤东汕头近岸海域灾害地质风险综合评价

基于粤东汕头近岸海域地质和地球物理资料,通过对物探数据进行解译,查明了该区域内主要有活动断层、埋藏古河道、浅层气、不规则浅埋基岩等灾害地质类型,并结合层次分析法和模糊数学法建立了以断层、埋藏古河道、浅层气、浅埋基岩为评价指标的风险评价体系,得出海域内的不同区块的风险性等级,共分低、较低、中、较高、高5个等级。研究区超过70%的区域灾害风险不高,高风险区分布在榕江外河口、海门湾南部,主要受埋藏古河道和断层影响。较高—高风险区工程地质条件较差,存在的不良地质条件可能会给海上工程建设带来风险,选址时应尽量避开此类区域。评价结果与已查明的灾害分布特点吻合,对以后海上工程项目施工有一定的参考价值。     

南黄海西部滨浅海区灾害地质因素特征及分布规律

根据浅地层地震剖面的解译结果,对南黄海西部滨浅海区灾害地质要素进行了识别。结果表明,研究区存在多种灾害地质要素,包括海岸侵蚀与淤积、水下浅滩、浅层气、埋藏古河道和古三角洲、沙脊、陡坡、沙层液化、冲蚀沟槽、滑坡、差异性压实断层等等。探讨了灾害地质要素的特征和分布规律,并绘制了主要灾害地质要素分布图。     

舟山海域海洋灾害地质因素分类及其分布规律

舟山海域海洋灾害地质因素可划分为两大类9种类型,两大类为活动性灾害地质因素和限制性地质条件,9种类型分别包括海底活动断层、滑坡、浅层气、潮流沙脊和沙波、海岸侵蚀(属活动性灾害地质因素)和不规则起伏的浅埋藏基岩、埋藏古河道、水下陡坎、冲刷沟槽(属限制性地质条件)等。滑坡主要是由重力作用所致,多发生在通道深槽边坡、通道凹岸、通道交汇处、通道中高地边缘、通道边坡次级沟槽等部位。浅层气主要分布在自岸滩至25m水深范围内的泥质、砂质沉积区。侵蚀海岸大多分布在濒临开敞海域的基岩海岸和岛屿向海侧。潮流沙脊和沙波多见于潮流通道的口门或口外,深槽边坡也有分布。不规则浅埋藏基岩常出现在沿岸区域和岛屿附近。埋藏古河道主要分布在舟山群岛东部海域的内陆架地区,此外,在岱衢洋、舟山岛与岱山岛之间的灰鳖洋、中街山列岛东部海域也见到少量的埋藏古河道。陡坎以侵蚀成因及滑坡成因为主,发育广泛,其高度和坡度变化较大。冲刷沟槽主要分布在岛屿之间狭窄、潮流或水流较急的区域,陡峭的沟槽常伴生陡坎,易产生滑坡,部分地段有波状微地貌发育。本文认为,研究区海洋灾害地质因素的发育离不开地形地貌、底质和水动力条件,其分布具有一定的规律性。常见多种灾害地质因素相互依存,互相触发。潮流作用下海底浅部沉积物的活动性是引起研究区海洋工程设施安全隐患的主要因素。     

东海陆架典型海洋灾害地质因素及其声反射特征

浅地层剖面探测、侧扫声纳探测、多波束测深等地球物理方法是识别海洋灾害地质因素的主要手段。根据多年来在东海陆架开展的多项海洋调查项目获得的资料,在东海陆架识别出多种海洋灾害地质因素,主要的有海底滑坡、浅层气、沙波、埋藏古河道、沙脊等,并对它们的声反射特征进行分析。各种灾害地质因素因其独特的成因机制,对海洋工程设施的影响也不同。     

辽东湾葵花岛构造区浅层气分布特征、成因探讨及工程影响

揭示了葵花岛构造区浅层气规模小、埋藏浅、分布散、压力低、储层松散等分布特点,根据沉积环境和地质特征,推测浅层气为生物甲烷气,但并不完全排除是热生甲烷次生气藏的可能性,探讨了浅层气潜在的工程危害并提出相应防治措施,为今后海洋工程建设提供科学依据。     

南沙海区中生界岩相分布及构造特征

为了了解南中国海南部南沙群岛陆架-陆坡区中生代地层发育情况,作者通过综合分析该海区钻井、拖网及1987年以来采集的20000多公里的多道反射地震勘探等资料,得到了对该区中生界基本特征的如下新认识:空间分布上,南沙的中生界具有从北部的郑和-礼乐隆起南缘向南增厚的趋势;沉积岩相方面,东部三叠纪时为深海相,侏罗纪为浅海与三角洲相,白垩纪为浅海-内浅海相,而往西南部中生代的海水深度有变深的趋势;中-新生代变形上,在南沙西部的曾母盆地,中生界褶皱为复式的、非协调性的,南沙中部多为舒缓褶皱,东部仅在近巴拉望海槽地带出现小幅度的褶皱。结合围区中生界及特提斯构造域的发育特征,作者提出南沙地块上的海相中生界在大地构造上归属于残留在中特提斯洋北部减薄陆缘地壳上的中特提斯期海相沉积地层,是该海域油气资源勘探不可忽视的对象。     

Burial fluxes and sources of organic carbon in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area over the past 200 years

Long-term changes of composition,sources and burial fluxes of TOC(total organic carbon) in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area and their possible affecting factors are discussed in this paper.Firstly,similarity analysis is employed to confirm that the carbon burial features resulted from two collected cores are typical in the central Yellow Sea mud area where YSWC(Yellow Sea Warm Current) is prevalent.On this basis,the burial flux of TOC here was considered to be 235.5–488.4 μmol/(cm2?a) since the first industrial revolution,accounting for about 70%–90% among burial fluxes of TC(total carbon) in the sediments.Compared TOC/TC ratio in the two cores with that in other marine sediments worldwide,we suggest that the growth of calcareous/non-calcareous organisms and dissolution of IC(inorganic carbon) are important factors controlling the TOC/TC ratio in sediment.Results of two-end mixed model based on δ13C data indicate that marine-derived organic carbon(OCa)is the main part among total burial organic carbon which accounts for a ratio over 85%.Due to the high TOC/TC ratio in the two cores,TC in the sediments also mainly exists as OCa,and the proportion of OCa is about 60%–80%.Away from the shore and relatively high primary production in upper waters are the main reasons that OCa is predominant among all burial OC in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area.Burial of OC in this mud area is probably mainly influenced by the human activities.Although the economic development during the late 19 th century caused by the first industrial revolution in China did not obviously increase the TOC burial fluxes in the sediments,the rise of industry and agriculture after the founding of new China has clearly increased the TOC burial flux since 1950 s.Otherwise,we also realize that among TC burial fluxes,TIC account for about 10%–30% in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area,so its burial could not be simply ignored here.Distinct from TOC burial,long-term TIC burial fluxes variations relate with climate changes more closely:the East Asian summer monsoon may influence the strength of the Huanghe River(Yellow River) flood,which could further affect the transport of terrestrial IC from land to the central Yellow Sea as well as the burial of these IC in the sediments.     

New perspective of Miocene marine hydrocarbon source rocks in deep-water area in Qiongdongnan Basin of northern South China Sea

Drilling wells reveal that the organic matter abundance of Miocene marine source rocks in shallow water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is relatively low with poor hydrocarbon generation poten- tial. However, in some drilling wells of deep water area close to the central depression belt, Miocene marine source rocks with better organic matter abundance and hydrocarbon generation have been found, which have achieved better source rock standard based on the analysis of geochemical charac- teristics. Although there are no exploratory wells in deep water area of the research region, through the comparative analysis of geochemical data of several typical exploratory wells respectively from shallow water area in the basin, central depression belt margin in deep-water area of the basin and Site 1148 of deep sea drilling in the South China Sea Basin, it reveals that the tendency of the quality of source rocks becomes positive gradually from delta to bathyal environment, which then becomes negative as in deep oceanic environment. Owing to the lack of terrestrial organic matter input, the important controlling factors of Miocene marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin are ocean productivity and preservation conditions of organic matter. The element geochemistry data indicate that the tendency of the paleoproductivity and the preservation conditions of organic matter become positive as water depth increase from shallow area to bathyal area close to central depression belt. So it is speculated that there must exist high quality source rocks in the central depression area where the preservation conditions of organic matter are much better. Besides, in theory, in oxygen-poor zone of oceanic environment at the water depth 400-1 000 m, the preservation conditions of organic matter are well thus forming high-quality marine source rocks. The result- ing speculation, it is reasonable to consider that there are high hydrocarbon generation potential source rocks in bathyal environment of the Qiongdongnan Basin, especially at the water depth 400- 1 000 m.     

浅层气逸出到海水中的气泡声学探测方法

针对南黄海西部等地区在海洋调查仪器上发现的海水中浅层气逸出气泡产生的声学羽流等气泡记录,首先根据水体中气泡共振发生非线性振动形成的强烈散射现象,计算了我国浅层气分布海区的常见浅层气逸出气泡共振频率范围、不同调查仪器在水深变化时的探测气泡大小,据此分析了不同调查仪器探测浅层气逸出气泡的范围。其次,根据气泡在水中的变化、运动规律,提出了浅层气逸出气泡应当具备的声学特点,排除了南黄海西部地区形成水体中特征反射的其他可能因素,并探讨了云状扰动的可能形成原因。     

浅层物探技术在近海灾害地质与工程地质调查中的应用

随着海洋资源的开发与滨岸工程的建设,越来越多地遇到海洋地质灾害的影响与危害。为了避免并降低海洋地质灾害的影响程度,应开展海洋灾害地质与工程地质调查。二十多年来的实践经验表明,若采用以高分辨率地震为主,配合浅地层剖面、旁侧声纳、测深及磁力测量等综合浅层物探技术,对于了解海洋地质灾害因素与海底浅部工程地质特性等方面都能取得良好的效果,这是一种既经济又较快速地提供成果资料的好方法。     

辽东湾北部浅海区海洋工程地质特征

通过对浅地层剖面仪、侧扫声纳和海底取样等实测资料的详细分析,揭示了辽东湾北部浅海区的自然地质状况和复杂的海洋工程地质特征。该海区海底地形地貌较为复杂,存在海底冲刷深槽、埋藏古河道、浅层气、潮流沙脊与潮沟、埋藏古陡坡、软弱土层及可能的砂土液化层等潜在灾害地质因素,对海上构筑物存在直接或潜在的危险性,应引起高度重视。     

Marine vs. terrigenous organic matter in Louisiana coastal sediments: The uses of bromine:organic carbon ratios

Recent data on the sources of organic carbon buried in the ocean have emphasized the probable importance of terrigenous organic matter in burial budgets of deltaic depocenters. The many markers used to assess relative importance of marine vs. terrestrial sources each have ambiguities. We use the ratio of bromine to organic carbon (Br:OC) as a source indicator for organic matter in the Mississippi delta. Progressive increases in bromine concentrations from the river to the slope indicate increasing content of marine-derived organic matter. Quantitative estimates of marine vs. terrigenous organic matter using Br:OC ratios in a two-endmember mixing model are consistent with recent estimates using a combination of three other source markers [Gordon, E.S., Goñi, M.A. 2003. Sources and distribution of terrigenous organic matter delivered by the Atchafalaya River to sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67:2359–2375]. The Br:OC vs. δ¹³C relationship indicates seaward increase in δ¹³C without proportionate incorporation of marine organic matter, consistent with recent arguments that isotopically depleted terrestrial detritus derived from C3 plants is separated from C4-derived terrigenous organic matter during transport. Decreasing Br:OC ratios downcore at many sites that have significant amounts of marine organic matter indicate that the marine organic matter is preferentially lost during burial diagenesis. This preferential loss constrains the contribution of organic matter burial in deltaic environments to global removal of Br.     

2.5维海洋非线性共轭梯度反演应用效果研究

为了研究频率域2.5维非线性共轭梯度反演在海洋天然气水合物探测中的实际应用效果,利用美国Scripps研究所在South Hydrate海域采集的可控源电磁探测数据进行2.5维非线性共轭梯度反演计算,结合其他地球物理方法在同一海区的研究结果,综合分析2.5维反演计算的准确性和有效性。结果表明,非线性共轭梯度反演能够清晰地反映出该区域海底面以下1~2 km地层的电导率结构分布,其局部反演结果与地震反射、地震层序、测井分析结果基本一致,且对小尺寸异常、浅层高阻体分辨力较强,尤其在海洋天然气水合物探测方面具有较大潜力。     

印太交汇区浮游植物和浮游动物生态学研究进展

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