采用张量子空间的高光谱影像多维滤波算法

本文提出了一种基于张量子空间的多维滤波算法,将其应用于高光谱遥感影像降噪。该方法将高光谱影像数据视为三阶张量,引入张量数据表达,通过张量子空间分解将含噪影像投影到信号子空间,根据影像信号与噪声在子空间中分布的不同滤除噪声并保留原始影像的信号成分。利用该算法作用于多组含噪高光谱数据,对比逐波段二维维纳滤波算法、小波降噪算法等传统数字图像降噪算法的结果,实验证明了这种新型降噪算法的有效性。     

Hyperspectral image noise reduction based on rank-1 tensor decomposition

In this study, a novel noise reduction algorithm for hyperspectral imagery (HSI) is proposed based on high-order rank-1 tensor decomposition. The hyperspectral data cube is considered as a three-order tensor that is able to jointly treat both the spatial and spectral modes. Subsequently, the rank-1 tensor decomposition (R1TD) algorithm is applied to the tensor data, which takes into account both the spatial and spectral information of the hyperspectral data cube. A noise-reduced hyperspectral image is then obtained by combining the rank-1 tensors using an eigenvalue intensity sorting and reconstruction technique. Compared with the existing noise reduction methods such as the conventional channel-by-channel approaches and the recently developed multidimensional filter, the spatial–spectral adaptive total variation filter, experiments with both synthetic noisy data and real HSI data reveal that the proposed R1TD algorithm significantly improves the HSI data quality in terms of both visual inspection and image quality indices. The subsequent image classification results further validate the effectiveness of the proposed HSI noise reduction algorithm.     

空间与光谱维度的高光谱图像噪声估计

高光谱图像能够获取地物精细的光谱诊断特征,但受限于多谱段分光的成像机制,图像各个谱段上光成像的能量不足,信噪比难以提升。高光谱图像噪声类型与强度的准确估计,是提升高光谱图像去噪性能的关键,也是优化其成像系统设计的重要依据。现有高光谱图像噪声估计算法通常将不同类型的图像噪声作为一个整体,并未充分考虑不同类型噪声的区别。本文从高光谱图像获取的机理出发,提出了一种联合空间与光谱维度分析的高光谱图像噪声估计方法。首先,建立了高光谱图像噪声退化模型,将图像中的主要噪声定义为两类:条带与高斯噪声。然后,基于条带噪声在空间维度上独特的频率特性,提出了基于傅里叶变换与局部均值滤波的条带噪声估计方法。最后,基于在光谱维度上高光谱图像相邻波段间的高相关性,通过多元回归分析估计高斯噪声的均值与标准差。本文在模拟高光谱噪声数据上进行算法验证的同时,深入分析了高分五号短波红外高光谱相机、机载Nano-Hyperspec成像仪等国内外成像仪获取的真实高光谱数据。实验结果表明,本文提出的噪声估计方法能够有效的估计出高光谱图像不同谱段条带与高斯噪声的量化指标。实验结果可用于分析高光谱图像在不同传感器与不同成像场景下的退化原因,从而设计更优的图像去噪方法与成像系统。     

An Adaptive Supervised Nonlinear Feature Extraction for Hyperspectral Imagery Classification

In this paper, an improved version of locally linear Embedding is proposed. In the proposed method, spectral correlation angle is invited to describe the distance between data points, which is expected to fit the hyperspectral image (HSI). The neighborhood graph of the data points is constructed based on supervised method. Different from traditional supervised feature extraction methods, the weight factors, which are used to control the transform, are adaptively achieved. In this way, the input arguments of original algorithm are not increased. To justify the effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments are conducted on two HSIs. Results show that the proposed method can improve the separability of HSI especially in low dimensions.     

变异系数降维的CNN高光谱遥感图像分类

为了实现地物精准分类,需要有效地提取与分析高光谱遥感图像中丰富的空—谱信息。提出一种适用于高光谱遥感图像分类的变异系数与卷积神经网络相结合(CV-CNN)的方法。这种新方法引入变异系数的思想来衡量高光谱遥感图像不同波段之间的相似性和差异性,从而提出类间变异系数(CVIE)和类内变异系数(CVIA)的概念。通过计算(CVIE)~2/CVIA的值来剔除高光谱遥感图像中的低效波段,然后提取每个像素的空一谱信息,并对其进行2维矩阵化操作,转化为便于卷积神经网络(CNN)输入的灰度图像,最后采用自行构建的适合于高光谱遥感图像分类的CNN模型进行分类。Indian Pines和Pavia University两组数据的实验结果表明,该方法在两种数据集下的总体精度分别达到98.69%和99.66%,有效地改善了高光谱遥感图像的分类精度。     

张量组稀疏表示的高光谱图像去噪算法

提出了一种基于张量组稀疏表示的高光谱遥感影像降噪。高光谱影像数据可视为三阶张量。首先,高光谱图像被划分为小的张量分块,然后,对相似的张量分块进行聚类,并对聚类分组进行稀疏表示。基于高光谱图像的空间非局部自相似性和光谱相关性,将张量组稀疏表示模型分解为一系列无约束低秩张量的近似问题,进而通过张量分解进行求解。对模拟和真实高光谱数据进行试验,验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于GPS软件接收机的抗窄带干扰方法

针对硬件接收机中传统抗干扰方法成本高、体积大、功率大和环境受限等问题,提出了用GPS软件接收机作为抗干扰算法研究平台,用子空间分解的时域滤波法和频域滤波法消除窄带干扰,其中频域滤波法中干扰频率分量置零有时会引起信号在时域波形畸变。为了解决该问题,提出了用广义延拓插值法,得到干扰频带去除干扰后的广义延拓插值估计信号。实验仿真结果表明,两种方法都能有效而可靠地去除窄带干扰,基于广义延拓插值的频域滤波法更显其优越性。     

Adaptive filtering of GOCE-derived gravity gradients of the disturbing potential in the context of the space-wise approach

Filtering and signal processing techniques have been widely used in the processing of satellite gravity observations to reduce measurement noise and correlation errors. The parameters and types of filters used depend on the statistical and spectral properties of the signal under investigation. Filtering is usually applied in a non-real-time environment. The present work focuses on the implementation of an adaptive filtering technique to process satellite gravity gradiometry data for gravity field modeling. Adaptive filtering algorithms are commonly used in communication systems, noise and echo cancellation, and biomedical applications. Two independent studies have been performed to introduce adaptive signal processing techniques and test the performance of the least mean-squared (LMS) adaptive algorithm for filtering satellite measurements obtained by the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) mission. In the first study, a Monte Carlo simulation is performed in order to gain insights about the implementation of the LMS algorithm on data with spectral behavior close to that of real GOCE data. In the second study, the LMS algorithm is implemented on real GOCE data. Experiments are also performed to determine suitable filtering parameters. Only the four accurate components of the full GOCE gravity gradient tensor of the disturbing potential are used. The characteristics of the filtered gravity gradients are examined in the time and spectral domain. The obtained filtered GOCE gravity gradients show an agreement of 63–84 mEötvös (depending on the gravity gradient component), in terms of RMS error, when compared to the gravity gradients derived from the EGM2008 geopotential model. Spectral-domain analysis of the filtered gradients shows that the adaptive filters slightly suppress frequencies in the bandwidth of approximately 10–30 mHz. The limitations of the adaptive LMS algorithm are also discussed. The tested filtering algorithm can be connected to and employed in the first computational steps of the space-wise approach, where a time-wise Wiener filter is applied at the first stage of GOCE gravity gradient filtering. The results of this work can be extended to using other adaptive filtering algorithms, such as the recursive least-squares and recursive least-squares lattice filters.     

A modified Wiener-type filter for geodetic estimation problems with non-stationary noise

 One of the most basic and important tools in optimal spectral gravity field modelling is the method of Wiener filtering. Originally developed for applications in analogue signal analysis and communication engineering, Wiener filtering has become a standard linear estimation technique of modern operational geodesy, either as an independent practical tool for data de-noising in the frequency domain or as an integral component of a more general signal estimation methodology (input–output systems theory). Its theoretical framework is based on the Wiener–Kolmogorov linear prediction theory for stationary random fields in the presence of additive external noise, and thus it is closely related to the (more familiar to geodesists) method of least-squares collocation with random observation errors. The main drawback of Wiener filtering that makes its use in many geodetic applications problematic stems from the stationarity assumption for both the signal and the noise involved in the approximation problem. A modified Wiener-type linear estimation filter is introduced that can be used with noisy data obtained from an arbitrary deterministic field under the masking of non-stationary random observation errors. In addition, the sampling resolution of the input data is explicitly taken into account within the estimation algorithm, resulting in a resolution-dependent optimal noise filter. This provides a more insightful approach to spectral filtering techniques for noise reduction, since the data resolution parameter has not been directly incorporated in previous formulations of frequency-domain estimation problems for gravity field signals with discrete noisy data. Received: 1 November 2000 / Accepted: 19 June 2001     

GRACE反演南极冰盖质量变化的高斯与Wiener滤波比较

本文利用UTCSR 2003年1月到2008年8月间的GRACE Level-2 RL04重力场模型估计了南极冰盖质量变化。计算过程中分别采用高斯和Wiener滤波两种平滑方法,分别采用22、43和65个月重力场模型计算Wiener滤波信号与噪声函数,得出以下结论:在实际的计算过程中需要具体计算Wiener滤波平滑因子值,65个月GRACE重力场模型计算得到的Wiener滤波权值非常接近于平滑半径为540km高斯滤波权值;采用两种不同的滤波方法在相同区域质量变化率基本相同。     

一种基于多维正交判别子空间投影的人脸识别方法

人脸识别中,传统数据降维方法将人脸图像重排列成向量后进行处理,丢失了数据本身的结构特性,导致识别精度不高。本文发展了一种基于张量的数据降维方法———多维正交判别子空间投影。该算法直接用张量描述人脸,并通过张量到矢量投影(tensortovectorprojection,TVP)将张量数据投影到向量判别子空间。此方法寻找相互正交的投影向量集,使得判别子空间中数据类间离散度最大,同时类内离散度最小;进而利用TVP投影将高维张量数据映射成低维向量数据,在合适的约束条件下,这些降维后的向量特征数据是整个人脸数据中最具代表性的特征数据;最后,使用k最近邻(KNN)分类器将这些特征数据分类。利用经典人脸数据库ORL进行实验,验证了本文方法的有效性。     

Optimum Data Vector Approach to Multibaseline SAR Interferometry Phase Unwrapping

Phase unwrapping is a key problem not only in all quantitative applications of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry but also in other fields. In this letter, a new phase unwrapping approach is investigated. Our study is based on the model of the optimum data vector. In order to autocoregister the SAR images, the proposed method takes advantage of the multibaseline optimal weighted joint data vector by extracting all the coherence information available in the neighboring pixels. Moreover, the method employs the projection of the joint signal subspace onto the corresponding noise subspace to estimate the unwrapped interferometric phases (or the terrain heights). The proposed method can accurately determine the dimensions of the noise subspace and provide the robust unwrapped interferometric phases even in the presence of the large image coregistration errors. Moreover, the multibaseline processing idea is a combination of data optimization, image coregistration, interferogram filtering, and phase unwrapping.     

一种新的去除遥感影像混合噪声组合滤波方法

提出了一种三层组合滤波的去噪方法,在小波BayesShrink阈值与自适应中值滤波的基础上增加第三层Wiener滤波,利用Wiener滤波对信噪比高的信号去噪效果好的特点可有效去除残留的混合噪声,为了在去噪过程中保留影像的边缘,在滤波过程中加入了边缘提取算法,对影像的细节进行保留使去噪后的影像更加清晰。试验表明,本文提出的三层滤波方法在去除遥感影像常见的高斯与脉冲混合噪声时,效果要明显优于传统的两层组合滤波算法。     

UL-Isomap based nonlinear dimensionality reduction for hyperspectral imagery classification

The paper proposes an upgraded landmark-Isometric mapping (UL-Isomap) method to solve the two problems of landmark selection and computational complexity in dimensionality reduction using landmark Isometric mapping (LIsomap) for hyperspectral imagery (HSI) classification. First, the vector quantization method is introduced to select proper landmarks for HSI data. The approach considers the variations in local density of pixels in the spectral space. It locates the unique landmarks representing the geometric structures of HSI data. Then, random projections are used to reduce the bands of HSI data. After that, the new method incorporates the Recursive Lanczos Bisection (RLB) algorithm to construct the fast approximate k-nearest neighbor graph. The RLB algorithm accompanied with random projections improves the speed of neighbor searching in UL-Isomap. After constructing the geodesic distance graph between landmarks and all pixels, the method uses a fast randomized low-rank approximate method to speed up the eigenvalue decomposition of the inner-product matrix in multidimensional scaling. Manifold coordinates of landmarks are then computed. Manifold coordinates of non-landmarks are computed through the pseudo inverse transformation of landmark coordinates. Five experiments on two different HSI datasets are run to test the new UL-Isomap method. Experimental results show that UL-Isomap surpasses LIsomap, both in the overall classification accuracy (OCA) and in computational speed, with a speed over 5 times faster. Moreover, the UL-Isomap method, when compared against the Isometric mapping (Isomap) method, obtains only slightly lower OCAs.     

粒子滤波在高动态GPS定位中的应用

针对高动态GPS定位系统的特点,引入了一种基于粒子滤波的高动态GPS定位系统滤波算法。借助于移动目标的速度矢量模型建立了系统状态方程,论文给出了标准的卡尔曼滤波算法模型,重点讨论了粒子滤波算法在高动态GPS定位中的应用,详细描述了算法的推导过程。对算法进行仿真,结果表明当GPS接收机作大范围机动或GPS信号受到干扰时,粒子滤波要优于标准的卡尔曼滤波。     

基于张量分解的超光谱图像降秩与压缩

超光谱图像在常规的二维图像中加入了光谱维度,具有更大的信息量的同时也带来了较大的光谱冗余性,这给图像压缩带来了新的挑战。提出了一种基于张量分解的超光谱图像降秩与压缩方法,将超光谱图像视为三阶张量数据表示,并使用张量分解技术将原始观测张量分解为核张量与多个投影矩阵的乘积形式。这样,超光谱图像被压缩为了低秩张量,它可以通过张量反投影进行图像重构。实验证明张量分解技术能够将超光谱图像压缩到很低的比率,同时保持较低的重构相对误差。     

联合EEMD-KECA算法的InSAR干涉相位时频滤波

根据干涉图信号和噪声时频分布差异的特点,提出一种改进的基于经验模态分解EEMD的InSAR干涉相位滤波方法。该方法首先利用可有效降低模态混叠的EEMD算法,对干涉图的实部及虚部分别进行2维经验模态分解,获得具有不同时间尺度的模态分量;然后根据信号和噪声分量的时间尺度分布特性的差异,采用适用于非线性信号分析的KECA算法对噪声识别、分离;最后利用去除噪声后的模态分量重构干涉图。为了证明本文方法的有效性,分别利用模拟数据及真实InSAR差分干涉相位进行滤波试验。对比本文EEMD-KECA滤波方法、Goldstein滤波、圆周期—中值滤波、EMD分解、EMD-PCA方法的滤波效果,采用相干斑指数、均方差指数、边缘保持指数进行定量评价。结果表明,与经典InSAR干涉图滤波方法相比,本文联合EEMD-KECA算法的滤波方法能有效滤除干涉图噪声,且在条纹边缘等细节信息的保持上也具有较大优势。     

使用量子优化算法进行高光谱遥感影像处理综述

高光谱遥感技术从20世纪80年代出现以来,已迅速成为对地观测的重要组成部分,其影像信息提取是地物信息提取的主要数据来源。高光谱遥感影像除提供地物的空间信息之外,其成百上千个波段携带的光谱信息所提供的光谱诊断能力可以对地物目标进行精细化解译,大大增强了对地物信息的提取能力。充分利用高光谱遥感影像丰富的光谱信息对地物目标进行精细化解译成为近年来遥感领域的研究热点。对基于量子优化算法的高光谱遥感影像处理方法进行阐述,介绍了量子优化算法的发展与技术,并概括了其在高光谱遥感影像中的应用,并对量子优化算法在高光谱遥感影像处理中的应用发展提出建议和展望。     

Multipath interference mitigation in GNSS via WRELAX

In order to suppress the multipath interference in global navigation satellite system, two algorithms based on NLS (nonlinear least square) parameter estimation are proposed. Instead of the classic delay lock loop, the first proposed algorithm estimates the parameters of the line of sight signal and the multipath interference in the correlation domain. The NLS cost function is solved by WRELAX (weighted Fourier transform and RELAXation), which decouples the multidimensional optimization problem into a sequence of one-dimensional optimization problems in a conceptually and computationally simple way. In order to further reduce the complexity, the second NLS algorithm utilizing the characteristic of the C/A code is proposed, which estimate the parameters in the data domain. Finally, the two proposed algorithms are compared with the existing multipath interference methods and show excellent performance and less computational burden.     

GNSS接收机抗干扰自适应调零技术性能估计

GNSS抗干扰技术中常采用功率倒置算法(PI)来得到自适应波束形成的零陷。信干比为80dB时,PI算法能准确识别干扰的方向,抗干扰分辨率好,但当信干比降低到20dB左右时,在射频干扰信号方向谱周围会形成大量带状的零陷,干扰信号的分辨率恶化严重。空间谱估计中的多重信号分类(MUSIC)算法具备超分辨率特性,通过信号子空间和噪声子空间的正交功率最小化原理,采用空间二维谱峰搜索方位角和仰角,能够准确进行DOA估计,有效区分有用信号和干扰信号。在高信干比条件下,基于MUSIC算法的最小功率估计抑制深度明显好于传统的PI算法;在低信干比条件下,MUSIC-PI算法在干扰信号方向谱判别及零陷抑制方面依然有效,而传统的PI算法失效。计算机仿真结果验证了该方法在GNSS抗干扰领域的有效性和鲁棒性。