湖北省三峡库区秭归县头道河Ⅱ号滑坡特征及稳定性评价

针对湖北省三峡库区秭归县头道河Ⅱ号滑坡现状条件下的明显变形迹象,本文对该滑坡进行了综合的分析和研究,详细介绍了该滑坡的地质背景及滑坡特征。采用剩余推理法,对滑坡体在各种不同工况下的稳定性作了科学分析,并对滑坡体在三峡水库蓄水以后的稳定性作了合理评价。结果表明,滑坡体在目前状态下基本稳定,三峡水库蓄水以后,将对滑坡体稳定性产生较大影响,极有可能导致滑坡体失稳,据此结合工程实际提出了一些可行的防治措施及建议。     

地震作用下三峡库区典型堆积层滑坡变形特性研究

选取三峡水库区地震频发的兴山县一典型厚层堆积型滑坡为研究对象,以实测库水位波动与地震发生时间点关系为基础,并参照V度地震烈度,采用静力-渗流-动力多场耦合3D数值模拟方法,对滑坡变形机理进行研究。结果表明:(1)地震作用与库水位波动密切相关,不利的渗流条件和地震动荷载作用相互叠加,渗流场-动力场耦合作用共同导致滑坡体发生变形;(2)堆积层滑坡体结构相对均质,无显著不良地质单元,除堆积体临空面附近外,其对地震波几乎无放大效应;(3)V度地震烈度条件下,连续地震对堆积层滑坡变形量的影响有限且收敛,但仍有必要对滑坡体变形进行长期监测。     

西南山区典型滑坡体时移电阻率动态监测试验研究（英文）

滑坡体动态监测研究聚焦于降水入渗、坡体内部水文地质条件和坡体稳定性之间的复杂耦合关系。我们选择西南山区典型滑坡体,于2013年11月和2014年8月开展时移电阻率层析成像监测工作,以滑坡体电性结构的时间一空间特性来表征地表水入渗及地下水迁移的时空分布规律,构建滑坡演化及其触发的动态过程。结合地质钻孔资料,电阻率反演模型准确划定了基岩与上覆第四系沉积物间的分界面;同时圈定了发育为潜在优先流路径的破碎带网络,推断地表水沿此路径入渗并经基岩风化裂隙水径流排泄,基覆面溶蚀软化致使滑动面逐渐贯穿。研究结果表明时移电阻率监测具备获取临滑前兆信息的潜力,能够为滑坡稳定性分析和预测预报提供准确可靠的依据。     

降雨型滑坡时空预报新方法

地质条件和降雨是引起重庆地区山体滑坡的两个最主要条件. 文中在分析降雨型滑坡形成条件的基础上, 提出了将地质条件和降雨因素进行分级叠合的降雨型滑坡时空预报新方法. 首先, 利用多因素相互作用关系矩阵, 对某个地区或者某个边坡所在位置的地质条件进行半定量的评价和分级. 然后, 根据日最大降雨量和降雨过程的总降雨量, 对该地区降雨的严重程度进行分级. 最后将“地质条件影响因子”和“降雨影响因子”进行分级叠合, 得到了“滑坡易滑程度判别因子”, 并据此将滑坡按照其易滑度分为滑坡极易发生、滑坡易发生、滑坡不易发生和滑坡基本不发生4级. 通过对某个地区的一些危险边坡进行地质勘察, 结合比较准确的天气预报, 可以对该地区的降雨型滑坡进行较为准确的时空预测预报. 以鸡扒子滑坡为例, 验证了利用“双因素”分级叠合方法进行降雨型滑坡时空预报的可靠性和可行性.     

三峡水库运行后长江中游洪、枯水位变化特征

流域大型水库蓄水后,坝下游河道调整过程中的洪、枯水位变化,对下游水安全、水生态和水资源利用影响甚大.利用1955-2012年长江中游各水文站水位、流量等资料,采用改进的时间序列分析方法,对三峡水库运行前后长江中游洪、枯水位变化特征进行了研究,结果表明:三峡水库蓄水前长江中游洪、枯水位变化的周期长度分别为9~14、11~15 a,在假设三峡水库运行后水位无趋势性变化的前提下,估算得到的水位变化周期长度基本在20 a以上,蓄水前的自然周期性已被打破,枯水位发生趋势性下降且无复归迹象,而洪水位波动周期虽有所延长,但上升幅度未超过历史波动变幅,仅可确定洪水位没有明显的下降趋势.三峡水库蓄水后坝下游长距离冲刷,枯水河槽冲刷量占平滩河槽的比例逐年增加,累计至2013年已达91.5%,是枯水位下降的主控因素.河槽冲刷导致的床沙粗化增加了河道床面阻力,高程在平滩水位附近的滩体上覆盖的大量植被增加了水流流动阻力,同时大量航道整治、护岸、码头等工程主体部分布设在枯水位以上,综合因素作用使得洪水河槽阻力增加.三峡水库蓄水后,虽然枯水期流量补偿作用显著削弱了枯水位下降的效应,但枯水位下降事实已经形成,不利于航道水深的提高及通江湖泊枯水期的水量存蓄,洪水位未明显下降,同级流量下的江湖槽蓄量不会明显调整.     

天水市水眼寨滑坡特征及稳定性分析

在对天水市水眼寨滑坡进行地质勘察和现场调查的基础上,结合区域环境研究滑坡的主要特征,分析地形条件、地层岩性、地质构造、地震、降水和人类活动对滑坡的影响,并利用GeoStudio计算软件,运用多种稳定性评价方法对滑坡静力和不同地震强度作用下的动力稳定性进行计算分析。结果表明,水眼寨滑坡属于黄土—泥岩滑坡,经过多期滑动,滑坡物质和滑坡体具有显著地平面分区性和剖面分层性,地层岩性和地质构造运动是其形成的主要内因,降水和地震是影响其稳定性重要外因。滑坡目前处于稳定状态,但未来环境变化会导致该滑坡稳定性降低,在Ⅶ度地震作用影响下该滑坡处于极限平衡状态,在Ⅶ度强以上地震作用影响下（＞0.15 g）,该滑坡稳定性大为降低,存在复活的可能性。     

模糊数学方法在滑坡稳定性评价中的应用

针对滑坡发生系统的复杂性和不确定性,用模糊数学方法从地层岩性、地质构造、地形地貌、地下水和降雨5个方面,分2个层次9个因素建立了滑坡稳定性评价的模糊综合评判模型,确定了各因素等级标准和权重。以G212线陇南段沿线的6个主要滑坡为例进行了稳定性综合评价。结果表明,秦峪滑坡的稳定性最差,风安山和石阏子滑坡次之,清水子、固水子和鲁班崖滑坡稳定性相对较好。     

滑坡体降雨入渗的高密度电法模型试验研究

降雨作为影响滑坡体稳定性的主要因素之一，其在坡体中的入渗过程难以监测．高密度电法作为一种无损监测手段，其具有操作便捷、对监测对象扰动小的特点，可实现滑坡体水分运移的高效实时监测．基于高密度电法监测技术，通过饱和度测定试验建立岩土体电阻率与饱和度之间的数学关系，开展间隔降雨条件下滑坡体的高密度电法监测模型试验．电阻率反演结果揭示了滑坡体在间隔降雨条件下水分的运移规律和坡体渗透破坏过程，验证了采用高密度电法监测滑坡体降雨入渗过程中水分迁移的可行性．     

杜家垞—一碗水库段地震成因讨论

分析了杜家垞——碗水库段于1993年5月3日—15日发生的145次地震。认为这些地震是由清江隔河岩水库第一阶段前期蓄水老滑坡体重新活动引起的,属滑坡型水库地震.     

基于Landsat影像的近40年来(1982—2021年)三峡库区水面面积及其蒸发损失变化

三峡水库蓄水引起库区水位抬升,水面面积显著增加,对区域水文循环过程产生了一定影响。为揭示三峡水库蓄水前后水面面积及蒸发损失变化规律,选取三峡库区坝前至寸滩区间作为研究区,利用Landsat影像数据提取1982—2021年水面面积,分区建立水位与面积关系曲线,进而推求库区逐日水面面积。在估计三峡库区水面面积的基础上,结合站点潜在蒸发资料推求水面蒸发损失量。研究结果表明:2010年三峡水库全面运行后,坝前至寸滩库区平均水面面积由蓄水前的372.96km²,增加到761.31km²,较蓄水前增加了1.04倍。同时,三峡水库的蓄泄调节改变了库区河段原有的水文节律,使得库区水面面积的季节性变化特征较蓄水前发生了显著变化。蓄水后,冬季水面面积最大,平均为843.81km²,较蓄水前增加了1.89倍;秋季、春季次之,水面面积分别为818.73和735.28km²,较蓄水前分别增加了97.17%和1.28倍;夏季水面面积最小,为653.03km²,较蓄水前仅增加了39.06%。水库全面运行后,...     

DATABASE OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY 2015 GORKHA(NEPAL) MW7.8 EARTHQUAKE

In this study, a detailed database of landslides triggered by the 25 April 2015 Gorkha (Nepal)M_W7.8 earthquake is constructed based on visual interpretation of pre- and post-earthquake high-resolution satellite images and field reconnaissance. Results show the earthquake triggered at least 47 200 landslides, which have a NWW direction spatial distribution, similar with the location and strike of the seismogenic fault. The landslides are of a total area about 110km² and an oval distribution area about 35 700km². On the basis of a scale relationship between landslide area (A)and volume (V), V=1.314 7×A^{1.208 5}, the total volume of the coseismic landslides is estimated to be about 9.64×10⁸m³. In the oval landslide distribution area, the landslide number density, area density, and volume density were calculated and the results are 1.32km^-2, 0.31%, and 0.027m, respectively. This study provides a detailed and objective inventory of landslides triggered by the Gorkha earthquake, which provides very important and essential basic data for study of mechanics of coseismic landslides, spatial pattern, distribution law, and hazard assessment. In addition, the landslide database related to an individual earthquake also provides an important earthquake case in a subduction zone for studying landslides related to multiple earthquakes from a global perspective.     

A new method for spatio-temporal prediction of rainfall-induced landslide

1 Introduction The landslides influences on the human society have become an environment difficult problem not able to be neglected, and according to the priority of harms, harms of landslides are only smaller than those from earthquakes in all sorts of natural hazards[1]. Landslide is part of rock mass, soil mass or their compound mass slides downward along a certain slid- ing surface under the actions of inner and external dy- namics, and it is one severe instability phenomenon of rock and s…     

地球膨胀构造动力物理模拟的相似性研究

按照地球膨胀学说进行全球构造动力物理模拟的相似性研究，得到了膨胀地球岩石层弹性球壳力学模型的方程分析相似准则和地幔物质沿膨胀裂谷通道上涌流动的方程分析相似准则．按照各相似准则的约束，计算得到了满足与膨胀地球原型相似的模型参数：膨胀初始半径为０．４６ｍ；原始岩石层的厚度、密度分别为３×１０^－３ｍ和（１．２－１．８）×１０ｋｇ／ｍ^３，其强度为１０^４Ｐａ；原始地球膨胀内压为４．２５×１０^４Ｐａ；原始地表重力为－１．２５×１０^－２Ｎ／ｋｇ；上涌物质密度、粘度分别为１．２×１０^２ｋｇ／ｍ^３和２×１０^２Ｐａ·ｓ；原始地幔物质上涌厚度、速度和加速度分别为２．５×１０^－２ｍ，２．０×１０^－３ｍ／ｓ和３×１０^２ｍ／s²．由此表明材料物性等条件能够较好地满足原型要求的模型条件．     

RESTORATION OF THE ORIGINAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE XIAONANHAI LANDSLIDE IN CHONGQING AND CALCULATION OF ITS VOLUME

As documented in history, an M6¼ earthquake occurred between Qianjiang, Chongqing and Xianfeng, Hubei(also named the Daluba event)in 1856. This earthquake caused serious geological hazards, including a lot of landslides at Xiaonanhai, Wangdahai, Zhangshangjie and other places. Among them, the Xiaonanhai landslide is a gigantic one, which buried a village and blocked the river, creating a quake lake that has been preserved to this day. As the Xiaonanhai landslide is a historical earthquake-induced landslide, it is impossible to obtain the remote sensing image and DEM data before the earthquake, which brings certain difficulties to the estimation of landslide volume and the establishment of numerical simulation model. In this paper, the original topography before the earthquake is inferred by the methods of geomorphic analogy in adjacent areas and numerical simulation, and the volume of the Xiaonanhai landslide body is calculated. Firstly, the principle and application of UAV aerial photography are introduced. We employed an unmanned airplane to take pictures of the Xiaonanhai landslide and adjacent areas, yielding high-precision DOM images(digital orthophoto graph)and DEM data which permit generating terrain contours with a 25m interval. We also used the method of intensive manual depth measurement in waters to obtain the DEM data of bottom topography of Xiaonanhai quake lake. Based on field investigations, and combining terrain contours and DOM images, we described the sizes and forms of each slump mass in detail. Secondly, considering that the internal and external dynamic geological processes of shaping landforms in the same place are basically the same, the landforms such as ridges and valleys are also basically similar. Therefore, combining with the surrounding topography and landform of the Xiaonanhai area, we used MATLAB software to reconstruct two possible original landform models before the landslide. The original topography presented by model A is a relatively gentle slope, with a slope of 40°~50°, and the original topography presented by model B is a very high and steep slope, with a slope of 70°~80°. Thirdly, Geostudio software is used to conduct numerical simulation analysis on the slope stability. The safety factor of slope stability and the scale of landslide are analyzed under the conditions of static stability, seismic dynamic response and seismic dynamic response considering topographic amplification effect. The results show that large landslide is more likely to occur in model B, which is more consistent with the reality. In order to verify the credibility of recovered DEM data of valley bottom topography, we visited the government of Qianjiang District, collected the drilling data of 11 boreholes in two survey lines of Xiaonanhai weir dam. It is verified that the recovered valley bottom elevation is basically consistent with that revealed by the borehole data. Finally, according to the two kinds of topographic data before and after the landslide, the volume of the landslide is calculated by using the filling and excavation analysis function of ArcGIS software. There is a gap between the calculation results of filling and excavation, the filling data is 3×10⁶m³ larger than the excavation data. The reasons are mainly as follows: 1)Due to the disorderly accumulation of collapse blocks, the porosity of the accumulation body became larger, causing the volume of the fill to expand; 2)It has been more than 150a since the Xiaonanhai earthquake, and the landslide accumulation has been seriously reconstructed, therefore, there are some errors in the filling data; 3)The accumulation body in Xiaonanhai quake lake might be subject to erosion and siltation, this may affect the accuracy of the filling data. In conclusion, it is considered that the calculated results of the excavation are relatively reliable, with a volume of 4.3×10⁷m³.     

膨胀地球基本参数的初值及其平均变化率

本文讨论了地球膨胀过程的初始半径R₀、膨胀起始时间t₀以及半径R、转动惯量I、地表重力加速度g和反映地球内部物质分布状态参数y等膨胀基本参数的平均变化率。研究结果表明,在地球的地质年龄之内,地球膨胀的初始半径R₀>4619km,膨胀的起始时间t₀>43.8×10²Ma,膨胀过程中的地球半径R、物质分布状态参数y、转动惯量I、地表重力加速度g和表面积S随时间的平均变化率分别为:dR/dt=4×10^-4m/a,dy/dt=-6.7×10¹²/a,dI/dt=8.49×10²⁷kg·m~2/a,dg/dt=-1.23×10^-10kg·s^-2/a和ds/dt=6.41×10⁴m²/a。地球膨胀过程中的半径平均增长率,是首次用天文学方法研究得出,且该值介于其他作者用古地磁、古地理等方法所求得的地球半径增长率若干数值之间。     

1996年5月3日内蒙古包头西M_S6.4级地震的震源机制研究

利用地幔波波形拟合和P波初动符号联合反演的方法,估计了1996年5月3日内蒙古包头西MS6．4级地震的震源机制．得到节面1（40°,70°,－174°）,节面2（308°,84°,－20°）。主压力轴P（-13．95×1017Nm,262°,19°）,主张力轴T（15．66×1017Nm,356°,10°）,中性轴N（B）（1．52×1017Nm,112°,69°）．地震形成左旋走滑兼弱倾滑断裂,断裂面较陡．据ML≥3.0级的余震分布、Ⅷ度区的烈度分布以及宏观震中与微观震中的相对位置推测,节面2可能与实际的地震破裂面相近．据宽频垂直向（BHZ）波形记录中SP与P的到时差估计,震源深度约为21Km．     

行星际磁场脉动能谱随日心距离变化的模式

空间飞船Helios 1和Helios 2的磁场探测发现,太阳风高速流中磁场脉动在低频区的能谱的谱指数是随日心距离r而变化的,谱密度的空间梯度是随频率f而变化的,现有关于行星际磁场脉动的理论都不能解释上述现象。本文提出了一个计算行星际磁场能谱径向发展的理论模式。假设在不同频率的脉动之间有由低频向高频传输的能流存在,在这一基础上建立了谱方程,并得到了谱方程的数值解。数值解表明,由0.3AU至1AU,低频区的谱指数增加,而高频区的谱指数近似保持为常数（-1.6）;低频区平均谱密度随着日心距离的变化为r^-3.5,在高频区为r^-4.1,所有这些都与观测相符合。串级的能量很可能最后传输到质子回旋频率范围,由于回旋共振而耗散,最后加热太阳风质子。这一模式有可能用来计算太阳风的加速问题。     

大别山榴辉岩的氦、氩同位素组成及其岩石成因

论述了石榴石和绿辉石的氦、氩同位素地球化学特征,并讨论了大别山榴辉岩的成因。测得3 He/4He 值为(1-19 ～4-63) ×10 - 7 ,40Ar/36Ar 值为1209 ～4416 ,4 He/40Ar 值分布在0-07 ～1-39 范围内,3 He/36 Ar 值的变化范围为(0-59 ～2-85) ×10 - 4 。大别山榴辉岩中保留了原始的稀有气体同位素, 但是退变质作用使氦同位素优先丢失。氦、氩同位素地球化学资料表明,榴辉岩可能形成于亏损的地幔或者是一种亏损型“地幔岩”中     

Overbank deposition along the concave side of the Red River meanders,Manitoba, and its geomorphic significance

Slow earth sliding is pervasive along the concave side of Red River meanders that impinge on Lake Agassiz glaciolacustrine deposits. These failures form elongated, low‐angled (c. 6 to 10°) landslide zones along the valleysides. Silty overbank deposits that accumulated during the 1999 spring freshet extend continuously along the landslide zones over hundreds of metres and aggraded the lower slopes over a distance 50 to 80 m from the channel margin. The aggradation is not obviously related to meander curvature or location within a meander. Along seven slope profiles surveyed in 1999 near Letellier, Manitoba, the deposits locally are up to 21 cm thick and generally thin with increasing distance from, and height above, the river. Local deposit thickness relates to distance from the channel, duration of inundation of the landslide surface, mesotopography, and variations in vegetation cover. Immediately adjacent to the river, accumulated overbank deposits are up to 4 m thick. The 1999 overbank deposits also were present along the moderately sloped (c. 23 to 27°) concave banks eroding into the floodplain, but the deposits are thinner (locally up to c. 7 cm thick) and cover a narrower area (10 to 30 m wide) than the deposits within the landslide zones. Concave overbank deposition is part of a sediment reworking process that consists of overbank aggradation on the landslide zones, subsequent gradual downslope displacement from earth sliding, and eventually reworking by the river at the toe of the landslide. The presence of the deposits dampens the outward migration of the meanders and contributes to a low rate of contemporary lateral channel migration. Concave overbank sedimentation occurs along most Red River meanders between at least Emerson and St. Adolphe, Manitoba. © Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada.