移动线源的Green函数求解及辐射能量分析:高铁地震信号简化建模

在基于人工主动源的勘探地震学中,往往采用固定位置和激发时间的点源数学模型来描述爆炸型震源或可控震源,因此就有了描述单点力源作用下的弹性全空间或半空间中弹性波传播的Green函数,成为了勘探地震学的重要理论基础.而如今,行进中的高速列车(高铁)是一种全新的主动源,其接近匀速的运行速度、确定的长度和荷载使其可以被重复利用.本文将行进中的高铁在数学上简化建模为一个移动线源来进行研究,给出了这一震源作用下的弹性半空间和全空间中Green函数的计算方法,并分别讨论了全空间中远场Green函数的频谱特征和空间辐射能量的方向性特点,以及半空间中Green函数与近场观测数据的对比结果,为高铁震源下的地震波传播规律和振动信号的研究与利用提供帮助.     

有限元直接迭代算法及其在线源频率域电磁响应计算中的应用

采用有限元直接迭代算法实现了线源频率域测深电磁响应的二维正演计算. 首先给出了线源正演问题的有限元直接迭代格式,然后由迭代法进行求解. 在处理奇异源问题上,采用向内递推的组合网格技巧,在源点附近可进行局部加密,并实现粗细网格的对接,从而较好地解决了奇异源附近的计算问题. 还提出一种迭代求取全区视电阻率的方法,避免了远近区的划分. 通过对均匀半空间、层状介质和二维模型电磁响应的计算,获得了与大地电磁测深相似的视电阻率曲线,验证了算法的正确性;通过对计算结果的分析,在理论上说明了线源频率域近区测深的可行性.     

Response of an infinite cylinder with a ridge on the surface to periodic excitation

Summary An infinite cylinder with a small ridge on the surface parallel to the axis is assumed to be excited by an embedded periodic line source radiating compressional waves. The line source is also assumed to lie parallel to the axis, and the frequency of radiation is small enough so that the corresponding wavelength is large compared to the dimension of the ridge on the surface of the cylinder. Considering the effect of the ridge as a small perturbation, the wave equations are solved and the amplitudes of the potential fields are expressed in terms of a set of inhomogeneous algebraic equations in which the solution of the problem without the ridge supplies the source term for the first order perturbation in potential fields.     

风化半圆形河谷对柱面SH波的散射解析解

风化河谷地震效应对建在此类场地上工程结构(如大坝、桥梁)的动力稳定性具有潜在的威胁,为揭示河谷风化层对地面运动的影响,利用波函数展开法推导风化半圆形河谷对线源柱面SH波散射问题的解析解。计算不同震源位置条件下风化半圆形河谷的地表位移反应和地面运动放大因子,分析地面运动的幅值和形态,发现随着震源距离的增大,在河谷附近地震动的放大和衰减的交替更频繁。     

空腔爆炸产生的地震波

本文首先讨论了压力空腔和爆炸中心的等价问题。计算层状介质中的空腔爆炸所产生的位移场时,可先求介质的单位脉冲响应,然后将其与等价的爆炸点源函数做褶积。对于均匀的半空间,自由面位移的暂态解是由三个无量纲的参数所决定的;由此可导出远场位移的精确解。本文也讨论了爆炸点附近的运动。最后还导出多层介质中空腔爆炸所产生的表面位移谱的形式解。     

关于人工源极低频电磁波发射源的讨论——均匀空间交流点电流源的解

大功率人工源极低频电磁波（Control Source of Extremely Low Frequency method, CSELF）技术中,辐射天线由布设在高大地电阻率区的接地长导线源构成,通过接地点向大地注入数百安培的强电流.目前有关强电流在大地中的流动特性和分布规律,尚未完全弄清楚.本文提出一个新思路,将CSELF发射天线分解为两部分:交变的接地长导线源和接地处的交流点电流源,二者响应的叠加构成总场.本文重点讨论了均匀空间下交流点电流源的求解,对比研究了交流点电流源响应、直流点电流源响应之间的差异.结果表明,在小范围内（场源距几十、几百米以内）,均匀空间下交流点电流源场和直流源场差别较小,可相互近似,但在大范围内,交流点电流场比直流场的衰减要快得多.由于CSELF辐射天线跨度上百公里,场源距很大,其电流分布规律遵循交变场规则,不能近似为直流场.     

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF APPARENT RESISTIVITY OVER A DYKE OF ARBITRARY SHAPE*

This paper deals with the apparent resistivity as observed on the surface due to a dyke of arbitrary shape. In order to give a closed analytical solution it has been necessary to assume that the dyke is either perfectly conductive or resistive relative to the enclosing medium. Furthermore we have considered an infinite line source instead of a conventional point current source; however a simple integral transform is given to transform the point-source-data into the line-source-data. So the present study is equally useful where line sources are inconvenient to handle. Besides considering the conventional method of electrical surveying (bipole method) where the source and sink are separated by a finite distance, we have considered a new variation (unipole method) where the source and sink are separated by an infinite distance, and the source is split into two separate sources each of half strength. A series of apparent resistivity curves for both methods are presented for different parameters of the dyke. The usefulness of these curves lies mainly in the fact that they may provide the necessary guide-lines for semi-quantitative interpretation of the observed data.     

汶川地震区断层围陷波探测

对汶川地震区开展震后科考和断层围陷波探测,本文主要介绍平通镇断层围陷波探测及初步结果。平通镇处在汶川8．0级地震断层带正上方,地表破坏十分严重。该断层围陷波测线横跨断层,以地震探槽为大致中点,沿NW—SE方向两端延伸,测线长约400m。这次观测结果表明,在汶川8．0级地震的新破裂带中可以观测到断层围陷波,反映了断层带内外的介质在物理性质上有较大的差异。该测线记录的断层围陷波优势频率大约为3—4Hz。探槽附近的台站断层围陷波较强,初步推测,该地段地壳内断层的宽度大约有200m。     

台风激发的第二类地脉动特征及激发模式分析

0.003~1 Hz频段的地脉动主要来源于海浪运动与固体地球的耦合作用,台风引起的强烈海浪运动往往可使地脉动能量显著增强.由于涉及大气-海洋-固体地球三个圈层之间的复杂动量传递与耦合过程,迄今为止,关于台风激发地脉动的具体源区位置及激发机制尚存在争议.本文选取日本、中国东南沿海及台湾地区的地震台站波形连续记录,研究了2008年台风"森拉克"和"黑格比"激发地脉动的时频特征,开展相应数值模拟,并与观测数据进行了对比分析研究.结果表明台风激发第二类地脉动存在两种主要模式:(1)近岸源区激发,即台风引起波浪入射至海岸反射并与后续来波相互作用形成驻波作用于海底而激发;(2)台风中心附近源区激发,即台风中心移动过程中不同时期激发的同频率波浪相向传播、相互作用产生驻波作用于海底而激发,源区位置主要集中于台风中心左后方.此外,结合波浪再分析数据、台风风场特征,我们进一步对第二类地脉动激发过程中的影响因素进行了分析,发现:第一种模式激发的地脉动与近岸源区波浪场强度、观测点至源区距离及台风中心至海岸线距离等因素相关;而第二种模式激发的地脉动则主要受台风中心附近波浪场的频率成分与传播方向影响.     

地电观测中电磁干扰源定位方法研究

本文提出了一种地表偶极源干扰影响模型和动态枚举定位求解方法.该方法基于均匀电流场和点源电流场模型,由地表偶极源对不同测点的影响幅度和测点位置求解偶极源位置,并给出了仿真计算结果.利用该方法结合高邮地震台人工干扰源试验观测数据进行计算,计算结果将干扰源定位于30 m范围内的小区域, 较好地验证了本文模型和定位求解方法的正确性.该研究可为地电观测台站周边工农业漏电干扰源的定位和查找提供有效参考.      

Three-dimensional elastic wave scattering and diffraction due to a rigid cylinder embedded in an elastic medium by a point source

The formal solutions of displacement field to the problem of elastic wave scattering and diffraction due to an infinitely long rigid cylinder embedded in an infinite elastic medium by an impulsive point source have been obtained in the integral form. The integrals for the reflected and the diffracted waves both in the shadow zone and in the illuminated zone are evaluated asymptotically for the early time motion by the Reisdue-Cagniard method and the Saddle-point-Cagniard method.Numerical results of the diffractedP, S andPS waves at a fixed circum-distance from the surface of the rigid cylinder show noticeably that (1) the energy partition for the diffractedS wave is small in comparison with that for the diffractedP wave, (2) the wave form of the diffractedS wave is broader and more diffused than that of the diffractedP wave, (3) the direction of the radial motions of the diffractedP andS waves varies as a function of the observational point, and (4) the energy partition for the diffractedP wave is much smaller than that for the direct or the reflectedP waves.This paper has been presented at the 46th Annual International Meeting of Society of Exploration Geophysicists in Houston, Texas, Oct. 28, 1976.     

Study on rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake using fault-zone trapped waves

Introduction The study on deep crustal faults has been one of the most vigorous subjects in seismology. In the past, 3-D deep seismic sounding and 3-D seismic tomography were usually used for this pur-pose. But it is difficult to obtain the fine structures of the faults in deep crust by these methods. Recently, seismologists in the world pay more attention to the fault zone trapped waves. Since the fault-zone trapped waves arise from coherent multiple reflections at two boundaries of the fau…     

Study on rupture zone of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake using fault-zone trapped waves

The observation of the fault-zone trapped waves was conducted using a seismic line with dense receivers across surface rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake. The fault zone trapped waves were separated from seismograms by numerical filtering and spectral analyzing. The results show that: a) Both explosion and earthquake sources can excite fault-zone trapped waves, as long as they locate in or near the fault zone; b) Most energy of the fault-zone trapped waves concentrates in the fault zone and the amplitudes strongly decay with the distance from observation point to the fault zone; c) Dominant frequencies of the fault-zone trapped waves are related to the width of the fault zone and the velocity of the media in it. The wider the fault zone or the lower the velocity is, the lower the dominant frequencies are; d) For fault zone trapped waves, there exist dispersions; e) Based on the fault zone trapped waves observed in Kunlun Mountain Pass region, the width of the rupture plane is deduced to be about 300 m and is greater than that on the surface.     

四川盐源盆地短周期密集台阵背景噪声分布特征分析

短周期密集台阵的高频背景噪声互相关函数(NCF)是探查地球浅层精细结构的重要数据.然而高频背景噪声成分复杂且容易分布不均,分析其对NCF信号提取的影响,有助于获取可靠成像结果.本文基于布设于川滇地区盐源盆地的209个短周期台站组成的盐源台阵,利用密集台阵的噪声水平评估以及基于NCF的相干噪声分析两种方法,分析了其记录到的噪声波场特征及其对NCF的影响.结果表明,盐源台阵的整体噪声水平呈现北低南高的不均匀分布,高频噪声水平的强弱受控于当地的人类活动,亦受到浅部松散沉积层的影响.台阵垂直分量NCF中主要信号为基阶Rayleigh波,且产生该信号的相干噪声源的优势方位在不同频带具有较大区别:0.3～0.5Hz的噪声源强度较强且随时间变化较为稳定,主要能量来自台阵的南侧;0.5～1Hz的相干噪声源强度较低,有两个优势方向,其中较强的一个来自于台阵南侧,可能与0.3～0.5 Hz的噪声同源,较弱的一个来自于台阵北偏东方向;1～1.5Hz的背景噪声有四个较弱的优势方向,在台阵的不同区域有不同的优势方向,可能受到不同的局部噪声源的控制.垂向NCF中Rayleigh波的信噪比主要受控于波场的复杂程度,台阵南部受人文活动及沉积层影响,噪声水平较高,且由于盆山边缘复杂的反射、散射作用,其NCF波形复杂,信噪比偏低.受高频噪声源分布不均与及复杂地质结构的共同影响,盐源台阵的高频NCF中的信号复杂,后续对面波频散特征的提取应充分考虑噪声源对NCF的影响以获取可靠结果.     

含起伏地形地层中点源激发的震电响应研究

地震诱导电磁现象是国内外地学领域十分关注的前沿问题,前人对地震波和电磁场耦合波场的认识主要是基于规则模型获得的.为研究含起伏地表和地下界面的地层中震电波场激发、传播特性,本文采用有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics模拟点震源激发的电磁场.首先给出频率域二维SHTE模式震电耦合方程组,然后利用COMSOL软件建立计算模型,并求解出点力源激发震电波场的频率域响应,最后利用FFT变换得到地震波场和电磁场的时间域波形.模拟结果表明,震电波场中存在三种类型的电磁信号,第一种是震源直接激发的电磁波;第二种是地震波在分界面处激发的电磁波(包括自由表面、地下不同介质分界面);第三种是伴随地震波的同震信号,前两种电磁波比地震波更早到达远处观测台站,对地震预警有重要意义.此外,研究还发现:当地震波传播至地表并沿着地表传播时,在地表附近空气层中同样记录到了伴随地震波传播的电磁扰动信号,该信号与相同水平源距条件下、地下观测点接收到的电磁信号相同,这与前人的一些观测结果相符.本文研究结果为今后地震电磁信号的解释提供了理论证据.     

Application of FE-BE-IBE coupling to dynamic interaction between alluvial soil and rock canyons

A method of coupling finite elements (FE), boundary elements (BE) and infinite boundary elements (IBE) in the frequency domain is presented for wave propagation and soil-structure interaction problems. The procedure has the advantage of being suitable for considering non-homogeneous materials in the near region and the radiation condition at the far field. At the same time, the displacement field on the traction free boundary of the semi-plane is simulated by the IBE rather than by additional discretization of the ground surface as is required in the normal BE procedure. Verification examples show that excellent accuracy is achieved compared with the results by Wong¹⁸ who used the generalized inverse method. Finally, the proposed procedure is employed to obtain the response of a semi-elliptical rock canyon-alluvial deposit under seismic P and SV waves. Amplification behaviour due to the alluvial soil is observed to be significant for the given geometric dimensions of the canyon and the mechanical properties of the media under the excitation of the El Centro and Parkfield earthquakes.     

Waves produced in an infinite elastic medium due to normal forces and twists on the surface of a burried spherical source

Summary In this paper, the waves propagated in an infinite medium has been considered by disturbances on the surface of a burried spherical source. The disturbances are produced by two types of forces viz. i) Transient normal force, ii) Transient twist applied on the surface of the source. The solutions are obtained in a very simple form. Graphical representations of some numerical solutions has been added at the end of each problem.     

Transient eastward-propagating long-period waves observed over the South Pole

Observations of the horizontal wind field over the South Pole were made during 1995 using a meteor radar. These data have revealed the presence of a rich spectrum of waves over the South Pole with a distinct annual occurrence. Included in this spectrum are long-period waves, whose periods are greater than one solar day, which are propagating eastward. These waves exhibit a distinct seasonal occurrence where the envelope of wave periods decreases from a period of 10 days near the fall equinox to a minimum of 2 days near the winter solstice and then progresses towards a period near 10 days at the spring equinox. Computation of the meridional gradient of quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity has revealed a region in the high-latitude upper mesosphere which could support an instability and serve as a source for these waves. Estimation of the wave periods which would be generated from an instability in this region closely resembles the observed seasonal variation in wave periods over the South Pole. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the observed eastward propagating long-period waves over the South Pole are generated by an instability in the polar upper mesosphere. However, given our limited data set we cannot rule out a stratospheric source. Embedded in this spectrum of eastward propagating waves during the austral winter are a number of distinct wave events. Eight such wave events have been identified and localized using a constant-Q filter bank. The periods of these wave events ranges from 1.7 to 9.8 days and all exist for at least 3 wave periods. Least squares analysis has revealed that a number of these events are inconsistent with a wave propagating zonally around the geographic pole and could be related to waves propagating around a dynamical pole which is offset from the geographic pole. Additionally, one event which was observed appears to be a standing oscillation.     

Source mechanism of the tsunami of 2004 in the Indian Ocean: Analysis and numerical simulation

The tsunami in the Indian Ocean caused by the earthquake of December 26, 2004, near Sumatra Island had catastrophic consequences in coastal areas of many countries in this region. Notwithstanding extensive investigations of this phenomenon at various laboratories of the world, the focal mechanism of the aftershock remains unclear. The paper analyzes possible seafloor movements in the source area of the earthquake on the basis of the keyboard model of tsunamigenic earthquakes and describes numerical simulation of the generation, propagation, and runup of water surface waves in terms of this model involving vertical displacements of seafloor “keyboard-blocks.” It is shown that generated tsunami waves are essentially dependent on the combination of keyboard-block movements, which results in an irregular distribution of maximum runups along the shoreline. If the oblique nature of the subduction zone associated with the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of December 26, 2004, is taken into account, the model results fit well the runup values observed at the Thailand shoreline. It is noted that this model of the subduction zone accounts more adequately for the tsunami wave field pattern in both areas of the Indian Ocean and other water areas such as the region of the Kurile-Kamchatka Island Arc and the Sea of Okhotsk.     

面向目标的起伏地表组合震源延时参数计算方法

组合震源技术通过调节延迟激发时间和震源埋藏深度能够实现地震波场的定向传播,提高地震波的照明能量和地震数据信噪比.然而,目前国内外对基于特定目标的组合震源最佳聚焦方向的选取以及起伏地表组合震源定向理论的研究相对较少.在聚焦方向选取方面,目前基本是利用多种不同延时参数的组合震源分别进行试验,从而确定较好的组合震源延时参数.本文则利用爆炸反射面原理,在目的层界面上均匀布置震源同时激发地震波,能够产生垂直于地层界面传播的平面波,当初至波传播至地表时进行地表方向统计.根据互易性原理,以初至波传播方向的反方向为聚焦方向,激发产生的地震波主波束方向将垂直入射到目的层界面上,从而精确的计算出组合震源的最佳聚焦方向.在组合震源定向方面,目前主要是利用组合震源方向因子公式进行计算,但该方法要求震源布置在同一条直线上,并不能满足起伏地表的应用要求.本文以惠更斯-菲涅尔原理为理论基础,提出通过炮点向量在聚焦方向上的投影来确定组合震源传播至虚拟波前的走时,从而确定任意起伏地表组合震源的延迟激发时间.该方法不仅能够计算出沿给定地质模型的目的层界面垂直入射的组合震源聚焦方向,也能够确定任意起伏地表情况下形成沿该聚焦方向定向传播地震波场的组合震源延迟激发时间.因此,本文提出的面向目标的起伏地表组合震源延时参数计算方法对组合震源数据采集具有理论与实践意义.