星载GNSS-R地表土壤湿度反演方法的对比与评价

应用气旋全球导航卫星系统(cyclone global navigation satellite system, CYGNSS)的星载反射测量遥感数据和土壤湿度主被动项目(soil moisture active passive, SMAP)发布的土壤湿度产品,对2种星载全球导航卫星系统反射测量(global navigation satellite system reflectometry, GNSS-R)地表土壤湿度反演建模方法进行对比与评价。结果表明,在单个格网上直接对标定的有效反射率和SMAP参考土壤湿度回归建立线性模型,反演得到的地表土壤湿度精度远高于格网统一建模的反演精度。使用1 a的CYGNSS陆地观测数据建立的反演模型已经具有极高的时域稳定性。5个月的测试数据表明,单格网模型反演的地表土壤湿度RMSE可达0.056 cm³/cm³,相关系数达0.9。     

地表组合粗糙度不确定性引起的SAR反演土壤水分的不确定性分析

地表粗糙度的不确定性是引起SAR土壤水分反演结果不确定性的主要因素,现有研究大多着重于研究单个粗糙度参数（主要是相关长度）的不确定性,直接研究地表组合粗糙度不确定性的较少。本文使用偏度、峰度和四分位距3个指标来量化不确定性,通过在组合粗糙度中加入不同量级高斯噪声进行随机扰动的方法,研究组合粗糙度不确定性在反演过程中的传递,并对反演土壤水分的不确定性进行定量分析。进一步研究反演土壤水分的均方根误差对组合粗糙度不同比例误差范围的响应特征,得到满足反演精度要求的组合粗糙度误差控制范围。样区的实验分析结果表明：组合粗糙度高斯噪声标准差在0-0.045之间时,峰度取值从-0.1984到1.2501,偏度取值从0.0191到0.6791,四分位距取值从0.0018到0.0167,3个量化指标都随组合粗糙度高斯噪声量级的增大而增大,土壤水分反演值有集中在众数附近的趋势,土壤水分低估倾向比高估倾向更明显;本文提出的组合粗糙度误差控制范围可满足反演精度要求,误差控制范围与入射角负相关。     

基于SVR的旱区稀疏植被覆盖下土壤水分遥感反演

中国西北半干旱区降水稀少、蒸散强烈,土壤水分作为重要的生态因子,影响着土壤-大气界面的能量平衡。支持向量回归模型具有估算精度高、可处理非线性问题、泛化能力强等优点,近年来被应用于土壤水分反演研究中,但已有模型极少考虑地表粗糙度因素的影响,导致反演精度受到一定限制。因此,本文以内蒙古乌审旗为研究区,采用水云模型去除地表稀疏植被覆盖的影响,提取全极化Radarsat-2 SAR影像裸土后向散射系数（ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{soil}}^0 ）,并利用AIEM模型和Oh模型建立后向散射系数数据库,采用LUT法模拟地表有效粗糙度参数,构建基于支持向量回归的土壤水分反演模型,并系统地对比分析了不同极化方式的后向散射系数作为数据源的土壤水分反演结果。研究结果表明：不考虑粗糙度参数的单数据源作为模型参数时,同极化数据反演结果比交叉极化具有更高的反演精度;当模型参数为考虑粗糙度的多源数据时,不同极化数据的反演精度均有所提高,其中数据源为 {\sigma }_{\mathit{vv}}^0 和粗糙度参数时,反演结果最好（R ²=0.917,MAE=3.980%,RMSE=5.187%）。研究结果可为旱区稀疏植被覆盖地表土壤水分的遥感监测提供技术支持。     

地表温度的多源遥感数据反演算法对比分析

 多源遥感数据的综合应用是提高地表温度反演精度的有效途径.MODIS数据和Landsat TM数据在我国同一地区获取的时间相差不大,可以获取近似同步的MODIS数据和TM数据.本文将基于MODIS数据反演的大气参数应用于TM影像的地表温度反演,分别对单窗口算法和普适性单通道算法进行了实验研究,应用气象站实测的地表温度数据对反演结果进行了检验,并对比分析了不同土地覆盖条件下两种算法的精度差异.结果表明:两种算法反演精度均较高,单窗口算法反演精度为0.76K,普适性单通道算法反演精度为1.23K;在不同的土地覆盖条件下,两种算法表现出明显的差异性,水体区反演结果差异最小,均值差异仅为0.02K,植被区差异最大,均值差异为0.62K.     

农田表面粗糙度参数的测量与精度分析

表面粗糙度是有效解释雷达后向散射系数和微波辐射亮度温度的关键参数之一。表面粗糙度参数的测量精度受到测量方法、测量仪器、数据预处理等的影响,如何获取到表面粗糙度的"真"值是地表粗糙度测量急需解决的问题,并且有助于提高利用微波遥感技术反演地表参数的能力。本文利用激光扫描仪的二维高度数据和蒙特卡罗方法模拟的一维表面高度数据,分析了重复采样次数、采样间隔、采样剖面长度、空间自相关函数类型和大尺度结构(数据倾斜和农田垄行结构)对表面粗糙度精度的影响,研究表明:在大于20次重复采样、小于10mm的采样间隔、200倍相关长度的剖面长度的条件下,农田表面粗糙度参数的测量精度约为80%;分形相关函数与实测农田表面的空间自相关系数的吻合性要高于高斯函数和指数函数;数据倾斜和农田垄行结构严重影响表面粗糙度参数的结果,在进行表面粗糙度参数的计算之前,需从剖面高度分布数据中去除以上两个因素的影响。     

基于物理模型训练神经网络的作物叶面积指数遥感反演研究

叶面积指数(LAI)是估算作物生长的关键参数。基于物理模型的LAI反演,被认为是当前最为可靠的方法,但其反演复杂。本文提出了将物理模型和神经网络相结合,从地表反射率反演叶面积指数的算法,利用MOD IS地表反射率和4-scale模型反演作物LAI。(1)利用4-scale模型模拟不同LAI与地表反射率的关系,生成训练数据;(2)利用模型模拟的LAI训练神经网络;(3)以MOD IS地表反射率输入训练后的神经网络,反演LAI。估算的LAI与其他LAI产品进行了比较,结果表明,估算的作物LAI和MOD IS及CYCLOPES LAI产品空间和时间分布一致,均方根误差分别为0.4994和0.6558。以2004年衡水的作物LAI地面观测数据进行了直接验证,估算的LAI与研究区地表植被分布一致,但是,三种卫星LAI产品都小于地表测量,故需针对华北平原浓密作物设计模型参数化方案。     

基于EMD方法的SAR海浪参数反演

【目的】采用经验模态分解(EMD)方法,基于SAR图像反演海浪参数。【方法】以东北太平洋两幅RADARSAT-2 SAR图像为例,利用谱方法和C波段地球物理模式函数(CMOD5)反演风场,在此基础上,对SAR图像进行EMD分解,得到5个波段的固有模态,由固有模态波长,结合波浪理论和风浪谱,得出研究海域波浪的主波周期和有效波高。【结果与结论】与浮标实测数据对比,反演主波周期偏差为1.9%和13.2%,有效波高偏差为12.2%和12.8%。SAR图像分解与海浪理论结合,为探测反演远海波浪信息提供了新方法。     

S波段雷达数据反演土壤水分的模拟分析和验证

中国自主研制的环境减灾卫星星座（HJ）中包含多颗光学和雷达小卫星,这些小卫星计划于2007年底陆续升空。其中,载有S波段合成孔径雷达（SAR）的HJ-1C星,预计于2008年发射,该卫星设置有S波段（3.2GHz）,采用VV极化方式,入射角变化范围是25°～47°。本文根据该雷达卫星的系统参数,利用AIEM模型的模拟数据反演土壤水分的变化。首先,对传统单极化SAR数据反演土壤水分的方法（基于简单散射模型）在S波段的适用性进行了分析（共检验了四个波段数据,分别是Ku波段、C波段、S波段和L波段）,结果表明该方法可应用于S波段,且应用效果比C波段好;然后,对以往研究中该方法可采用的不同水分参数形式进行了比较分析,结果表明,以垂直极化幅度作为土壤水分参数效果最好;最后,利用模拟数据对该方法进行验证,结果在两次数据入射角差为5°时,近80%数据的误差在5%以内。     

荣县地震InSAR同震与时间序列形变初步分析

借助Sentinel-1A卫星升降轨数据，利用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量(DInSAR)和Okada均匀滑动模型反演获得四川荣县地区三维同震形变场及荣县地震震源参数。结果表明，此次地震造成的断裂现象大体沿NS向，两侧沉降区域中间伴随抬升现象，最大垂直形变量约18 mm；荣县地震发震断层符合逆断层特性，断层长约9.5 km，宽约2.1 km。采用时间序列分析技术获取该地区2018-11～2019-03各时间段的累计形变，结果发现，该区域在震前形变波动较小，地震是造成累计形变较大的主要原因，震后地表变化趋于稳定。     

1998-2002年中国地表太阳辐射的时空变化分析

地表太阳辐射是陆气能量交换过程中重要的物理参数和生态参数,利用卫星数据反演地表太阳辐射对于全面认识地表太阳辐射空间差异性和年际变化特征具有重要的意义。本文利用GMS-5静止气象卫星数据反演了中国区域1998-2002年地表太阳辐射值,在此基础上分析了我国地表太阳辐射的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)青藏高原的地表太阳辐射最大,川黔地区最小,都位于北纬22^~35°这一带除川黔地区外,地表太阳辐射从东向西增强,西部随纬度升高而减小,东部以长江流域最小,向南北增加,西南最大,北部次之,至东北地区随纬度升高而减小(2)各月地表太阳辐射量分布复杂,最小值都出现在12月,但最大值出现时间受雨季影响很大,珠江、长江一带主要在雨季过后的7月,华北、东北和青藏高原主要出现在雨季前的6月及5月,西南地区则在季风雨季前的4-5月(3)5年来东部沿海地区地表太阳辐射增加了13.71%(+4.37W/m²·a),西藏高原地区地表太阳辐射减少了9.31%(-3.47W/m²·a),全国地表太阳辐射平均减少了0.84%(-0.27W/m²·a)。     

济南历城巨野河冲洪积扇雨洪水储存调蓄研究

济南市山前分布着南大沙河、北大沙河、玉符河、巨野河、巴漏河等系列山前冲洪积扇,本文以巨野河冲洪积扇为例,通过物探、钻探、抽水试验、回灌试验所取得的数据,了解济南一系列山前冲洪积扇雨洪水储存调蓄条件,查明了冲洪积扇面积、砂层厚度、储水系数,查明影响储存调蓄能力的影响因素,计算储存调蓄量。结果表明：巨野河冲洪积扇含水砂层颗粒从扇顶的粗砂、卵砾石向扇缘粗砂、中细砂过渡,厚度从扇顶向扇缘逐渐变厚,冲洪积扇具有较大的储存调蓄空间,较强的回灌储水条件,良好的供水条件。研究结果对济南系列山前冲洪积扇在海绵城市建设中用于调节城市弃流的雨洪水资源具有重要的指导意义。     

Influence of housing and urban development on debris flow flooding and deposition

Debris flows form deposits when they reach an alluvial fan until they eventually stop.However,houses located in the alluvial fan might affect the debris flow flooding and deposition processes.Few previous studies have considered the effects of houses on debris flow flooding and deposition.This study conducted model experiments and numerical simulations using the Kanako2D debris flow simulator to determine the influence of houses on debris flow flooding and deposition.The model experiments showed that when houses are present,the debris flow spreads widely in the cross direction immediately upstream of the houses,especially when the flow discharge is large or the grain size is small.Houses located in the alluvial fan also influence the deposition area.The presence of houses led to flooding and deposition damage in some places and reduced the damage in others.The simulation also demonstrated the influence of houses.Both the model experiment and the simulation showed that houses change the flooding and deposition areas.     

大杨树盆地北部九峰山组岩相古地理特征及演化

运用沉积学理论,结合岩相组合、岩石类型及沉积建造标志,研究大杨树盆地九峰山组沉积体系特征及时空配置关系.结果表明:研究区发育冲积扇、冲积平原、三角洲平原及河流沉积体系.九峰山组下段沉积时期,湖泊体系最为发育,以湖泊体系为中心发育小范围的三角洲平原、冲积平原和冲积扇,物源来自北部及东侧的盆地边缘隆起带;九峰山组上段沉积时期受盆地内火山活动及大兴安岭隆起影响,湖泊体系整体向南退却,三角洲平原、冲积平原及冲积扇体系范围逐渐扩大,为九峰山组最主要的聚煤时期,物源来自盆地两侧及北部隆起地带.该研究为大杨树盆地九峰山组资源勘探提供指导.     

渤中凹陷东营组层序地层及其沉积相分析

分析地震、钻/测井等资料,将渤中凹陷东营组划分为2个三级层序和5个体系域.东三段和东二下亚段构成层序SQ1,东二上亚段和东一段构成层序SQ2.层序SQ1中东三段为湖扩体系域,冲积扇、辫状河三角洲及扇三角洲围绕凸起分布;东二下亚段为高位体系域,大型曲流河三角洲开始向湖盆中央进积,三角洲沉积范围明显增加,在凹陷长轴方向最为发育,超覆到石臼坨凸起及渤南低凸起上,三角洲前方滑塌浊积扇及湖底扇发育.层序SQ2的东二上亚段发育低位体系域和湖扩体系域:低位体系域是在东二下亚段沉积的基础上发育的,湖盆范围缩小,三角洲继续向凹陷中央进积;湖扩体系域的湖泊范围迅速扩大,曲流河三角洲主要分布于长轴方向,辫状河三角洲主要分布在凸起周围;东一段为高位域,湖盆面积再次迅速缩减,曲流河三角洲在凸起之间及石臼坨凸起边缘发育,辫状河三角洲普遍发育在凸起边缘.各层序凸起边缘及斜坡带三角洲前缘砂体、前方滑塌浊积扇及湖底扇是形成隐蔽油气藏的有利区带.     

Hazard mitigation planning for debris flow based on numerical simulation using Kanako simulator

Debris flow often causes enormous loss to life and property,especially on alluvial fans.Engineering structures such as retention check dams are essential to reduce the damage.In hazard mitigation evaluation and planning it is of significance to determine the location,size and type of dam and the effects of damage mitigation.We present a numerical simulation method using Kanako simulator for hazard mitigation planning of debris flow disaster in Tanjutani Gully,Kyoto City,Japan.The simulations were carried out for three situations:1) the simulations of erosion,deposition,hydrograph changing and inundation when there were no mitigation measures;2) the simulations of check dams in four locations(470 m,810 m,1,210 m and 1,610 m from the upstream end) to identify the best location;3) the simulations of check dams of three types(closed,slit and grid) to analyze their effects on sediment trapping and discharge reduction.Based on the simulations,it was concluded that two closed check dams(located at 470 m and 1,610 m from the upstream end) in the channel and a drainage channel on the alluvial fan can reduce the risk on the alluvial fan to an acceptable level.     

泌阳凹陷东南缘下第三系红层成因浅析

本文通过对泌阳凹陷东南缘下第三系红层的砾石特征、沉积结构和构造特征、基质的矿物成分、粒度特征等多方面研究，认为红层是陆表冲积扇环境中的泥石流沉积。同时指出，泥石流沉积属于近源快速沉积，沉积时遭受的物理风化作用和化学风化作用均较微弱。     

沾化-车镇地区古近纪东营组沉积相特征及沉积演化

综合钻井、测井和古生物等资料,依据沉积学基本原理和方法,对济阳坳陷沾车地区古近纪东营组沉积相特征及空间展布进行研究。结果表明:沾车地区东营组发育冲积扇相、曲流河相、三角洲相、扇三角洲相、辫状河三角洲相、湖泊相、滩坝和湖底扇8种沉积相,以湖泊相为主。东营组三段盆地持续下陷,深湖相、滨-浅湖相发育,沉积范围广。东营组二段湖盆重新开始抬升,湖水收缩,沉积范围缩小,沉积相以滨浅湖相为主,伴有小规模的扇三角洲及滩坝沉积。东营组一段湖盆继续抬升,沉积范围进一步缩小,主要为冲积扇-河流沉积,凸起边缘发育一系列的冲积扇。     

柴西地区上下油砂山组沉积相及有利储层

通过对研究区露头、岩性、测井等特征的研究,将柴达木盆地新近纪上下油砂山组划分出5种重要的沉积相类型:冲积扇相、河流相、扇三角洲相、三角洲相、湖泊相,并进行详细描述。依据单因素分析多因素综合画图的方法论,做出上下油砂山组沉积相平面展布图。沉积相带是控制储层特征和分布的基本因素。结合沉积相带图,划出油砂山组储集相带,有利储集相主要是三角州前缘砂体,冲积扇—扇三角洲分流河道砂体,浅湖滩坝;主要分布在沙西、乌南、咸水泉、月牙山、红沟子、阿尔金斜坡带,而碱山地区的储集相带发育较差。     

Experimental Study of the Interaction between Building Clusters and Flash Floods

In recent years, flash flood disasters have occurred frequently in southwest China due to the increased frequency of extreme climate events. To solve this problem, great efforts have been made in studying the process of flash flood. However, little attention was paid on bearing body of hazard, the clusters of buildings. Thus the real disaster mechanism of flash flood remains unclear.Accordingly, based on the experiments of artificial flash floods in a conceptual solid model, this paper focuses on the flood-impacted inundation characteristics of the building clusters at different locations of the gully model, in order to obtain a better understanding of the disaster process and the interaction between the flash floods and building clusters. The results showed that, in a typical smallscale flash flood gully with hot and dry climate, 1)clusters of buildings on an alluvial fan could reduce about 35% of the flooding area by blocking the diffusion of the flood to the depression areas, and could also promote the deposition in lower reaches of the river channel by blocking the overbank flow from going back into the channel, making the width-depth ratio of the channel larger. 2) The flash flood rates of disaster and hazard on the alluvial fan are generally higher than that of the inner gully. For the inner gully,buildings located on the beaches along the lower river and the transitional areas of the straight channel and channel bends can easily be affected because of their lower elevations. For the alluvial fan, buildings nearby the meanders suffer the greatest impacts because of bank collapsing and flooding. 3) The safe vertical distance from a building to the river channel is 13 m for the buildings in the inner gully under extreme floods. Below this threshold, the smaller the vertical distance is, the greater the risk exposure is. For the buildings on the alluvial fan, especially for the buildings near the concave bank of the top rush point,the horizontal distance is more important, and the safe value is 80 m under extreme floods.     

A joint method to retrieve directional ocean wave spectra from SAR and wave spectrometer data

This paper proposes a joint method to simultaneously retrieve wave spectra at dif ferent scales from spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) and wave spectrometer data. The method combines the output from the two dif ferent sensors to overcome retrieval limitations that occur in some sea states. The wave spectrometer sensitivity coeffi cient is estimated using an ef fective signifi cant wave height(SWH), which is an average of SAR-derived and wave spectrometer-derived SWH. This averaging extends the area of the sea surface sampled by the nadir beam of the wave spectrometer to improve the accuracy of the estimated sensitivity coeffi cient in inhomogeneous sea states. Wave spectra are then retrieved from SAR data using wave spectrometer-derived spectra as fi rst guess spectra to complement the short waves lost in SAR data retrieval. In addition, the problem of 180° ambiguity in retrieved spectra is overcome using SAR imaginary cross spectra. Simulated data were used to validate the joint method. The simulations demonstrated that retrieved wave parameters, including SWH, peak wave length(PWL), and peak wave direction(PWD), agree well with reference parameters. Collocated data from ENVISAT advanced SAR(ASAR), the airborne wave spectrometer STORM, the PHAROS buoy, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF) were then used to verify the proposed method. Wave parameters retrieved from STORM and two ASAR images were compared to buoy and ECMWF wave data. Most of the retrieved parameters were comparable to reference parameters. The results of this study show that the proposed joint retrieval method could be a valuable complement to traditional methods used to retrieve directional ocean wave spectra, particularly in inhomogeneous sea states.