广绿玉的矿物化学特征及致色机理研究

以广绿玉为研究对象,通过岩相学观察、矿物化学分析、XRD等现代测试方法对广绿玉的矿物组成、化学成分、结构构造特征和致色机理进行了系统研究,重点探讨了绢云母质广绿玉颜色成因的控制因素,认为Cr离子是绢云母质广绿玉致色的主要因素。此外,杂质矿物和透明度也对广绿玉的颜色有一定影响。     

广绿玉透明度的控制因素研究

透明度是评价宝玉石质量的一个重要参数。广绿玉产于粤西广宁县,透明度普遍较低,主要集中在半透明和微透明之间。为了研究广绿玉透明度的控制因素,本文设计了系统实验。实验表明,广绿玉的矿物结构对透明度起决定性作用,杂质、裂隙、颜色等因素对透明度也有一定的影响。     

独山玉颜色成因分析

本文通过常规宝石学特征测试、偏光显微镜下观察、电子探针成分分析以及X射线粉晶衍射分析等实验手段,对不同颜色的独山玉样品的宝石学特征进行了分析和研究,并进一步探讨了不同色调独山玉的颜色成因。结果表明,独山玉是由斜长石、黝帘石、云母等组成的多矿物集合体,其中斜长石均发生了不同程度的蚀变作用。天蓝玉和翠绿玉的颜色主要由含铬的白云母形成,绿白玉中绿色部分经分析为透辉石;粉绿玉中含有绿帘石,绿帘石中Fe类质同像替代产生黄绿色,是产生粉绿玉中绿色的原因。紫色的形成原因是紫独玉中含有黑云母和绢云母以及致色元素Ti、Cr等。粉色的成因是粉独玉中含有大量的黝帘石和相应的致色元素。而黑色独山玉的颜色与浅闪石有关。黑色独山玉的颜色过渡现象与斜长石蚀变程度有关,也与斜长石蚀变矿物有关。     

吉林省集安安绿玉矿物学特征

安绿玉产于吉林省集安地区,为胶状隐晶质蛇纹石矿物集合体,属岫玉一个新品种。安绿玉的化学成分与蛇纹石的理论化学组成接近。x射线、红外吸收光谱、电子显微镜、穆斯堡尔谱和吸收谱研究表明:安绿玉主要由利蛇纹石组成,含有一定量正纤蛇纹石。利蛇纹石为片状、正纤蛇纹石为管状、纤维状集合体。安绿玉具多种颜色,它取决于铁的含量、价态和位置,含Fe~3+呈黄色系列,而Fe~(2+)→Fe~(3+)电荷转移吸收呈蓝色系列。利蛇纹石的Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)在八面体M_1和M_2位置上分布是无序的。文中还论述了玉石特征及其与成分和结构的关系。     

绿松石呈色机理初探

矿物的成分、结构和键型是复杂的,所以引起矿物颜色变化的因素也是复杂的：一种矿物的颜色往往是多种呈色机制的总效应。绿松石是一种白色玉石,即它的颜色是由自身的成分和结构决定的。电子探针分析了不同颜色的绿松石的化学成分,从实验结果看出,绿松石的颜色主要由Cu^2 、Fe^3 离子决定,Cu^2 离子对绿松石的基色——天蓝色起有益作用,而Fe^3 起相反作用,二者含量多少决定了色调的变化特点。这与用晶体场理论和光谱实验观测解释的呈色机制是一致的。差热分析和热分析结果认为,吸附水和结晶水的存在对绿松石的颜色有一定影响：吸附水含量较高的样品,其颜色较深;当样品经300℃灼烧后(绿松石失去部分或全部结晶水),其颜色发生明显变化,由蓝变为黄绿。     

黔北务—正—道铝土矿中稀土元素赋存状态

铝土矿中常伴生稀土等重要的战略性矿产资源,具有巨大潜在经济价值.本文通过化学物相分析,包括水溶相、离子相、胶态沉积相和矿物相4个相态进行逐级分离,以及碳酸盐类、有机质、铁矿物类、石英及硅酸盐类进行逐级分离等,研究了黔北务—正—道铝土矿中稀土元素的赋存状态.结果表明,该区铝土矿中稀土元素主要是以矿物相和离子相为主,水溶相稀土和胶态沉积相稀土极少,且矿物相稀土元素主要赋存于硅酸盐类矿物中.结合该区铝土矿矿物组成特征,认为粘土矿物是其中稀土元素主要的载体矿物,主要呈类质同象形式赋存于粘土矿物(如高岭石和绿泥石等)中,部分稀土元素呈分散状态被铝矿物(如一水硬铝石、软水铝石、三水铝石等)以及粘土矿物吸附.     

重砂找矿法

中国画常有的颜色主要是花青、藤黄、胭脂、朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿等，前3种是植物颜色，后4种是矿物颜色，因为植物颜色在空气中不稳定，易变色；而矿物颜色稳定，千年不变色。如绿色的孔雀石，褐红色的赤铁矿等都可作为天然颜料。那么矿物的颜色是怎样形成的呢?     

翡翠的皮壳组成及其与内部玉石质量关系初步研究

在对广东南海平洲、广州花都国际翡翠展销会等翡翠原料集散地大量现场考察的基础上,选取了具有黄色色调、白色和灰黑色皮壳的翡翠原石样品,经肉眼和偏光显微镜观察、X射线粉末衍射和电子探针测试,研究了不同颜色系列翡翠原石皮壳的矿物组成和化学成分特征。结果表明,不同颜色翡翠皮壳的主要矿物均为硬玉,次要矿物则有所不同。黄色皮壳含高岭石、三水铝石、软锰矿和赤铁矿等,白色皮壳含高岭石和水钙铝榴石,黑色皮壳则含高岭石和绿泥石类矿物。与内部玉石成分相比,皮壳中的主要化学成分硼（Na2O）和w（SiO2）有所降低,而w（CaO）和w（MgO）及Fe的质量分数则相对增加;黄色皮壳翡翠中Fe的质量分数越高,则皮壳的黄色色调越深,但皮壳的化学成分受环境影响较大,难以用于判断其内部玉石质量。仅初步总结了翡翠皮壳矿物组成与其内部玉石质量的关系。     

在偏振光下某些透明矿物可见光透射光谱特征

本文根据前人的工作资料以及笔者的研究,探讨一些透明有色矿物在偏振光条件下的可见光光谱特征及其与成分、晶体结构、所含过渡型离子以及颜色之间的关系,进而推测矿物成因类型和岩石的合矿性。通过对不同岩类黑云母的测定说明,随着岩石化学成分的变化,其透射率值具有明显的变化规律。     

萤石颜色与自由基关系的电子自族共振（ESR）研究

萤石颜色与自由基关系的电子自族共振（ＥＳＲ）研究唐荣炳，温桂兰（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）（中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州５１０６４０）关键词萤石，顺磁离子，自由基长期以来，对矿物颜色的研究，先是定性观察和分类，再是应用光的吸收...     

翡翠的化学成分和矿物组成特征

对不同颜色的翡翠进行了较系统的化学成分和矿物成分研究，发现翡翠的化学成分和矿物 成分与翡翠的颜色之间有一定的内在规律。随着翡翠的绿色由浅变深，Ｃｒ、Ｍｇ、Ｃａ等元素的含量逐渐增 高，硬玉和绿辉石矿物成分逐渐向透辉石－钙铁辉石系列演化。     

绿岩带型金矿研究的进展

本文介绍了近年来国外绿岩型带金矿在成矿模式，构造控制，成矿物化条件研究方向的某些进展，我国绿岩带与国外经典绿岩带有一定的差异，因而表现在成矿作用上也独树一帜，初步提出我国绿岩带型金矿研究中应注意的问题。     

辽宁宽甸绿色云母玉的宝石学特征及颜色成因探讨

近期,笔者获得来自辽宁东部宽甸地区的绿色玉石,为研究该样品的宝玉石学特征及其颜色成因,采用常规的宝石学鉴定方法及偏光显微镜、红外光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、X射线粉末衍射仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、光纤光谱仪等测试仪器,对其进行了宝石学、矿物学、光谱学特征及主要化学成分和微量元素的研究。结果表明,该玉石的主要矿物组成为白云母,质量分数达98%以上,具鳞片变晶结构,少量的红色矿物为金红石;Cr3＋类质同象替代白云母中的Al3＋是该样品产生绿色的主要原因,依据国家珠宝玉石名称的标准,应将该样品定名为云母玉。     

A preliminary study of komatiites in Anshan-Benxi-Fushun region,Northeast China

Discovered for the first time in the Lower Anshan Group with a metamorphic grade from amphibolite to granulite facies, komatiites occur as bedded ultramafic volcanic rocks on the ocean-floor. The komatiites in the Anshan-Benxi-Fushun region occurring in the metamorphic rocks are some monomineralic rocks such as hornblendite, clinopyroxene and hypersthenite. Local komatiites are found retaining some typical pre-existing structures and textures of volcanic rocks, such as blastovariolitic and blastodoleritic textures. The chemical composition of komatiites in this region is much similar to that of other well-known model komatiites in the world, and so are their geochemical characteristics. The occurrence of komatiites in the Anshan-Benxi-Fushun region provides strong evidence showing that this region is an Archean greenstone belt. Studies on komatiites in this region will shed much light on the stratigraphic division of the Anshan Group and the paleo-structure of the greenstone belt as well as on the rules governing metallogenesis in the Anshan-Benxi-Fushun region.     

U–Pb SHRIMP monazite ages of the giant Morro Velho and Cuiabá gold deposits, Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil

U–Pb SHRIMP results of 2672 ± 14 Ma obtained on hydrothermal monazite crystals, from ore samples of the giant Morro Velho and Cuiabá Archean orogenic deposits, represent the first reliable and precise age of gold mineralization associated with the Rio das Velhas greenstone belt evolution, in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil. In the basal Nova Lima Group, of the Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks have been dated between 2792 ± 11 and 2751 ± 9 Ma, coeval with the intrusion of syn-tectonic tonalite and granodiorite plutons, and also with the metamorphic overprint of older tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite crust. Since cratonization and stable-shelf sedimentation followed intrusion of Neoarchean granites at 2612 + 3/− 2 Ma, it is clear that like other granite–greenstone terranes in the world, gold mineralization is constrained to the latest stages of greenstone evolution.     

马达加斯加蓝色蓝宝石的颜色特征

为了了解马达加斯加蓝色蓝宝石的颜色特征,采用GemDialogue颜色系统对其进行了描述与分级。对比世界上主要产地（澳大利亚、斯里兰卡、柬埔塞、缅甸）蓝宝石的颜色特征发现,马达加斯加蓝色蓝宝石样品的黑色罩过高,使得其最终的颜色等级大多在1～4范围内,属于“商业级”。为了进一步确定马达加斯加蓝色蓝宝石样品的颜色特征及其与全Fe,Ti质量分数的关系,采用紫外一可见光分光光度计和电子探针测试了样品。结果显示,随着全Fe与Ti质量分数的增加,样品的蓝色加深;当蓝宝石样品中全Fe的质量分数为0．02％～0．75％、Ti的质量分数为0．006%～O．040％且其全Fe与Ti质量分数比值为10～30时,蓝宝石样品的颜色为纯正蓝色;当超出此范围时,蓝宝石样品通常含有绿色或紫色色调。     

Chemostratigraphy of lava sequences from the Rio Itapicuru Greenstone Belt,Bahia State,Brazil

The Rio Itapicuru greenstone terrain of north-central Bahia State consists of belts of supracrustal rocks surrounding granitic plutons and domes. The basal supracrustal rocks are predominantly massive metabasalts with minor amounts of intercalated chemical sedimentary rocks and mafic tuffs. They are overlain by a middle unit of intermediate to acid pyroclastic rocks, lavas, and volcaniclastic sediments, and an upper unit of greywackes, sandstones and conglomerates.A geochemical study of major and trace elements of the volcanic rocks indicates the existence of a chemical discontinuity between the basaltic and the acid to intermediate members. The basalts are typical tholeiites with Ti, Zr, Sr, Y and Nb contents analogous to those of modern ocean-floor tholeiites or, alternatively, low-K tholeiites of primitive island arcs. In contrast, compositional variations of the hornblende-bearing andesites and dacites fall along indisputably calc-alkaline trends of low FeO and TiO₂ contents which decrease with increasing differentiation. The lithostratigraphic and chemical variations within lavas of the Rio Itapicuru greenstone are comparable to those described from the Western Australian greenstone belts. Only in greenstone belts of the Canadian type do thick calc-alkaline sequences containing abudant basaltic andesites overlie conformably and transitionally the underlying tholeiitic basalts. Elsewhere the calc-alkaline sequences, if present, do not contain basaltic andesites and are chemically unrelated to the underlying basalts.     

Silicon isotope and trace element constraints on the origin of ∼3.5 Ga cherts: Implications for Early Archaean marine environments

Silicon (Si) isotope variability in Precambrian chert deposits is significant, but proposed explanations for the observed heterogeneity are incomplete in terms of silica provenance and fractionation mechanisms involved. To address these issues we investigated Si isotope systematics, in conjunction with geochemical and mineralogical data, in three well-characterised and approximately contemporaneous, ∼3.5 Ga chert units from the Pilbara greenstone terrane (Western Australia).We show that Si isotope variation in these cherts is large (−2.4‰ to +1.3‰) and was induced by near-surface processes that were controlled by ambient conditions. Cherts that formed by chemical precipitation of silica show the largest spread in δ³⁰Si (−2.4‰ to +0.6‰) and are characterised by positive Eu, La and Y anomalies and overall depletions in lithophile trace elements. Silicon isotope systematics in these orthochemical deposits are explained by (1) mixing between hydrothermal fluids and seawater, and/or (2) fractionation of hydrothermal fluids by subsurface losses of silica due to conductive cooling. Rayleigh-type fractionation of hydrothermal fluids was largely controlled by temperature differences between these fluids and seawater. Lamina-scale Si isotope heterogeneity within individual chemical chert samples up to 2.2‰ is considered to reflect the dynamic nature of hydrothermal activity. Silicified volcanogenic sediments lack diagnostic REE+Y anomalies, are enriched in lithophile elements, and exhibit a much more restricted range of positive δ³⁰Si (+0.1‰ to +1.1‰), which points to seawater as the dominant source of silica.The proposed model for Si isotope variability in the Early Archaean implies that chemical cherts with the most negative δ³⁰Si formed from pristine hydrothermal fluids, whereas silicified or chemical sediments with positive δ³⁰Si are closest to pure seawater deposits. Taking the most positive value found in this study (+1.3‰), and assuming that the Si isotope composition of seawater is governed by input of fractionated hydrothermal fluids, we infer that the temperature of ∼3.5 Ga seawater was below ∼55 °C.     

The red-green change in chromium-bearing garnets

The colour of chromium-bearing pyrope-rich garnets may be red or green depending upon the Cr-O distance which varies with the chemical composition. Red garnets become green when the crystal field parameter ₀ for substitutional Cr³⁺ decreases below 17200 cm^–1 corresponding to about 1970 Å.     

三种绿色印章石的宝石矿物学特征

近两年,我国珠宝市场上出现了大量的＂西安绿＂＂丹东绿＂等绿色印材,其多被用来仿冒绿色寿山石（＂月尾绿＂）,并以高价售卖。采用X射线粉末衍射仪,电感耦合等离子质谱仪,扫描电子显微镜等测试仪器,对＂西安绿＂＂丹东绿＂的矿物组成、化学成分以及微观结构进行分析,并与寿山＂月尾绿＂的宝石矿物学特征进行了对比。结果表明,＂月尾绿＂主要由铬云母组成,Cr,Fe元素是其呈浅绿色并略带灰黄色调的主要原因之一;＂西安绿＂主要由伊利石组成,其Cr,V元素的质量分数远高于＂月尾绿＂中的,且前者几乎不含Fe元素,这可能是其呈艳丽绿色的主要原因;＂丹东绿＂主要由斜绿泥石组成,Fe元素的质量分数较高且几乎不含Cr元素,致使其呈现较深的暗绿色。扫描电子显微镜的观察结果发现,与＂月尾绿＂相比,＂西安绿＂中伊利石的片晶厚、粒度小,＂丹东绿＂中斜绿泥石的片晶薄、堆积紧密,挠性发育。这三种绿色印章石在绿色色调、光泽、密度、内含物等方面存在不少的差异,可作为其鉴别特征。