Controls on the deep thermal field: implications from 3-D numerical simulations for the geothermal research site Groß Schönebeck

The deep thermal field in sedimentary basins can be affected by convection, conduction or both resulting from the structural inventory, physical properties of geological layers and physical processes taking place therein. For geothermal energy extraction, the controlling factors of the deep thermal field need to be understood to delineate favorable drill sites and exploitation compartments. We use geologically based 3-D finite element simulations to figure out the geologic controls on the thermal field of the geothermal research site Groß Schönebeck located in the E part of the North German Basin. Its target reservoir consists of Permian Rotliegend clastics that compose the lower part of a succession of Late Carboniferous to Cenozoic sediments, subdivided into several aquifers and aquicludes. The sedimentary succession includes a layer of mobilized Upper Permian Zechstein salt which plays a special role for the thermal field due to its high thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the salt is impermeable and due to its rheology decouples the fault systems in the suprasalt units from subsalt layers. Conductive and coupled fluid and heat transport simulations are carried out to assess the relative impact of different heat transfer mechanisms on the temperature distribution. The measured temperatures in 7 wells are used for model validation and show a better fit with models considering fluid and heat transport than with a purely conductive model. Our results suggest that advective and convective heat transport are important heat transfer processes in the suprasalt sediments. In contrast, thermal conduction mainly controls the subsalt layers. With a third simulation, we investigate the influence of a major permeable and of three impermeable faults dissecting the subsalt target reservoir and compare the results to the coupled model where no faults are integrated. The permeable fault may have a local, strong impact on the thermal, pressure and velocity fields whereas the impermeable faults only cause deviations of the pressure field.     

The deep thermal field of the Glueckstadt Graben

With this paper, we assess the present-day conductive thermal field of the Glueckstadt Graben in NW Germany that is characterized by large salt walls and diapirs structuring the graben fill. We use a finite element method to calculate the 3D steady-state conductive thermal field based on a lithosphere-scale 3D structural model that resolves the first-order structural characteristics of the graben and its underlying lithosphere. Model predictions are validated against measured temperatures in six deep wells. Our investigations show that the interaction of thickness distributions and thermal rock properties of the different geological layers is of major importance for the distribution of temperatures in the deep subsurface of the Glueckstadt Graben. However, the local temperatures may result from the superposed effects of different controlling factors. Especially, the upper sedimentary part of the model exhibits huge lateral temperature variations, which correlate spatially with the shape of the thermally highly conductive Permian salt layer. Variations in thickness and geometry of the salt cause two major effects, which provoke considerable lateral temperature variations for a given depth. (1) The “chimney effect” causes more efficient heat transport within salt diapirs. As a consequence positive thermal anomalies develop in the upper part and above salt structures, where the latter are covered by much less conductive sediments. In contrast, negative thermal anomalies are noticeable underneath salt structures. (2) The “thermal blanketing effect” is caused by thermally low conductive sediments that provoke the local storage of heat where these insulating sediments are present. The latter effect leads to both local and regional thermal anomalies. Locally, this translates to higher temperatures where salt margin synclines are filled with thick insulating clastic sediments. For the regional anomalies the cumulative insulating effects of the entire sediment fill results in a long-wavelength variation of temperatures in response to heat refraction effects caused by the contrast between insulating sediments and highly conductive crystalline crust. Finally, the longest wavelength of temperature variations is caused by the depth position of the isothermal lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary defining the regional variations of the overall geothermal gradient. We find that a conductive thermal model predicts observed temperatures reasonably well for five of the six available wells, whereas the steady-state conductive approach appears not to be valid for the sixth well.     

西藏纳当地区永珠组构造变形特征

西藏纳当地区石炭系永珠组主要为浅变质的砂板岩组合,断层和褶皱非常发育的特征。依据岩石和构造特征可以把区内永珠组分成上、中、下三段。永珠组形成于拉张的被动大陆边缘向裂谷转换的次深海环境,并于中晚二叠世至晚三叠世期间经历了三个构造演化阶段。     

西准噶尔达拉布特断裂带中段晚古生代构造分析

走滑断裂构造在中亚造山带增生及演化过程的研究中扮演了重要角色,其主要构造单元均被走滑断裂带所分割。西准噶尔造山带是中亚增生型造山带的重要组成部分,达拉布特断裂是西准噶尔造山带中一条重要的走滑断裂,其复杂的构造表现吸引了大量研究者的关注。前人不仅在其构造解释上存在着走滑断层、逆冲断层或压扭性断层等诸多争议,且在其活动时代问题上也有不同的看法。本文依据在达拉布特断裂带中段开展的详细野外构造学工作,结合前人针对该地区石炭纪火山岩、浊积岩和造山后花岗岩侵入体所做的同位素年代学工作成果,对达拉布特断裂的活动性质和活动时代进行了讨论。结果确认在中二叠统沉积之前,达拉布特断裂带存在两期变形事件,分别对应于320Ma左右沿NE-SW的较深层次的左行走滑事件D1和表现为脆-韧性转换域的轴面倾向SE的褶皱作用构造事件D2。前者为主期变形事件,而后者发生在中二叠统沉积之前。本文同时报道了沿达拉布特断裂带出露右行走滑构造形迹,并讨论了其可能的成因。沿达拉布特断裂带的多期构造事件记录了西准噶尔地区造山后大规模走滑构造调整过程,是晚古生代晚期中亚各个陆块拼合后大规模陆内调整在西准噶尔造山带的具体体现。     

滨里海盆地东部盐下成藏主控因素及勘探思路

滨里海盆地普遍发育一套下二叠统空谷阶盐岩层 ,是良好的区域性盖层 ,它把盆地分为盐上和盐下两大复合成藏组合。海西运动晚期 ,盆地东部地区断续、强烈的构造运动决定了地层空间展布、组合特点 ,控制了三个成藏带的形成 ,共发育三套成藏组合。盆地东部地区盐下油气藏规模、储量较大 ,大中型油气藏主要与石炭系两套海相碳酸盐岩层 (KT Ⅰ和KT Ⅱ )有关。在盆地东部发现的 10个盐下油气藏中 ,KT Ⅰ、KT Ⅱ产层的盖层均为其顶部泥岩层。下石炭统生物碎屑灰岩和下二叠统页岩是有效生油岩 ,分散有机质属混合类型。储层类型以孔隙型为主 ,溶洞型、孔洞型储层较发育 ,裂缝型储层偶尔发育 ;储层的次生改造作用非常重要。石炭系碳酸盐岩储层普遍分布 ,油气成藏主要受圈闭位置及其特点所控制。 90 %以上的失利探井是因为构造不落实 ,精确落实构造圈闭的具体位置 ,成为勘探的重中之重。     

滇西兰坪一带早石炭世石登组和晚二叠世羊八寨组的确定

兰坪-思茅盆地中段的石登-小格拉一带，发育一套石炭-二叠纪含火山岩地层，与周边地质体多呈断裂接触，并且化石较少，因而以往地层划分和时代归属意见不一。在1∶5万区调中新采获早石炭世牙形石和晚二叠世植物、腕足类化石，发现石炭纪和二叠纪地层之间为不整合接触，因此将其划分为早石炭世石登组和晚二叠世羊八寨组。     

浙江湖州太湖南岸地热资源研究

浙江湖州太湖南岸有多处地热异常显示,异常点水温为25℃～31℃,水中的氟、偏硅酸和游离二氧化碳达到或接近国家医疗热矿水标准值,具有一定的开发利用价值。通过大量调查和以往地质成果资料的分析研究,建立了地热形成模式和热储概念模型,认为区内存在二叠系栖霞组、石炭系船山组和黄龙组灰岩以及泥盆系五通组、志留系茅山组砂岩两个热储层;北东向的学川—湖州、北西向的长兴—奉化和东西向的湖州一嘉善大断裂是区内的主要导热热构造,且近期有活动迹象,为地下热水的形成创造了条件;石炭系上统高骊组、二叠系龙潭组与堰桥组的页岩、泥岩,第四系的粘土层是良好保温层。研究成果对开发本区的地热资源有一定的参考价值。     

塔里木盆地乌什凹陷西部石炭系—二叠系沉积演化*

根据野外露头剖面,结合区域地质资料,对塔里木盆地乌什凹陷西部的石炭系—二叠系沉积演化进行了分析。乌什凹陷西部在石炭纪夹于南天山残留海盆地和柯坪—温宿隆起之间,其地层和沉积与塔里木盆地内部有较大差异。早石炭世早期,本区为碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩混积的浅海陆棚环境,以索格当他乌断裂为界,早期的柯坪—温宿隆起控制了该时期的沉积作用。早石炭世晚期,本区首次海侵,早期的柯坪—温宿隆起部分被淹没,并伴随着强烈的构造沉降,形成半深水斜坡环境,沉积了一套以库鲁组和索格当他乌组为代表的近端—远端浊积扇的复理石沉积,并一直持续到晚石炭世早期。晚石炭世晚期,本区又一次规模较大的海侵,柯坪—温宿隆起大部分被淹没,原隆起区为开阔海台地环境,北部和西部边缘发育典型的台地边缘相生物礁,向北延伸可达乌什北的克孜布拉克地区,再向北为礁前斜坡和浅海陆棚环境,并持续到中二叠世早期。中二叠世以后,伴随周缘地区大规模的陆内火山喷发,该区发生大规模海退。晚二叠世末,随着塔里木板块与中天山地块的拼合以及海西期天山造山带的形成,南天山洋消失,结束了海相沉积,进入了陆相沉积阶段。     

准噶尔盆地深层地质结构叠加演变与油气赋存

根据地表露头、地震、钻井、测年资料,应用地层回剥方法,对准噶尔盆地深层结构进行了解剖。现今的构造区划是石炭系顶面隆坳格局的反映,深、浅层地层沉积隆坳格局和构造变形特征存在差异。石炭纪末的构造事件导致盆地褶皱变形、隆升剥蚀,形成了北西向为主的背向斜构造。早二叠世-中二叠世,沉积在南部,存在多沉积中心、多构造应力环境,形成了二叠纪早中期重要的烃源岩层系。晚二叠世-侏罗纪存在两期大型湖进坳陷盆地沉积,将下伏盆地埋藏,为盆地重要的区域盖层。早侏罗世-中侏罗世西山窑组含煤岩系是盆地内重要的烃源岩层系,中侏罗统头屯河组沉积前,盆地内形成西南高、北东低的大型车莫古隆起,并遭受了强烈剥蚀。白垩系沉积前,盆地受深层断裂活动控制,在侏罗系形成雁列组合正断层构造。白垩纪-新生代,盆地发生翘倾构造作用,北天山山前强烈沉降,褶皱变形,北部隆升。盆地深层存在石炭系、二叠系和侏罗系富含有机质的烃源岩,与叠合连片发育的三叠系、侏罗系、白垩系、新生界泥岩、煤系、膏泥岩等构成了盆地内多套源盖组合,成为盆地油气富集的基础。盆地深层油气围绕构造变动后的富烃中心区赋存。     

Late orogenic magmatism and sedimentation within Late Carboniferous to Early Permian basins in the Balkan terrane (Bulgaria): geodynamic implications

The orogenic Balkanid belt, which developed between the Moesian Plate and the Moravian-Rhodopi-Thracian Massifs, was affected by the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian opening of W-E oriented graben structures. The progressive tectonic rejuvenation of the basins is demonstrated by the deposition of repeated regional sedimentary cycles, associated with volcanism that was mostly localised along the tectonic boundaries, in an intramontane setting.The Late Carboniferous volcanism is represented by rhyodacitic explosive products and hyaloclastites, and by andesitic flows. During the Early Permian, subvolcanic rhyodacitic and rhyolitic bodies and the explosive products prevailed in the western sectors, whereas rhyolitic ignimbrites occur to the east.The tectonically active basins are interpreted due to late orogenic collapse, and the alternation of extensional tectonics and minor compressional phases is consistent with the regional transtensional regime, active along the Variscan suture of Pangaea. The volcanic activity associated with the evolution of the basins matches the petrogenetic features and the evolution from early dacitic – andesitic to late rhyolitic activity in the Southern European segment of the Variscan system.These Late Carboniferous-Early Permian sedimentary and tectono-magmatic events in Bulgaria are characterized, and compared with the homologous Permo-Carboniferous sequences along some western European segments of the Variscan belt.     

长江下游区域地温场特征及其能源意义

区域地热特征及深部温度估算对于油气勘探和地热能资源评价和开发利用具有重要意义,长江下游地区是我国东部经济社会高度发达的地区,其能源需求大,区域热状态研究能为该区地热资源评价提供关键约束。通过整合长江下游地区已有的温度数据和实测岩石物性参数,勾勒出该区的现今地温场特征,并进一步估算其1 000~5 000 m埋深处的地层温度。研究表明,长江下游地区现今地温梯度为16~41 ℃/km,且以18~25 ℃/km居多,苏北盆地区呈现高地温梯度。大地热流值为48~80 mW/m²,其均值为60 mW/m²,表现为中等的地热状态,有利于油气和地热能形成。此外,长江下游地区深部地温估算表明,1 000 m埋深处的温度范围为30~54 ℃,2 000 m时温度范围为50~95 ℃,3 000 m时温度范围为65~130 ℃,4 000 m时温度范围为80~170 ℃,5 000 m时温度范围为100~210 ℃。区域深部地温的展布趋势呈NE向,高温区域集中在安徽南部和江苏东北部。结合60 ℃和120 ℃等温线的埋深分布及区域地质、地球化学和地热特征,初步探讨了该区油气与地热资源的有利区带及其相应的开发利用类型。     

苏北盆地干热岩地热资源前景分析

苏北盆地属于中、新生代“断陷型”盆地,发育前震旦系变质基底及古生代海相台地沉积,经历燕山期大规模岩浆-火山-构造活动,之后连续断陷沉降并沉积了厚度巨大的新生代地层;新生代苏北盆地处于持续活跃的洋陆构造带内,其特殊的构造位置使区内拥有相对高的大地热流值和较大的地温梯度,具有巨大的地热资源潜力。基于区域地热地质综合研究,本文针对苏北盆地地质构造特征、地温数据、地球物理信息等系统分析,初步证实了盆地内不仅存在浅部中低温地热资源,而且推断出盆地深部拥有温度较高的干热岩资源,其热源主要来源于深部的地幔,是本地区新生代区域伸展裂陷、地幔上涌、岩石圈减薄等作用的结果。根据干热岩选区的科学准则,盆地内优势前景区拥有丰富的动态热源、导热效果极佳的热通道、规模巨大的优势热储、良好保温作用的热盖层,并依据此初步建立成因模型,为进一步勘探与开发提供参考依据。     

准噶尔西北缘石炭-二叠纪构造转换期变形分析及其地质意义

通过对扎伊尔山至哈拉阿拉特山一带详细的构造变形分析, 揭示出准噶尔西北缘主要发育以下3组构造组合: 近南北向、北东-南西向和近东西向.其变形序列为: 晚石炭世早期, 发育近南北向褶皱-冲断构造; 晚石炭世时期, 近南北向构造线受牵引拖拽呈北东-南西向, 达尔布特、克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩以右旋走滑拉出或侧向楔冲形式构造就位于上覆石炭系中; 晚石炭世晚期至二叠纪, 发育以达尔布特断裂为代表的北东-南西向伸展断裂, 伴随广泛的中基性岩脉及花岗岩侵入; 二叠纪末至三叠纪初, 发育广泛的近东西向劈理、哈山一带逆冲推覆构造及达尔布特左旋走滑活动.石炭纪至二叠纪, 西准地区经历了从俯冲到碰撞再到碰撞后陆内变形的演化过程, 伴随着挤压和伸展多期构造叠加, 充分体现了该地区复杂构造转换变形的动力学过程.      

贵州省安顺市开发区地热地质勘查

安顺市市区由于其所处的地质构造位置,被认为是地热开发的盲区。2008年7月28日,该区成功地打出一口井口水温54.0℃、水量530.87m3/d的热水井,证明在该区内有地热井田存在。研究认为：该区的热储构造与深大断裂有关,热矿水主要赋存在断裂与背斜的联合蓄水构造中,北东向的头铺逆断层F11为主要的导水构造;主要热储层为上石炭统马平群及黄龙组的石灰岩及白云岩,主要隔热保温盖层为二叠系长兴组、大隆组、龙潭组的砂岩及砂质泥岩,热水埋藏深度为1300～2200m。该区的热矿水可作为天然饮用矿泉水及天然医疗矿泉水进行开发利用。     

准噶尔盆地白家海凸起的石炭系地质结构与成因模型

利用最新探井、高分辨率地震、年代学资料、古生物资料,并结合盆地周边露头资料等,通过地震剖面精细解释,削蚀、超覆尖灭点追踪识别及平衡剖面技术等,对白家海凸起的地质结构、演化和成因模型进行了综合分析,并取得以下4点认识:(1)白家海凸起纵向上发育深、浅两套断裂系统,深层断裂由一系列倾向相同的正断层组成,控制了石炭纪断陷的发育,断陷主要呈北东和北北东两个方向展布,白家海凸起地质结构整体呈现出"纵向分层、横向分带"的特点;(2)白家海凸起的构造演化可分为6个阶段,分别是(1)早石炭世"坳-断-坳"旋回、(2)晚石炭世"坳-断-坳"旋回、(3)早—中二叠世的挤压反转阶段、(4)晚二叠世—中侏罗世西山窑组沉积期的稳定埋藏阶段、(5)中侏罗世头屯河组沉积期—晚侏罗世的改造阶段、(6)白垩纪—现今的调整、定型阶段;(3)早石炭世末期和晚石炭世末期各发生一次构造挤压活动,形成了两个区域性不整合;(4)北天山洋俯冲过程中的板片后撤作用(roll-back),可能是白家海凸起石炭纪断陷发育的深部动力学机制。     

微动探测：地层分层和隐伏断裂构造探测的新方法

微动探测作为地层分层和隐伏断裂构造探测的物探新方法,已成为盆地结构调查、地热井位选址和隐伏地质构造探测的重要物探手段.微动测深确定岩性差异较大的地质界面,如新生界地层底界、侏罗系与二叠系地层分界面、二叠系-石炭系灰岩顶界面等,深度误差可控制在5％左右.断层破碎带/隐伏断裂构造在微动视S波速度剖面上显示为低速异常或明显的速度差异,易于识别、解释.二维微动剖面技术已在探测隐伏地质构造(断层、陷落柱等)方面取得较好地质效果.本文介绍其原理、方法和应用实例.     

Palaeomagnetic and structural constraints on 90° anticlockwise rotation in SW Mongolia during the Permo–Triassic: Implications for Altaid oroclinal bending. Preliminary palaeomagnetic results

New and published paleomagnetic measurements from Trans Altai and South Gobi zones in south Mongolia document large tectonic motions in between Late Carboniferous and Triassic. Magnetic inclinations confirm equatorial position of south Mongolian terranes in Late Carboniferous–Permian times. The evolution of magnetic declinations indicates 90° anticlockwise rotation in between latest Carboniferous and Early Triassic of all studied tectonic units around the Eulerian pole located close to axis of Mongolian orocline. The anticlockwise rotation continues in Triassic being accompanied by a major drift to the north. The structural and published geochronological data suggest Carboniferous E–W shortening of the whole region resulting in N–S trend of all continental and oceanic geological units followed by orthogonal N–S shortening during Late Permian to Early Jurassic. Both paleomagnetic and geological data converge in a tectonic model of oroclinal bending of Mongolian ribbon continent, westerly back arc oceanic domain and Mongol–Okhotsk subduction zone to the east. The oroclinal bending model is consistent with the coincidence of the Eulerian pole of rotation with the structural axis of Mongolian orocline. In addition, the Mesozoic collisional tectonics is reflected by late remagnetizations due to formation of wide deformation fronts and hydrothermal activity.     

High-resolution seismic analysis of the coastal Mecklenburg Bay (North German Basin): the pre-Alpine evolution

The pre-Alpine structural and geological evolution in the northern part of the North German Basin have been revealed on the basis of a very dense reflection seismic profile grid. The study area is situated in the coastal Mecklenburg Bay (Germany), part of the southwestern Baltic Sea. From the central part of the North German Basin to the northern basin margin in the Grimmen High area a series of high-resolution maps show the evolution from the base Zechstein to the Lower Jurassic. We present a map of basement faults affecting the pre-Zechstein. The pre-Alpine structural evolution of the region has been determined from digital mapping of post-Permian key horizons traced on the processed seismic time sections. The geological evolution of the North German Basin can be separated into four distinct periods in the Rerik study area. During Late Permian and Early Triassic evaporites and clastics were deposited. Salt movement was initiated after the deposition of the Middle Triassic Muschelkalk. Salt pillows, which were previously unmapped in the study area, are responsible for the creation of smaller subsidence centers and angular unconformities in the Late Triassic Keuper, especially in the vicinity of the fault-bounded Grimmen High. In this area, partly Lower Jurassic sediments overlie the Keuper unconformably. The change from extension to compression in the regional stress field remobilized the salt, leading to a major unconformity marked at the base of the Late Cretaceous.     

青藏高原新生代岩浆活动与地热关系探讨

青藏高原地热资源丰富,具有分布广、温度高、潜力大等特点。为了更好地评价该区地热资源潜力,探索符合青藏高原地热资源特点的勘查、开发方案,需要对地热资源分布规律及成因进行研究。在总结前人对青藏高原新生代岩浆活动和地热资源特征的基础上,从青藏高原地质演化的角度分析地热资源分布的控制因素,探讨新生代岩浆活动与地热资源的空间展布关系,重点讨论藏南地区地热区划和雅鲁藏布缝合带岩浆活动之间的关系。结果表明: 青藏高原地热活动受控于地质构造演化,具有南强北弱的分布特点; EW向区域性构造缝合带和SN向深大断裂的交汇部位是地热的主要活跃区域,不同的岩浆活动为地热提供热源。     

吐哈盆地及邻区早二叠世沉积特征与构造发育的耦合关系

通过对不同露头剖面和探井资料的分析,在吐哈盆地及邻区区分出三种不同类型沉积相：（1）裂谷型海相火山喷发沉积相;（2）裂谷型陆相火山喷发沉积相;（3）造山带磨拉石相;不同沉积相特征并结合构造分析认为,早二叠世在吐哈及邻区存在二种不同类型的盆地,即前陆盆地和裂谷盆地,同时,还探讨了大陆一大陆碰撞带上两种不同类型盆地的形成机理。