塔里木盆地阿克库勒地区下奥陶统古岩溶及油气分布

下奥陶统碳酸盐岩是阿克库勒地区主要含油气层,岩溶作用是影响奥陶系储层发育的最主要因素。本文详细论述了该区下奥陶统发育多期岩溶,海西早期是主岩溶期,该期岩溶主要形成于表生大气淡水条件下,岩溶作用深度和范围受志留-泥盆系和上奥陶统隔水层限制。指出岩溶斜坡区的地表岩溶带及潜流岩溶带上部是有利的储层发育和油气主要富集区带。     

塔河油田浅覆盖区中—下奥陶统承压岩溶缝洞结构特征——以T738井区为例

塔河油田浅覆盖区中—下奥陶统岩溶缝洞体发育,油气开发效果较好。受上奥陶统良里塔格组和隔水层的围限,浅覆盖区中—下奥陶统缝洞体的岩溶发育特征不同于受排泄基准面控制的裸露型岩溶和岩溶水深循环的埋藏型岩溶。为了明确塔河油田浅覆盖区T738井区中—下奥陶统的洞穴成因机理和岩溶缝洞结构,利用“残厚趋势组合法”恢复了海西早期浅覆盖区的古地貌、古水系,综合测井、地震等手段识别了隔水层、岩溶洞穴层,结合油藏动态生产特征构建了浅覆盖区承压岩溶条件下的缝洞结构模式。结果表明：(1)海西早期古地貌总体北东高、南西低,发育北东—南西走向浅切割型树枝状地表水系,北部裸露区提供高水力梯度、高流量的岩溶水补给;(2)T738井区处于半开放式承压岩溶环境,中—下奥陶统发育3套隔水层围限下的2套迷宫型岩溶缝洞系统;(3)受隔水层、水动力梯度、走滑断裂等因素影响,一间房组、鹰山组上段洞穴层具有纵向水动力联系,发育侧向-上升型、孤立型、侧向型和盲端型等4类承压岩溶缝洞结构。研究成果对塔河油田浅覆盖区T738井区的缝洞型油藏开发有重要地质指导意义。     

塔河油田12区海西早期岩溶作用

通过沉积学、地震学、地球化学等研究表明,塔河油田12区发育了海西早期岩溶作用,表现为中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩与下石炭统巴楚组不整合接触、溶塌角砾岩与暗河沉积的存在以及溶洞充填物Sr/Ba值存在的差异特征等识别标志,该期岩溶地貌可划分为岩溶高地、岩溶Ⅰ及Ⅱ级斜坡和岩溶盆地4类地貌单元,研究区主要处于岩溶Ⅱ级斜坡区。由于海西早期运动具有脉动式抬升的特点,因而发育了3套岩溶旋回,研究区主要发育第Ⅱ和第Ⅲ套洞穴层;该期岩溶平面上发育在上奥陶统桑塔木组尖灭线以北的地区,纵向上发育在中下奥陶统质地较纯的碳酸盐岩中,古地貌和断裂对该期岩溶具有根本的控制作用,同时岩溶作用所形成的裂缝和溶蚀孔洞是影响储层储渗性能的关键;最后综合上述成果建立了海西早期岩溶发育模式,并将其发展进程划分为快速抬升剥蚀阶段、三幕抬升岩溶发育阶段及下降改造阶段。     

塔河油田下奥陶统碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层研究--以塔河油田6区为例

通过对研究区FMI成像测井和XMAC，DSI测井等资料的综合，并结合该区的油气地质、地球物理资料，对下奥陶统缝洞型碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层的剖面结构及展布特征进行了较为深入地分析结果表明，研究区古岩溶储层主要分布于下奥陶统顶部不整合面之下约250m的范围内，储层垂向发育具有明显分带性，岩溶剖面的纵向分带与该区多期次岩淀旋回作用密切相关。古岩溶储层的发育与分布受多种因素控制。     

塔河油田四区奥陶系古岩溶流域的倒淌河及其成因研究

在现代岩溶区,由于构造运动、岩性差异以及地貌起伏等因素,常常出现水系袭夺现象,并随之伴生一系列反常的水文地貌现象,如分水岭迁移和破坏、袭夺肘、风峡、断头河和倒淌河等。基于三维地震资料,应用层拉平技术、精细相干分析技术及相关地震成图技术,对塔河油田四区中—下奥陶统顶部海西早期的岩溶古地貌和古水系进行了恢复识别,发现也存在类似的反常水文地貌现象。借鉴现代水系袭夺理论,证实了塔河油田四区东部岩溶流域早期为南向汇流结构,而后期由于构造运动引起西北部侵蚀基准面下降,并通过地下途径对邻近南向流域北缘进行逐步袭夺,形成了大型倒淌河,再现了本区岩溶古水系及流域的阶段性演化过程,从而为揭示塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶发育规律提供了重要的依据。     

四川盆地高石梯地区灯影组四段顶岩溶古地貌、古水系特征与刻画

四川盆地灯影组白云岩岩溶孔洞储层发育，在四川盆地威远、资阳及高石梯-磨溪地区发现了大型气田。但是该套储层非均质强，储层预测困难，需要进一步从岩溶地质理论出发，恢复岩溶古地貌、古水系，从而掌握该套储层发育分布规律，指导进一步勘探开发。本文选用印模法恢复了高石梯地区灯四顶岩溶古地貌，并结合现代岩溶学和岩溶动力学理论，划分了岩溶台地、岩溶缓坡地和岩溶盆地3类二级地貌单元。应用现代岩溶分类方法，根据微地貌组合形态，对二级地貌作精细刻画，划分了6种三级地貌单元，最后根据岩溶动力学、岩溶水文地质学在高石梯地区刻画出北部、西部和东南部三大水系。认为岩溶缓坡，位于径流区，水动力条件最强，孔洞最发育，是储层勘探方向。精细的古地貌、古水系的刻画对促进高石梯地区灯影组油气勘探开发具有重要实际意义。      

桩海地区下古生界潜山储层发育规律与发育模式

桩海地区位于济阳坳陷渤海湾南部极浅海地区。下古生界包括寒武系和下、中奥陶统,主要由海相碳酸盐岩构成。古潜山主要发育风化壳岩溶带储层和内幕储层。下古生界碳酸盐岩裂缝-溶蚀型储集层的发育特征以有无上古覆盖是岩溶发育的前提;古地貌、古水系控制岩溶发育强度。其发育规律为:岩溶作用是下古生界储集层发育的基础;岩性和断裂作用决定内幕储层的形成与发育。主要以岩溶作用产生的背景与条件、发展或消亡过程为主线,辅以断裂与裂缝对储层的改造作用,分2个层次建立了下古生界碳酸盐岩储层的发育模式。经钻采实践检验,储层发育规律与建立的储层发育模式均得到证实。     

塔中隆起奥陶系古岩溶储层发育特征

塔中隆起奥陶纪经历了加里东、海西多期构造演化阶段,形成了中央潜山带、斜坡带、台缘坡折带3个勘探领域,发育了具有鲜明特色的奥陶纪碳酸盐岩古岩溶.本文以钻井、岩心资料为基础,系统总结了3个领域岩溶储层发育特征和控制因素.中央潜山带构造改造强,奥陶系叠加了加里东、海西多期岩溶,岩溶作用强度大,但充填作用亦较强烈.斜坡带构造活动相对较弱,地层层序保存较全,岩溶作用总体较弱,T74、T72两个区域性不整合面控制岩溶发育.台缘坡折带上奥陶统为礁滩复合体沉积,具有形成优质岩溶储层的沉积基础,发育风化壳岩溶和同生岩溶两种类型,形成了沿礁滩相地层广泛发育的岩溶储层,构造和沉积共同控制该勘探领域的岩溶发育.     

塔里木盆地塔河油田TH12402井区中下奥陶统古岩溶洞穴发育模式*

塔里木盆地塔河油田TH12402井区位于志留系覆盖区,发育典型的古岩溶缝洞型储集层,是塔河油田西北部奥陶系主要的产建阵地之一。基于三维地震数据、测井和钻井资料,并结合地震属性提取技术,对该区下奥陶统岩溶发育条件和储集层发育特征进行了研究,探讨了岩溶洞穴的控制因素和发育模式。结果表明: TH12402井区处于北西向次级鼻状构造的南翼,该区发育加里东中期Ⅲ幕古岩溶作用,岩溶地形以低幅度的溶丘和洼地为主,地表水系呈南北向汇流且分支水系相对欠发育;岩溶储集空间以大型迷宫状岩溶管道和分散的孤立状洞穴为主,主要分布在不整合面以下40~100m,且以未充填为主;近东西向的走向断层、次级鼻状构造以及上奥陶统地层尖灭线联合控制了古岩溶洞穴的发育,形成了平缓岩溶地貌区走向断裂汇流型岩溶洞穴模式。上述成果为相似井区的古岩溶储集层预测和井位部署提供了理论依据。     

塔里木盆地塔河油田TH12402井区中下奥陶统古岩溶洞穴发育模式

塔里木盆地塔河油田TH12402井区位于志留系覆盖区,发育典型的古岩溶缝洞型储集层,是塔河油田西北部奥陶系主要的产建阵地之一。基于三维地震数据、测井和钻井资料,并结合地震属性提取技术,对该区下奥陶统岩溶发育条件和储集层发育特征进行了研究,探讨了岩溶洞穴的控制因素和发育模式。结果表明:TH12402井区处于北西向次级鼻状构造的南翼,该区发育加里东中期Ⅲ幕古岩溶作用,岩溶地形以低幅度的溶丘和洼地为主,地表水系呈南北向汇流且分支水系相对欠发育;岩溶储集空间以大型迷宫状岩溶管道和分散的孤立状洞穴为主,主要分布在不整合面以下40～100 m,且以未充填为主;近东西向的走向断层、次级鼻状构造以及上奥陶统地层尖灭线联合控制了古岩溶洞穴的发育,形成了平缓岩溶地貌区走向断裂汇流型岩溶洞穴模式。上述成果为相似井区的古岩溶储集层预测和井位部署提供了理论依据。     

Manganese deposits in a Carboniferous paleokarst profile,Um Bogma region,west-central Sinai,Egypt

The Carboniferous carbonates of the Um Bogma Formation of the west-central Sinai include two rock successions. The lower succesion consists of karstic carbonates, intrakarstic products, weathering varieties, manganese deposits, and soil cover. The lower karstic rocks and the associated soil cover are preserved under a rhythmic alternation of dolostone and shale forming the upper rock succession of the Um Bogma Formation. The all over congruent relations between the manganese deposits and the fossilized karst profile, karst products, and the associated pedogenesis demonstrate the role of weathering in the accumulation of these deposits during Carboniferous karstification. It is clear that the manganese oxides were deposited during the mature stage of Carboniferous karstification, i.e., during the soil formation, preceeding initial diagenetic change of the karstic rocks and final deposition of the related late-diagenetic caliche cement. The geochemical behavior of Mn during the karstification and the microbiological processes involved in pedogenesis played an essential role in the concentration of the manganese ore in the subsoil horizon of the paleokarst profile. The Um Bogma Formation has been subjected to another episode of karstification during the Quaternary and resulted in lowering of the landforms of the Carboniferous carbonates and destruction of the Carboniferous karst and the associated manganese deposits in some localities.     

塔河油田溶洞充填物的元素地球化学特征及环境意义

塔河油田位于塔里木盆地塔北隆起阿克库勒凸起的西南部,加里东-海西期强烈抬升导致的大气淡水岩溶作用、早石炭世发生的广泛海侵以及二叠纪大规模的火山活动,对奥陶系岩溶储层产生了不同程度的改造。对塔河地区的地质演化特征以及塔河油田地区溶洞砂泥质充填物镓、铷、锶、钡等微量元素和稀土元素的研究表明,大部分样品表现出淡水岩溶特征,仅T615井等4口井的溶洞充填物却表现出海水成因特征,充填物的元素地球化学特征表现出与早期大气淡水岩溶作用的叠加效应;此外,还有少量样品具有能反映热液作用特征的Eu正异常,说明该区碳酸盐岩地层也受热水溶蚀作用的影响。通过溶洞方解石和溶洞方解石胶结物碳、氧同位素值分布特征的分析也证实了塔河地区除了发育大气淡水岩溶作用外,还存在海水-淡水混合水溶蚀作用和热液溶蚀作用。     

塔北哈拉哈塘奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层发育特征及主要岩溶期次

位于塔北隆起中部的哈拉哈塘地区,具有良好的油气成藏条件,是近期塔北油气勘探的突破新区,勘探的主要目标是奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层。本文通过对区域沉积、构造演化背景的分析,利用钻井、岩芯、地震等资料,对本区岩溶型储层的沉积和成岩作用特征进行了研究,探讨了储层发育的主要岩溶阶段、岩溶模式及主控因素。结果表明哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层的主体在一间房组和鹰山组一段,储集空间主要为近层状分布的溶蚀孔洞/洞穴和裂缝,岩溶储层的发育主要受控于一间房组沉积末期的准同生期岩溶和志留系沉积之前的表生期(潜山+顺层)岩溶。前一期岩溶具有区域分布较均匀、规模较小的特点;后一期岩溶在前期岩溶的基础上发育,并根据古地貌的差异在平面上分为4个区:北部Ⅰ区一间房组直接暴露,发育古潜山岩溶;Ⅱ区一间房组之上覆盖了厚度不等的吐木休克组、良里塔格组和桑塔木组,岩溶主要受控于河流和断裂的下切及由北部Ⅰ区地表水补给的地下水顺层岩溶;南部的Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区发育顺层及沿断裂的岩溶和淡水与南部海水的混合水岩溶。在以上两期主要岩溶作用的影响下,哈拉哈塘一间房组和鹰山组一段地层发育近层状岩溶洞穴、孔洞、角砾孔和裂缝,形态多变,具有极强的非均质性。     

Investigating the hydrogeological properties of springs in a karstic aquifer in Dorfak region (Guilan Province,Iran)

Karstic aquifers are considered as the main sources of groundwater in the northeast of Rudbar, Iran. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hydrogeological properties of karstic springs in this region. For this purpose, saturation indices (SI values) were calculated using the geochemical PHREEQC model for a number of minerals in the groundwater in the karstic aquifer. Moreover, AqQA-RockWare software packages were used to prepare hydrogeochemical plots for the aquifer, using which the sources of the ions in the water were identified. The origin of bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium ions in water was determined using chloro-alkaline indices. Moreover, through plotting a Piper diagram for spring water samples, it was discovered that water type of all springs is the Ca-HCO₃ type, confirming the karstic characteristic of springs in the area. A Durov diagram also suggests that the water composition of the springs is of the bicarbonate type with the dominant Ca cation, suggesting the calcareous effects of the region on the quality of groundwater and exhibiting a single source for the springs. The calculated saturation indices show that most of the water samples are undersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and CO₂. The stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) and deuterium excess values were used to get information about transport pathways in groundwater, atmospheric moisture, and the degree of interaction between these reservoirs. The degree of karstification of the recharge area of the karst aquifer was determined to be 5.5 from an analysis of the hydrograph Sefidab Spring.     

云南牛栏江德泽-李子箐段岩溶发育特征及成因分析

云南牛栏江德泽-李子箐段岩溶发育,主要类型为岩溶塌陷和溶洞（暗河）。在研究区内现有地质资料及调查成果的基础上,总结了研究区岩溶发育的基本特征：空间上分布广、密度大,个体规模大,各类岩溶类型相互连通。系统地分析了研究区岩溶作用的成因,主要为：①区内的降雨量较大,为岩溶的发育提供了丰富的水源;②研究区西北部的车乌-鲁冲大断裂,控制着区内总体构造形态,并造成了北东向与南东向等多组节理裂隙的发育,为岩溶水的流通创造了条件;③广泛分布的可溶性岩石,为岩溶的发育提供了物质条件,有利于岩溶作用的发生。     

Karstification in Miocene gypsum: an example from Sivas, Turkey

In this study, karstification developed in the Miocene gypsum which covers a large area around Sivas, Turkey, the relation between regional tectonics and karstification, and hydrogeological features have been investigated. The karstic features in the gypsum have developed conforming to the fault zones and the general strikes of gypsum beds. In the study area, numerous dolines (sinkholes) and ponors (swallow holes) of different sizes are observed. Most of these karstic features are in the different-sized longitudinal depressions (troughs) which conform to the tectonic structures. These karstic features occur NE-SW along bedding planes and about NW-SE and NE-SW along fault zones. At the intersections, high-capacity (yield) karst springs (Göydün and Seyfe springs) are observed. The Göydün and Seyfe springs issue from the karstified gypsum aquifer, with an average discharge of 1.10 m³/s and 0.25 m³/s, respectively. In addition, there are some low-yield (a few l/s) springs in the same drainage area. The surface drainage area of the springs is 64 km², and the precipitation in this area cannot provide the total groundwater discharging from Göydün and Seyfe springs. Water budget calculations indicate that more than 70% of the water discharged by these two springs is provided from the adjacent basins. The Göydün and Seyfe springs are rich in dissolved solids and average electrical conductivities (EC) are about 13?000 μS/cm. The major cations in the waters are Ca and Na; major anions are SO₄ and Cl, and the waters are brackish. Because of these properties, especially in summer and autumn, the springs cause extreme salinization in K?z?l?rmak river.     

Hydrogeological characteristics of some deep siphonal springs in Serbia and Montenegro karst

In terms of hydrogeological, engineering-geological, and hydrotechnical tapping in karst in relation to ground waters, karst channels, springs and ponors, speleodiving is the only research method which enables direct observation, studying and exact geological mapping of karst channels and caverns. Data collected during speleodiving research contribute considerably to the analysis of karst evolution process in the given region, which is very important in evaluating the depth of karstification and determining the main direction of the groundwater flow. In the past 30 years in Serbia and Montenegro, speleodivers have investigated over 40 siphonal springs, active cave channels and ponors, of which more than 20 are proof of deep siphonal circulation in karstic aquifers. The karstic springs are the most interesting phenomenon from a hydrogeological view point, and their investigations need particular attention. Most of significant karstic springs are on the rims of erosion basins—perimeters of karst poljes, river valleys, sea coasts and contact areas between karst aquifers and hydrogeological barriers. General characteristics of the spring regime are the direct correlation between precipitation and spring discharge. Moreover, the hydrogeological regime of these springs also depends on the size of the catchment area, karstic aquifer retardation capacity, total porosity, as well as lithological and structural characteristics.     

皖北奥陶系稀土元素地化特征及其古岩溶环境标志

用等离子光谱仪(ICP)方法,对安徽北部肖县下奥陶统顶部14个岩溶岩样品的稀土元素(15个项目)含量进行了测定分析。在阐明REE总量和配分模式及LREE和HREE、δEu和δCe特征及相互关系的基础上,讨论了稀土地球化学特征与古岩溶发育环境的关系,并初步探讨了岩溶岩溶蚀程度和岩溶岩形成环境的定量识别标准。      

Seepage problems in the right abutment of the Shahid Abbaspour dam, southern Iran

In this study, seepage phenomena through the right abutment of Shahid Abbaspour dam are investigated. The Shahid Abbaspour dam is a 200 m high arch dam, which regulates the waters of the Karun River, serves power generation, and flood control and irrigation needs. The dam site lies in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. This region presents continuous series of mainly of karstic limestone, marl, shale and gypsum ranging in age from Jurassic to Pliocene. The region has subsequently been folded and faulted. Seepage from the Shahid Abbaspour reservoir occurs mainly through the karstic limestone.The basic foundation treatment of the dam consisted of consolidation grouting, a high-pressure grout curtain and a drainage curtain. Moreover, a 144 m high and 30 m wide concrete cutoff wall was built to prevent reservoir seepage through a clay-filled fracture zone in the right abutment. The grout curtain penetrates the “Principal Vuggy Zone” only beneath the central portion of the dam and below the cutoff wall. In the right abutment fan curtains were constructed to reduce drainage flows, but the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrogeological studies have been carried out. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to monitor fluctuations in groundwater level. Besides these, water chemistry, dye tracer, pinhole and XRF tests have been carried out. As a result of these studies, seepage paths have been identified in the karstic limestone in the right abutment of the dam.     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶分类、期次及勘探思路

奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩已成为塔里木盆地最重要的勘探开发层系,岩溶作用则是形成优质碳酸盐岩储集层的关键因素之一。针对塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩岩溶分类方案不统一、岩溶术语界定不清楚、生产应用难度大的现状,作者分析了奥陶系不同地区、不同层位、不同时期岩溶储集层特征及岩溶发育程度的差异性,依据岩溶成因及主控因素提出了塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶分类,划分出风化岩溶、礁滩体岩溶和埋藏岩溶3大类,其中风化岩溶又分为潜山岩溶和层间岩溶2个亚类。研究指出礁滩体岩溶、层间岩溶、潜山岩溶是塔里木盆地的重要勘探岩溶类型,并以构造运动为主线将奥陶系岩溶划分为5期,开展了不同类型岩溶特征及分布规律研究,指出了3种重要类型岩溶的勘探思路。此次研究统一了塔里木盆地奥陶系岩溶分类及期次,对勘探开发生产和研究工作具有较强的指导性,具有重要的理论指导及实践应用意义。