高岭土矿物组分特征对纸张涂布粘浓度的影响

粘浓度是纸张涂布的一项重要指标，它受涂布高岭土的矿物组分特征所影响。蒙脱石、水云母类矿物的存在，特别是蒙脱石的混入对涂布高岭土是有害的。高岭石的结晶有序度与粘浓度存在一定联系。高岭石的结晶指数采用Ｈｉｎｃｋｌｅｙ方法测定，从０．３３变化至１．２７，其粘浓度的范围从４１．７－６６．５％。当结晶度指数大于１时，粘浓度大于６６％；当结晶度指数小于１时，粘浓度小于６６％。有序的高岭石有利于粘浓度的提高。进     

茂名高岭石低温煅烧物化性能变化机理

茂名高岭石经547℃低温煅烧后,由结晶度较高的高岭石转变为变高岭石,主要成分为非晶质和部分有序的半晶质,Si-O-Al键断裂生成Si-O和Al-O键,随着结构的变化,其物理化学性质也随之发生变化.文章对煅烧前后高岭石的粒度、白度、粘浓度等进行测试,并分析这几个重要的物理指标在煅烧前后产生变化的机理.     

铝土矿粘土研究的回顾(续)

我国球粘土应成为独立矿种,湖沼球粘土中含“内胶体”的自生高岭石是生物有机质作用造成,水云母、I-M间层粘土矿物及有机质会增加可塑性、粘结性及干燥强度,钾、钠的增加可降低烧结温度。沉积球粘土与残积成因高岭石为无序或较无序,古生代煤系高岭石为有序和高度有序,岩浆热液成因的高岭石常为有序或高度有序;北方古生代软质粘土（紫矸）为规模较大、较为均匀稳定的高度有序高岭石,应积极开发。硬水铝石岩溶铝土矿应属于生物有机质成矿作用的沉积型铝土矿。     

巴林石、寿山石透明度研究

通过分析巴林石、寿山石样品的FTIR与XRD光谱特征,指出有序度指数（OI）、结晶度指数（HI,DHI）及半高宽（FWHM（00l））在用于研究高岭石与地开石混合相样品的组分时具有局限性;计算了样品的有序度指数和结晶度指数并研究了各自与透明度之间的关系,结果证实,寿山石样品的透明度随其有序度与结晶度的增加而增大,但没有发现巴林石样品存在类似规律。     

运用X射线衍射和多重峰分离程序解析高岭石的结构缺陷

本文尝试运用Ｘ射线衍射与多重峰分离方法研究高岭石的结构缺陷，重新评价了Ｈｉｎｃｋｌｅｙ（１９６３）结晶指数（ＨＩ），运用０２，１１区域对（１１１）和（１１１）峰的分峰结果，定义了新的结晶度指数：ＣＩ＝（Ｉ１１１＋Ｉ１１１）／Ｉ１１０，它完全以衍射峰的强度进行计算，较灵敏地反映出高岭石真实的结构信息，探讨了高岭石结晶度与高峰石对称性，有序度以及与高岭石Ｐｂ／３滑移缺陷的关系，结果证明高岭石结晶度越高     

谱学研究在印章石中的应用:以昌化石为例

在野外地质工作、显微镜下观察、电子探针分析和差热分析的基础上,运用X射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析对印章石(以著名的昌化石为例)进行了谱学分析。昌化石主要矿物成分为高岭石族矿物,主要为迪开石及高岭石-迪开石过渡矿物。通过X射线衍射图谱分析计算其结晶度指数(HI)表明,高岭石族矿物的结晶有序度存在明显的高低变化。红外光谱特征显示,其中属于外部羟基振动的3 697cm-1谱峰强度(A)与属于内部羟基振动的3 620cm-1谱峰强度(B)的比值随着结晶度指数的降低有逐渐升高的趋势,且比值A/B的大小可以大致用来区分高岭石和迪开石:一般高岭石比值大于1,而迪开石小于1。差热分析的结果也印证了高岭石族矿物有序度高低变化的现象,如:高岭石族矿物在加热到400℃～700℃时会出现一个强烈尖锐的吸热峰,吸热峰的强度及温度与其有序度的高低存在正相关性。当主要组成矿物成分为较纯净的迪开石时,其有序度相对较高,透明度也较好;当主要矿物成分为高岭石-迪开石过渡矿物时,其有序度较低,透明度也较差。X射线衍射分析和红外光谱都是研究分析印章石的有效方法,但X射线分析通常为有损分析,且仪器使用条件相对较高;而红外光谱则可以无损且具有扫描时间短等...     

九宫山地带性土壤颗粒中粘粒矿物的特征

以湖北省九宫山的4种垂直地带性土壤(基带棕红壤、山地黄红壤、山地黄棕壤和山地草甸土)为材料,分离不同粒级的土壤颗粒(<2000 nm、450~2000 nm、100~450 nm和25~100 nm),并对各粒级颗粒的矿物组成进行分析,揭示山地土壤中粘粒矿物的演变特点。结果表明,随海拔升高,土壤中针铁矿、赤铁矿和高岭石减少,伊利石、1.42 nm矿物和三水铝石增加。随粒径减小,土壤颗粒中粘粒矿物组成和结晶状况发生明显变化,其中1.42 nm矿物、高岭石和伊利石减少,其结晶度变弱,而针铁矿和赤铁矿增多。土壤随山体海拔升高,三八面体矿物增加,二八面体矿物减少;而随颗粒粒径的减小,此变化规律反之。     

煤系高岭石的原始晶粒尺寸及结晶度对插层作用的影响

采用SEM、XRF、XRD和IR研究了大同、平朔和淮北煤系高岭石的结构、粒度及其特性,探讨了粒度大小对高岭石插层作用的影响及其机理。研究发现:粒度中等且结晶有序的平朔煤系高岭石插层率最高,其次为晶体粗大但结晶有序的大同高岭石,粒度最小且结晶无序的淮北高岭石插层率最低。研究认为高岭石原始晶粒粒度对高岭石插层作用有重要影响,中等粒度最有利于高岭石插层作用的进行,粒度过大或过小均不利于高岭石插层作用的进行,其原因是由于不同粒度的高岭石插层作用过程中导致的差异弹性变形引起的。结晶有序度对高岭石插层作用也有重要影响,结构无序不利于插层作用的进行。     

高岭石矿物缺陷结构研究——以晋北晚古生代煤系地层高岭岩为例

本文主要根据ＸＲＤ分析和ＩＲ光谱分析的有关参数，对山西境内产部晚古生代煤系夹矸高岭岩的矿物结构特征进行了详细研究，认为高岭石矿物结晶度与其显微结构有关，隐晶质高岭岩比碎屑团粒状和蠕虫状高岭岩结晶指数高。高岭石的无序度主要反映于（ａ，ｂ）面上的随机层错，同时与样品中低缺陷相的比率有关。动荡的水介质环境可能导致其无序度的增加。     

高岭石-多水高岭石演化系列的热谱特征

高岭石-多水高岭石演化系列共包括四种矿物:结晶良好的高岭石、结晶差的或b轴无序的高岭石、7Å多水高岭石和10Å多水高岭石。我们将结晶良好的高岭石和10Å多水高岭石分别视为这一演化系列的两个端元矿物,其余两种矿物则是演化系列的中间矿物。该系列中的矿物同属于1:1型含水的层状铝硅酸盐矿物,因而它们的化学成分基本相同,主要差别是在晶体结构上由于单位结构层沿c轴彼此堆叠的方式而引起从有序向无序变化,同时层间键力的减弱引起水分子进入,促使层间水的含量逐渐增大。基于以上特征,这一系列中的四种类型矿物受热以后的热效应很灵敏,详细研究它们在加热脱水过程中的变化规律,可以加深对矿物特性的认识和鉴别。     

关于高岭村高岭土矿物的新认识

江西省景德镇市高岭村是世界闻名的高岭土产地,高岭石矿物的定名即渊源于此。搞清该区高岭土的成因和矿物组成,对我国粘土矿物学的研究具有一定意义。1978年我们对高岭村地区的高岭土矿物作了进一步的分析研究,获得了一些新认识,报导出来供有关方面讨论。     

Formation and evolution of lateritic profiles in the middle Amazon basin: Insights from radiation-induced defects in kaolinite

The content of radiation-induced defects (RIDs) in kaolinite samples originating from lateritic soils and continental detritic sediments of the middle Amazon Basin (Brazil) is investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance. The paleodose registered by kaolinites ranges from 80 to 900 kGy. Present-day dose rates of radiation, determined from the whole-rock U and Th content, range between 4000 and 40,000 mGy/ka. In most samples, U and Th concentrations are correlated, suggesting that U has not been remobilized by lateritization. This observation is consistent with the fact that ∼80% of the total U content is incorporated in resistant minerals, such as zircon and Ti oxides. The heterogeneous distribution of U, observed by induced fission tracks mapping, makes it possible to neglect the α-radiation contribution of the U decay chains in the dose-rate calculation. The interpretation of the measured content of RIDs in kaolinite is then performed using the calculated present-day dose rate and assuming equilibrium in the radioactive decay chains. For the sedimentary samples, the amount of RIDs is broadly correlated to the dose rate and provides apparent absolute ages older than 20 Ma. The RID contents in kaolinites from the lateritic soils provide apparent ages ranging from 10 to 6 Ma. The high RID content of these lateritic kaolinites shows that their chemical, isotopic, and crystallographic properties are not representative of present-day weathering conditions. Models assuming the “dynamical equilibrium” of kaolinites with local physical-chemical conditions prevailing in lateritic soils are thus questionable. Alternatively, our findings bring strong support for the use of the isotopic composition of kaolinites to decipher continental paleo-climates.     

煤系地层中高岭石的形态-成因类型

大量的透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察表明:煤系地层中的主要粘士矿物——高岭石有独特的形貌特征。这些特征反映物源、沉积环境以及成岩后生作用的特点。本文将矿物形态与成煤各阶段的地质环境相联系,把煤系地层中高岭石划分为碎屑状高岭石、胶凝状高岭石、玻屑状高岭石、鳞片状高岭石四种形态-成因类型。它们相应的成因类型为沉积成因、胶体成因、火山灰蚀变成因、成岩变质成因。认识和研究高岭石矿物的形态与成因,在煤田地质学领域中有理论和实用意义。     

Early kaolinization of detrital Weald facies in the Galve Sub-basin (Central Iberian Chain,north-east Spain) and its relationship to palaeoclimate

A set of samples from the Camarillas Formation (Barremian, Weald facies) in the Galve Sub-basin (Central Iberian Chain, north-east Spain) was studied to determine the origin of the abundant kaolinitic clays and their relationship to the sedimentary environment, palaeoclimate and diagenetic processes. The samples were examined by X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, with special emphasis on clay-mineral characterization. The analysed materials are a mixture of detrital (quartz, micas, and K-feldspars) and authigenic phases (kaolinite, Fe-oxides, gibbsite, dickite, and calcite). Therefore, the mineralogy of the rocks reflects the source area, the sedimentary conditions, and the diagenetic evolution. The most abundant authigenic phases are kaolinites. The combination of XRD and electron microscopy shows that the kaolinites are well crystallized and have as high a degree of ordering as those formed by weathering in palaeosols; this clay formed the rock matrix, intergrowths with muscovite, and vermicular booklets that replaced detrital silicates as a consequence of intense dissolution processes. The diagenetic processes have recrystallized kaolinites in the sandstones, producing larger crystallinity indices and dickite. In contrast, kaolinites from the claystones and siltstones probably reflect formation by weathering. The kaolinitization process described, associated with the crystallization of gibbsite and iron oxides, is in agreement with the relatively warm and humid conditions described for the Iberian Range basin in the early Barremian.     

Study of two alteration systems as natural analogues for radionuclide release and migration

U-deposit hosted in hydrothermally altered tuffs in Mexico, together with weathering profiles from Cameroon were studied as natural analogues of radionuclide release and migration. Using petrological and spectroscopic methods (infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance), we have distinguished successive secondary mineral parageneses and the behaviour of radionuclides.

In the U-deposit, the mineral parageneses show that uranium migration is mainly controlled by the redox potential and silica activity of the altering solutions. The high silica content of the solutions is caused by the intense alteration of volcanic rocks. Two types of secondary clay mineral parageneses are evidenced: a kaolinization, intense where uranium is accumulated in the welded tuffs, and a smectitization mainly developed in the underlying weakly welded tuffs.

Several types of kaolinite have been defined according to their genesis (fillings in fissures and feldspar pseudomorphs), their location relative to a breccia pipe where uranium has accumulated (core and rim of the pipe; surrounding rhyolitic tuffs), and particle morphology, structural order and substitutional Fecontent. It is shown that the variations of the concentration of paramagnetic defect centres, always more than ten times as important than those measured in weathering kaolinites, are only correlated to the location of the kaolinites. The highest values correspond to the breccia pipe kaolinites, e.g. kaolinites located in the uranium accumulation zones. Moreover, one or two main defects centres are detected depending on the intimate association of kaolinites with uranium-bearing minerals. Besides, in weathering kaolinites from U-depleted laterites, defect centre concentrations are correlated to the total Fe203 content in bulk samples. This means that the defect centre acts as a memory of the travel of uranium when this element was sorbed onto iron gels in the first stage of weathering.

It is concluded that paramagnetic defect centres in kaolinites might allow an efficient fingerprint of successive irradiations in the natural analogues under study and could be an useful tool to control radionuclides migration through kaolinite-containing clayey materials such as those used for waste repository.

A better understanding of radiation efficiency as well as accurate dose-ratekaolinite-containing clayey materials such as those used for waste reposit estimation are needed for a quantitative tracing of the migration ofA better understanding of radiation efficiency as well as accurate dose-ratekaolin radionuclide elements. With this aim, a simulation has been undertaken withestimation are needed for a quantitative tracing of the migration of various radiations sources. We have determined for each irradiation the parameters of the paramagnetic centres created in order to understand the way they are forming. The knowledge of the parameters governing the formation and the stability of the radiation centres in kaolinites allow to use this mineral as a natural dosimeter.     

矿石中金的快速测定——Z/8000原子吸收光谱法

对于含硫化物样品,用2:1逆王水分解,泡沫塑料吸附,缩短(或省去)了除硫和有机碳的灼烧时间,解决了矿石中含硫和有机碳高时,经长时间灼烧,硫、碳仍除不尽,致使金的分析结果偏低的问题。逆王水分解后的试样用泡沫塑料分离富集金,回收率在95%以上。高含量金火焰法测定,低含量金石墨炉法测定,操作极为方便快速。火焰法测定时,特征浓度为0.48ppm/l%吸收,VC为2—11%;石墨炉法测定时,绝对灵敏度为2.48×10^-11g/l%吸收,VC为7.42%。     

ON THE MAGNESIUM-IRON MINERALS OF SCHISTS OF THE BUGITE COMPLEX

Eclogitic (E-type) and related parageneses of natural diamonds are represented by suites of diamond inclusions and xenoliths of diamondiferous eclogites. Major-element data are presented for 32 coexisting minerals forming 19 bimineralic and trimineralic inclusions from diamonds, including omphacite-orthopyroxene (1 sample), garnet-omphacite (5 samples), garnet-coesite (5 samples), omphacite-coesite (2 samples), garnet-picroilmenite (2 samples), garnet-kyanite (1 sample), omphacite-phlogopite (2 samples), and garnel-omphacite-phlogopite (1 sample). Major-element variations of coexisting minerals are typical of corresponding eclogites. Omphacite with 5.02 wt% Na₂O, inter-grown with orthopyroxene with Mg# 83.7, represents the first example of a diamondiferous websterite paragenesis including Na-clinopyroxene. This indicates a broader range in mineral compositions of E-type-related websteritepyroxenite-associated diamonds than known previously. This unique websterite-pyroxenitic mineral assemblage represents a transitional paragenesis between peridotitic or ultramafic (U-type) and E-type parageneses.

Bimineralic eclogites, ilmenite eclogites, coesite + corundum + kyanite eclogites, and grospydites occur not only as sets of inclusions in diamonds but, with a few exceptions (ilmenite and coesite eclogites), also as diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths. The coesite eclogite paragenesis is a significant inclusion suite in diamonds, and was detected in about 15 diamond occurrences worldwide. It represents from 15% to 22% of all E-type diamonds in several occurrences, and thus should not be considered as rare.     

太湖14000年以来古环境演变的湖泊记录

本文根据东西太湖短柱岩芯的沉积物的物理、化学、生物指标的综合分析,讨论了该区距今14ka来的古气候变化过程,结果表明14.3-13.3kaBP,太湖水位低,环境指标甚至表现为暴露特征,反映了气候干旱:13.3-12.4kaBP,为偏暖湿的过渡阶段;该孔柱270-280cm (11.5kaBP左右)各类指标均明显反映冷干特征,可能是YoungerDrays事件的记录,与我国东部其它地区有可比性;约10.9-10kaBP,这一时期是整个研究时段内一个较显著的温暖期。表现为还原沉积环境和水位相对较深;约10-7.2kaBP为冷暖交替的过渡带;7.2-5.737kaBP为暖湿气候;5.05kaBP多项分析指标发生突变,反映物源发生显著变化,可能存在沉积间断;表层沉积物则呈现现代环境的特征,西太湖藻类生长茂盛,偏氧化的沉积环境。目前湖泊生产力较高,富营养化程度高,表现为藻型湖泊特征;东太湖有机质来源以东太湖中生长较为茂盛的维管水生植物为主,目前湖泊生产力较低,富营养化程度低,表现为典型的草型湖泊特征。