Laboratory Study on the Relative Performance of Silty-Sand Soils Reinforced with Linen Fiber

Randomly distributed fibers have been successfully used for the reinforcement of soils to improve their properties. However, the technique requires extensive testing on samples before it can be implemented. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify and quantify the influence of variables of linen-fiber (content and aspect ratio) on the performance of linen-fiber reinforced silty-sand specimens. The linen fibers have filament textures with special properties such as: low costs, plenitude in the region, lightweight, tension capacity and relative strength against deterioration. Linen fibers with diverse fiber contents (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0% of dry weight) and ratio aspect (50, 100 and 150) were used. The composite soils were laboratory tested for compaction, unconfined compression strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and direct shear tests. The test results indicated that adding linen fiber in silty-sand soil resulted in increasing in unconfined compression strength, California Bearing Ratio values, peak friction angle and cohesion values. Furthermore, adding linen fibers have the dual benefit of increasing the stiffness (modulus of elasticity) and the ductility of the reinforced soil. However, this study suggests that the optimum fiber content for silty-sand samples reinforced with linen fibers is approximately 0.75% of the dry weight of the soil and a maximum performance was achieved at aspect ratio of 100 to avoid fiber balling. The laboratory results were used for the development of linear regression equation that best relates the UCS and CBR of a reinforced soil to the aforementioned parameters.     

膨胀土CBR强度特性机制分析

以在建的周集-六安高速公路为依托工程,采集典型弱、中膨胀土开展系统的试验研究,探讨了膨胀土CBR强度随含水率、击实功和膨胀潜势的变化规律。试验研究表明：CBR峰值含水率要大于最优含水率,且膨胀潜势越高,击实功越大,CBR峰值含水率与最优含水率的差值越大。结合非饱和土气水状态理论,分析了膨胀土CBR强度特性的内在机制。研究发现,CBR强度特性的上述规律性,主要是由不同饱和度条件下膨胀土所处的气水状态所决定的。当饱和度小于界限饱和度时,土体处于非饱和状态,CBR强度随饱和度的增加呈指数增长,说明膨胀土的固有特性对CBR强度的影响很大;当饱和度大于等于界限饱和度时,膨胀土强度特性与饱和土类似,CBR强度主要受干密度控制。     

Stabilization of Dune Sand with Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) and Polyvinyl Acetate Using Dry and Wet Processing

Dune sands were stabilized using poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyvinyl acetate and examined using physical and mechanical tests. The California Bearing Ratio test was used to measure the engineering properties of the stabilized materials under dry and the wet environmental conditions, revealing the bearing ratio of the improved dune sands. Our results indicate that both polymers have good potential for increasing the strength of dune sands in the dry state and that there is little decrease in the CBR strength in the saturated state in comparison with the dry state, indicating the stiffness and stability of the compounds against moisture. This is an important point to consider for longevity of roads and road repair and maintenance, because good strength of stabilized sand in saturated sand can prevent early destruction of the road caused by demolition or erosion of the road bed during saturation. The results also demonstrate that the optimum added quantity of polymer for maximum effect was 3% by weight and that the curing time for maximum effect was 28 days. The amount of polymer added was very more important factor for improved dune sand California Bearing Ratio strength in comparison with curing time of the stabilized specimens.     

基于有效应力法的静压桩时变承载力研究

基于天然饱和黏土地基中静压沉桩扩孔问题的弹塑性解,以沉桩结束后桩周土体的应力状态为初始条件,推导了桩周孔压消散的解析解。在此基础上,考虑桩周土体再固结过程中的土体松弛效应,提出了采用有效应力计算天然饱和黏土中静压桩时变承载力的理论方法。通过已有离心模型试验和现场试验结果对该方法进行了验证,研究了沉桩结束后静压桩承载力随固结时间的变化规律。结果表明,提出的理论方法合理考虑了土体的原位力学特性、沉桩效应及沉桩结束后土体有效应力的变化,因而可以较好地预测静压桩的时变承载力。该研究成果为合理确定黏土中静压桩承载力提供了理论依据,具有一定的理论和工程意义。     

Assessing Stabilization Effectiveness of Combined Cement Kiln Dust and Quarry Fines on Pavement Subgrades Dominated by Black Cotton Soil

In developing technically viable and economically sustainable methods of improving soil properties to suit the requirements of engineering structures, designers/engineers are to take into consideration the availability and cost effectiveness of materials required for such improvement scheme. In line with this, the present study evaluates stabilization effectiveness of combined quarry fines (QF) and cement kiln dust (CKD) on subgrades dominated by black cotton soil (BC soil). The experimental programme included Atterberg limits, compaction and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests on soil mixtures prepared with a representative BC soil at constant dosage of 10 % QF and 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 % CKD. Prior to testing, soil mixtures for CBR test prepared at optimum moistures and compacted with British standard light compaction effort were soaked for 96 h after curing for 28 days. Test data show that the addition of QF and CKD together reduced the plasticity index that resulted in rapid textural changes and eventual improvement in constructability, led to an increase in the optimum moisture content and a decrease in the maximum dry unit weight. Furthermore, the coupled effects of QF and CKD resulted in substantial increase in CBR strength of the composite specimens. Overall, mixtures created using the proposed QF and CKD ratios rendered the soil physically and mechanically stable producing results that are compatible with desired values for engineering performance typically required by various user agencies for pavement subgrades. This improvement scheme is not only cost effective, but it is capable of lessening the demand on non renewable resources thereby reducing the footprint of road construction projects in the environment.     

载荷试验尺寸效应及地基承载力确定方法探讨

压板载荷试验是目前被普遍采用且认为是最可靠的地基承载力确定方法,但其影响因素多诸如压板尺寸、埋置深度、地基土均匀性、沉降稳定标准等,尤其以压板尺寸对试验结果的影响最大。工程实践表明,利用压板试验确定的地基承载力特征值设计的基础,实测沉降与计算沉降之间的误差较大,在已有研究成果基础上,研究载荷试验尺寸效应及地基承载力确定方法：（1）综述目前地基承载力确定方面存在问题;（2）分析载荷试验的尺寸效应;（3）基于杨光华教授提出的非线性切线模量法,推导并给出了如何利用小压板载荷试验结果得到实际基础的荷载-沉降曲线的方法;（4）给出利用实际基础的p-s曲线确定地基承载力的方法,实现地基安全和沉降双控的目的;（5）由于压板试验只能反映浅层土,文中利用旁压试验确定深层土的地基承载力的方法。具体工程实例结果表明,基于利用小压板获得的参数计算的沉降值更符合实际;研究通过小压板原位测试方法获取沉降计算的岩土体统参数方法,不仅能够提高沉降计算精度,还可促进基础设计理论的发展和设计水平的提高。     

弱膨胀土工程特性及其路基处治对策

针对湖北襄-荆高速公路膨胀土,在室内开展了弱膨胀土的压实特性、胀缩性状、力学特性试验研究,发现压实膨胀土的工程性状受含水率与压实度的影响,胀缩特性是膨胀土的固有特性,其大小取决于起始湿度和密度;击实膨胀土的最佳含水量和最大干密度随击实功变化而变化,压实功愈大,土的最大干密度也愈大,而对应的最佳含水量愈小;膨胀土的CBR值随其含水率的变化规律类似于击实曲线,但CBR峰值含水率大于最佳含水率,为深入认识膨胀土的工程特性提供了帮助。因此,利用弱膨胀土填筑路堤时,不仅要考虑经过击实后的土的性质,而且还要考虑在填方建成、条件改变后土的性能;膨胀土路堤填筑除考虑压实度与CBR值要求外,尚需考虑胀缩总率的影响。最后,推荐了弱膨胀土路堤结构型式,并提出了弱膨胀土用于路堤填筑的控制标准。     

Bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soils

It is difficult to determine the bearing capacity of a foundation in unsaturated expansive soil, although this is most important. The bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soil is related to the drying and wetting environment. Swelling pressure occurs when the soil volume change is constrained as an expansive soil is inundated. The expansive lateral pressure, induced by the swelling pressure is similar to the passive earth pressure. By considering the effect of the expansive lateral pressure in Terzaghi's bearing capacity formula, the bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soil is derived. Because it is very difficult to measure suction in situ, the bearing capacity is expressed using the expansive lateral pressure offers a feasible approach to calculate the bearing capacity of a foundation in unsaturated expansive soil, when suction is not measured. Plate load tests to measure the bearing capacity in situ were performed for the foundation in natural soil and saturated soil immersed by water. The verification of the bearing capacity formulae presented in this paper is conducted by comparing the predicted results with the results of the plate load tests on unsaturated expansive soils in Handan and Bingxia, China.     

红黏土承载比的土团尺寸效应研究

高液限红黏土用于路基填筑时,因其不良的水理特性,需要掺石灰或水泥改良。但红黏土成团现象十分突出,进行灰土拌和时不易达到均匀状态,影响预期改良效果。通过对不同直径的红黏土土团及石灰改良土土团进行承载比试验,结果表明：干密度随着土团直径尺寸的增大呈现先增大后减小的特征,红黏土和石灰土的最大干密度对应的土团直径处在0.2～ 5 mm范围内;而最大承载比CBR值对应的土团直径分别处在5～10 mm和2～5 mm的范围内。石灰土和红黏土的吸水率、膨胀率均随着土团尺寸的增大,呈现先减小后增大的整体变化趋势。在2～10 mm的范围内,两种土的膨胀量最小。石灰改良只对直径小于5 mm的土团的膨胀特性起到明显的抑制作用。可见,现场施工中严格控制土团的大小对保证土体的强度和水稳定性具有十分重要的意义。     

软黏土中张紧式吸力锚循环承载力简化计算方法

张紧式吸力锚是一种重要的深水浮式平台基础。深水环境中,海底浅层沉积物多为饱和软黏土。软黏土中平均荷载与循环荷载共同作用下吸力锚的循环承载力对其设计至关重要。根据最佳系泊点受倾斜荷载作用下吸力锚的破坏模式,假设不同破坏区土体具有相同的平均剪应力,且平均剪应力与循环剪切强度比等于吸力锚所受静荷载与静荷载和循环荷载之和的比值。结合室内土性试验获得的饱和软黏土样不固结不排水归一化循环剪切强度随归一化平均剪应力的变化关系曲线,建立了破坏区土体不排水循环剪切强度的确定方法。对不同破坏区土体阻力进行分析,按照水平应力具有连续性这一特点,构建了上部滑动楔体破坏区与深部平面流动破坏区交界深度的计算方法,进而提出了计算吸力锚循环承载力的简化极限平衡方法。采用该方法对竖向和水平破坏模式吸力锚循环承载力模型试验结果进行了预测,预测与试验结果基本吻合,最小和最大偏差分别为0.79 %和16.08 %,平均偏差为5.74 %,可较好地反映吸力锚循环承载力随循环破坏次数增加而减小的变化关系,验证了该方法的可行性。     

Three-dimensional analysis of bearing behavior of piled raft on soft clay

The piled raft has proved to be an economical foundation type compared to conventional pile foundations. However, there is a reluctance to consider the use of piled rafts on soft clay because of concerns about excessive settlement and insufficient bearing capacity. Despite these reasons, applications of piled rafts on soft clay have been increased recently. Current analysis methods for piled rafts on soft clay, however, are insufficient, especially for calculating the overall bearing capacity of the piled raft. This study describes the three-dimensional behavior of a piled raft on soft clay based on a numerical study using a 3D finite element method. The analysis includes a pile–soil slip interface model. A series of numerical analyses was performed for various pile lengths and pile configurations for a square raft subjected to vertical loading. Relatively stiff soil properties and different loading types were also used for estimating the bearing behavior of the piled raft. Based on the results, the effect of pile–soil slip on the bearing behavior of a piled raft was investigated. Furthermore, the proportion of load sharing of the raft and piles at the ultimate state and the relationship between the settlement and overall factor of safety was evaluated. The results show that the use of a limited number of piles, strategically located, might improve both bearing capacity and the settlement performance of the raft.     

碎石土土体性状对桩基水平承载能力的影响

桩基作为一种广泛使用的基础形式,其在如地震荷载、风荷载下的水平承载力确定十分重要。桩基水平承载能力主要由桩身及土体性质控制,而土体性质中密实度和含石量是影响碎石土场地上桩基水平承载能力的主要因素。为明确碎石土场地土性对桩基水平承载能力的影响,在室内开展5组不同土体密实度和含石量下的水平场地单桩水平静载试验,以此模型试验数据计算所得的临界荷载、极限荷载、水平扩散角、计算宽度和水平抗力系数的比例系数m值等为指标评价土体密实度和含石量对桩基水平承载能力的影响。试验结果表明增大密实度和含石量对各指标均有提升效果,但相比之下,密实度对各项指标的提升效果均明显优于含石量。综合考量下,碎石土密实度和含石量的增大均对桩基水平承载力有提升作用,但土体密实度的提升作用更明显。故对水平承载力要求较高的碎石土上桩基工程的选址中,应优先选择密实度较大的场地。     

考虑土体强度增长的黏性土地基承载力分析

近些年国内进行了多处的人工堆山工程,其特点是堆载分层施加、荷载分布面积大、施工期较长且总荷载非常大,常规地基处理不能满足堆山荷载对地基承载力的要求。结合堆山工程逐级施加的堆土荷载之间通常有较长时间间隔的特点,认为地基可在分级堆填间歇时间内发生一定程度固结有效应力提高,导致土体强度增加,因此地基承载力也产生相应的提高,利用固结引起土体强度增长导致的承载力提高是堆山工程成功的关键。应用有效应力法分析了土体固结引起强度增长的机制和计算,提出不排水条件下考虑土体强度增长的地基承载力分析方法,运用该理论对比分析了两个人工堆山工程案例,对堆山工程提出建议可供类似工程参考。     

软土地区桩端后注浆桩承载性状对比试验研究

桩端后注浆技术是在通过预埋的压浆管对桩底压注水泥浆液,从而减少桩底沉渣和桩周泥皮的负面影响,在工程上逐渐得到广泛应用。结合宁波软土地基中某工程桩基静载荷试验,分析2根相邻后注浆和未注浆试桩的承载性状;通过对桩身预埋钢筋应力计的测试,对后注浆和未注浆桩的桩身轴力传递特性和桩侧阻力发挥特性进行比较分析研究。表明桩端后注浆不仅能提高端阻,还能提高桩端以上一定范围内土层的侧摩阻力,同时,后注浆桩的单桩极限承载力约为未注浆桩的2.5倍。根据以上研究结果表明,桩端后注浆技术能有效改善桩土界面条件,提高单桩承载力和减小桩基沉降。     

安哥拉罗安达湿陷性砂的载荷试验研究

安哥拉罗安达广泛分布的湿陷性砂（Quelo砂）,是一种对水十分敏感的特殊砂土,具有浸水后强度降低,并产生湿陷变形的特殊性质,由于缺乏相应的资料和工程经验,其湿陷程度和承载特性是评价的难点。本文通过天然和浸水饱和条件下的载荷试验,实测和研究了罗安达Quelo砂的湿陷变形特点和不同条件下的承载力特征。试验研究结果显示,罗安达Quelo砂是一种湿陷程度为轻微—中等的湿陷性土;Quelo砂的承载力对水分异常敏感,地基土含水率的微小变化即可导致承载力数倍的降低,且饱和后的承载力较小,试验场地浸水饱和后的地基承载力深度修正系数可取1.07。试验表明,在工程实践中考虑地基土含水率变化对地基承载力的影响,不采用消除地基全部湿陷量或部分湿陷量的方法,而将红砂地基当做一般地基进行设计是可行的。     

波浪荷载作用下斜向抗拔桩的承载特性分析

针对浮式海洋结构采用的桩基础,考虑土的循环软化效应,将软土的循环强度与Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则相结合,基于拟静力弹塑性分析建立了循环波浪载荷作用下斜向抗拔桩循环承载性能的计算模型,确定了斜向上载荷作用下抗拔桩的循环承载力,并与单调加载作用下的斜向抗拔桩的极限承载力进行了对比,进一步探讨了桩长、桩径、桩体模量及载荷循环次数等因素对斜向抗拔桩循环承载力的影响。研究结果表明：循环波浪荷载的作用导致了斜向抗拔桩土体循环强度的分布不均匀,从而降低了地基的循环承载力。斜向抗拔桩的动态极限承载力随循环次数的增加而降低,随桩长、桩径及桩体模量的增大而增大。     

Bearing capacity of ring footings on cohesionless soil under eccentric load

This paper presents a study on the bearing capacity of eccentrically-loaded rough ring footings resting over cohesionless soil. To this aim, a series of 3D numerical simulations were performed using the finite difference method. In order to consider the effect of load eccentricity, reduction factor method is applied. In this method, the ratio of an eccentrically-loaded bearing capacity to the bearing capacity of the same footing under vertical load is defined. Comparison between the results of the numerical simulations with those of analytical solutions and experimental data indicates good agreement. A mathematical expression is also introduced for eccentrically-loaded ring footings.     

水位升降对粗砂地基承载力和沉降影响的试验研究

随着城市地下空间的开发和利用,地下水位埋深较浅的地区,例如沈阳市,在施工过程中需要降水,工程完毕后停止降水又使水位恢复。水位的变化可能会导致地基土抗剪强度的变化、地基的回弹或沉降、渗透破坏引起地表塌陷等岩土问题,尤其是地基承载能力和既有建筑物的沉降是工程设计中必须考虑的岩土问题。对于辽沈地区,大多数文献只给出定性的回答,但工程设计需要的是定量回答,这是本文的研究目的。本文通过模型试验模拟粗砂地基上的浅基础,通过静载荷试验、水位观测、水压力和土压力传感器测试等方法测试地下水位升降时,粗砂地基的承载力、土中应力及基础沉降等的变化规律,并对试验结果进行分析和数值仿真分析,提出了利用拟合公式的方法弥补数值仿真分析与模型试验误差的思路。研究结果表明,对于密实的粗砂土地基,其地基承载力特征值在地下水位上升前后会降低,降低幅度达26%,主要原因是地基土抗剪强度降低导致承载力减小;在基础上施加一定荷载后,无论地下水位升和降,基础都会产生附加沉降。水位升高4.3m,沉降为0.565mm,主要原因是地基土的承载能力降低。水位下降4.3m,沉降0.315mm,主要原因是地下水位下降导致土中有效应力增大;数值仿真分析结果表明FLAC3D 可以较好地模拟试验过程,可用拟合公式的方法修正饱和砂土出现的误差。     

纤维对石灰改良膨胀土性质的影响分析

首先对膨胀土基本性质做了试验分析,通过天然膨胀土和掺人纤维前后的石灰土的击实试验,得出了掺人少量纤维对石灰土的最优含水率和最大干密度影响很小.通过有荷膨胀率试验,得出了纤维能够抑制石灰土的膨胀性,纤维掺人量在0.05%～0.1%之间时,线膨胀率随纤维掺人量的增多而降低显著,在0.1%～0.2%之间时降低幅度减小.由无侧...     

The influence of load inclination on the undrained bearing capacity of strip footings on slopes

The effect of inclined loading on the bearing capacity of foundations on horizontal ground surface is well established and both the exact solution and simpler empirical equations are available for the calculation of the failure loads. However, for footings on or near slopes complete solutions are available only for vertical loading. This paper investigates the influence of inclined loading on the horizontal and vertical failure loads. The finite element, upper bound plasticity and stress field methods are used to examine a wide range of geometries and soil properties. The methods are first validated against known solutions for two special cases and are subsequently employed to investigate the effect of the geometrical and material properties on the failure loads and the bearing capacity load interaction diagram. Based on this investigation an empirical equation is proposed for the load interaction diagram for undrained inclined loading of footings on or near slopes.