质子活动与太阳黑子群

本文对太阳活动第２１周、２２周（１９７６年－１９９２年间）９７个质子活动区进行统计分析，包括活动区的面积、型别、磁结构、半影纤维等，结果表明：７５％的质子耀斑产生于面积为５００≤Ｓｐ≤３０００单位的黑子群中；耀斑爆发前一天及后一天活动区面积有显著减少，质子活动区含δ复杂磁结构的占７０％；具有半影旋涡形态的质子活动区中，约７７％的耀斑发生在旋涡黑子出现以后。     

强质子耀斑活动区的形态和旋转特征

本研究结果表明，同一黑子群在日面期间的顺或反时针方向的旋转运动会先后并存。质子耀斑前１～２天，黑子群的旋转角速度达到极大，耀斑后，磁绳的松弛，黑子群可能会反向转转，强的剪切过程和质子耀斑可能会再度出现，强质子耀斑活动区的共同特征是：（１）形态为单个团状结构δ型黑子，即众多异极性本影核紧锁在同一黑子半影中，（２）黑子面积〉１０００×１０＾－６半球面积，日面跨度〉１０°；（３）黑子群有快速的旋转活动     

强质子耀斑活动区的形态和旋转特征

本文研究结果表明：同一黑子群在日面期间的顺或反时针方向的旋转运动会先后并存．质子耀斑前1～2无，黑子群的旋转角速度达到极大．耀斑后，磁绳的松弛，黑子群可能会反向旋转，强的剪切过程和质子耀斑可能会再度出现．强质子耀斑活动区的共同特征是：（1）形态为单个团状结构δ型黑子，即众多异极性本影核紧锁在同一黑子半影中；（2）黑子面积＞1000×10－6半球面积，日面跨度＞10°；（3）黑子群都有快速的旋转运动．这类活动区，如果在日面西部活动性明显地增强，那么这个活动区在未来转到日面边缘及其背后、或再次从日面东边缘转出时，定能再次爆发耀斑和伴随较强质子事件。     

22周强质子耀斑活动区的特征

本文研究了22周中的9个强质子耀斑活动区的共同特征,研究结果表明:单个团状结构黑子,即众多异极性黑子本影核紧锁在同一半影结构中的δ型黑子是强质子耀斑活动区的典型形态特征。黑子群的旋转是质子耀斑活动区的又一重要特征,黑子群的旋转方向与日面南、北半球无关。强质子耀斑的爆发总是在黑子群旋转角度达到正或负相极大之后出现。质子耀斑后,磁绳的松弛,黑子群可能会出现反向旋转,强的剪切过程和质子耀斑可能会再度出现。     

第廿周太阳质子活动的一些特点

本文讨论了第廿周1964.10—1972.12.期间太阳质子活动的一些特点,结果给出:第20周质子活动水平的趋势和黑子活动趋势比较一致,和第19周略有不同;在以约80天为间隔的时间序列上,大多数高级别质子事件集中出现在两个时段上;质子活动有集中在某些经度带的趋势,不同经度带上的黑子活动和质子耀斑伴生的射电爆发等具体特点有比较明显的差别;按磁结构将黑子群分成正常和“异常”两类,具有“异常”磁结构的黑子群产生大部分质子耀斑;复杂磁结构的活动区上米波源的出现有利于产生质子耀斑.     

黑子半影旋涡形态和高能耀斑的相关性探讨——应用持续旋涡黑子预报太阳活动的可能性

1970年初至1972年底云南天文台的黑子细节照相资料的初步统计表明:(1)具有持续的黑子半影纤维旋涡形态历史的活动区有较高的耀斑爆发频数,平均多达55％以上.(2)它们与伴随较大地球效应的高能量耀斑有密切的相关性,达84％。(3)其中90％左右的高能耀斑发生在旋涡黑子出现以后,平均落后3.8天,反映了两个现象之间可能存在着因果联系.这三点结论都有利于磁场扭结不稳定性的耀斑理论.     

磁极性反转线附近黑子半影纤维的形态

本文对８个活动区极性反转线（中性线）附近黑子半影纤维的形态进行了分析得出：１）具有强δ磁结构的活动区，穿过主要异极性黑子间的中性线近旁半影纤维或多或少地与中性线平行（交角小于３０°），有关黑子半影呈旋涡形态；２）由新浮现发展形成的δ结构区，异级黑子在大黑子边缘或与大．黑子本影之间有一段距离，中性线两边的半影纤维有序排列，走向与中性线斜交，有关黑子呈弱的旋涡形态。３）对于较稳定的极群，Ｎ、Ｓ极性间的宽窄不一的半影稀疏区，中性线沿该区经过，两旁半影松散齿状，走向与中性线大体垂直，相反极性本影间距较远。     

廿一周升段产生质子耀斑的背景条件及其在质子事件予报中的作用

本文分析了廿一太阳活动周上升段产生质子耀斑的背景条件,评价了它们对质子事件预报的贡献,得出以下几点结论: 1.廿一周升段95.5％的质子活动区分布在30°-90°和120°-210°两个卡林顿经度带上。前一经度带主要产生强烈质子事件,后一经度带主要产生弱质子事件。 2.各活动经度带存在着时间大约为一年的活动期和间歇期,两个经度带互相交替。全球的质子事件存在着73±0.7天的周期。 3.用相关性预报水平总指标对各种产生质子耀斑的背景条件评价的结果是,对质子事件预报贡献较大的背景特征依次为:黑子群出现长命旋涡(α_0=0471);面积≥1000单位的黑子群(α_0=0.365);磁型为结δ构(α_0=0.300);反常极性黑子群(α_0=0.275);F型黑子群(α_0=0.239)……     

旋涡黑子在1972年10月太阳活动中的作用

本文收集了云南天文台和北京天文台观测的McMath 12094活动区的68个耀斑192个节点的照像资料和一些黑子日珥形态,它们和黑子精细结构形态的相关分析进一步证实了过去的结论(7.8)。 1、本区最初耀斑活动开始于全群诸黑子中具有扭结磁场最高能态的前导黑子A(N)的上空,它迅动发展到后随S极黑子上空,然后发展到黑子面积以外。这一演化过程与全群黑子的形态变化和旋转运动同步。 2、巨大的A黑子附近的耀斑活动最初开始扭结磁力管的内部,与扭结磁形态的松解过程同步,耀斑节点的分布由黑子本影附近移向半影的外面。当扭结完全松开,该处耀斑活动全面减少。 3、发现了一个巨大的黑子冕珥下面的强烈的吸引力中心是旋涡黑子。从而证实了冕珥是强大电流在日冕中收缩形成的。 4、对于A黑子的扭转磁结构提供了本区耀斑活动的主要能量来源和导致不稳定性的问题进行了讨论。     

质子耀斑与黑子磁场结构之间的关系

将黑子群磁场结构简单地分为两类:一类为正常的,另一为“异常”的.所谓正常磁结构指的是黑子群具有熟知的正常偶极群的典型特征——前导黑子在低纬,全群大致沿赤道方向排列,其极性与所在半球按规则应有的极性相同;“异常”磁结构指黑子群具有与正常磁结构不同的异常特征.对20周(1964.10—1972.12)期间质子耀斑的研究表明:85%的质子耀斑在它发生的前1～3天,对应黑子群磁场结构为“异常”的.在1969～1970年间“异常”磁结构黑子群占黑子群总数的14%.而磁结构复杂的 A 结构、δ型虽有较高的质子耀斑产率,但它们只占有12%和46%的质子耀斑.因此,区分出“异常”磁结构黑子群对质子耀斑的预报和机制研究可能是有意义的.     

Common Characteristics of the Active Regions of Strong Proton Flares

Common characteristics of nine active regions with strong proton flares in the 22nd solar activity cycle have been presented. Results show that the typical morphology of these active regions is a -type sunspot with a single multiple structure, in which there are many umbras with different magnetic polarities, packed tightly by a single penumbra. In these active regions, the rotating directions of the sunspot groups are nearly independent of their position on the solar disk. When the angle of rotation approaches the positive or the negative maximum, proton flares may occur in these active regions. After proton flares, sunspot groups rotate in the inverse direction because of the slack in the flux rope.     

AR6659光球色球的磁场速度场的演化特征及其与大耀斑的关系

ＡＲ６６５９是２２周以来最重要的一个活动区，它爆发了２２周最强大的高能事件。本文用云南天文台的光球、色球精细结构照片和北京天文台怀柔站的磁场速度场资料，分析了该活动区磁场速度场的二维位形和大耀斑期间的演化特征。本文分析的４个大耀斑均爆发在中性线附近的Ｎ极区磁场梯度大的地方及色球速度场的红移区。偏带观测也显示耀斑物质是向红端移动的。耀斑波沿横场传播在离本黑子群几万至十几万公里的地方激起感生耀斑，在原生耀斑与感生耀斑之间往往有耀斑环相连。此外，本文还从演化特征出发分析了耀斑爆发前活动区等离子体的宏观不稳定性。     

A Statistical Study of Rapid Sunspot Structure Change Associated with Flares

We reported recently some rapid changes of sunspot structure in white-light(WL) associated with major flares.We extend the study to smaller events and present here results of a statistical study of this phenomenon.In total,we investigate 403 events from 1998 May 9 to 2004 July 17,including 40 X-class,174 M-class,and 189 C-class flares.By monitoring the structure of the flaring active regions using the WL observations from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer(TRACE),we find that segments in the outer sunspot structure decayed rapidly right after many flares;and that,on the other hand,the central part of sunspots near the flare-associated magnetic neutral line became darkened.These rapid and permanent changes are evidenced in the time profiles of WL mean intensity and are not likely resulted from the flare emissions.Our study further shows that the outer sunspot structure decay as well as the central structure darkening are more likely to be detected in larger solar flares.For X-class flares,over 40% events show distinct sunspot structure change.For M-and C-class flares,this percentage drops to 17% and 10%,respectively.The results of this statistical study support our previously proposed reconnection picture,i.e.,the flare-related magnetic fields evolve from a highly inclined to a more vertical configuration.     

与耀斑相关的磁场演化

本文利用紫金山天文台太阳光谱仪缝前附属Ｄａｙｓｔａｒ滤光器拍摄的，发生在ＮＯＡＡ５３９５活动区中的三个耀斑的Ｈα单色光资料，对比北京天文台怀柔观测站取得的光球磁场资料，研究耀斑产生位置与光球磁场演化的关系，结果表明：（１）在所研究的５０个耀斑亮核中，有３８个位于新浮磁流区附近，另有少数亮核出现在磁对消区；（２）耀斑亮核多集中在横场方向交叉，剪切角大的复杂磁区，耀斑后多数区域磁场结构简化；（３）耀斑     

22周上升相日面各经度带的活动规律

本文回顾了１９８３年以来一些对太阳活动的谱分析结果。大致可分为两种规律：在太阳活动１１年周期的上升相一般呈现８０天左右的周期。下降相呈现１５０天左右的周期。这些规律均是由太阳全日面总体活动指数得到的谱分析结果。文中将第２２周上升段（１９８７．１．１—１９８８．７．３１）的太阳黑子群和Ｘ射线耀斑按经度带作了极大熵谱估计。结果表明，各经度带的活动规律不同，同一经度带内，太阳黑子群和Ｘ射线耀斑的出现规律也不尽相同。这种将事件按经度带分布得到的活动规律对事件本身的中期预报将会有实际应用价值。     

Structure and evolution of magnetic fields associated with solar eruptions

This paper reviews the studies of solar photospheric magnetic field evolution in active regions and its relationship to solar flares. It is divided into two topics, the magnetic structure and evolution leading to solar eruptions and rapid changes in the photospheric magnetic field associated with eruptions. For the first topic, we describe the magnetic complexity, new flux emergence, flux cancelation, shear motions, sunspot rotation and magnetic helicity injection, which may all contribute to the storage and buildup of energy that trigger solar eruptions. For the second topic, we concentrate on the observations of rapid and irreversible changes of the photospheric magnetic field associated with flares, and the implication on the restructuring of the three-dimensional magnetic field. In particular, we emphasize the recent advances in observations of the photospheric magnetic field, as state-of-the-art observing facilities(such as Hinode and Solar Dynamics Observatory) have become available. The linkages between observations, theories and future prospectives in this research area are also discussed.     

Note on the characteristics of sunspot groups which produce solar proton flares

Solar proton flares are associated with sunspot groups which show an unusual distribution of magnetic polarities. Furthermore, the gradient of the magnetic field is very large before the onset of these flares. The importance of polar cap absorptions, which is proportional to the integral flux of solar cosmic rays, tends to increase as the gradient of the magnetic field becomes greater. It is shown that the formation of such gradients is associated with the rotating motion of sunspot groups. Hence, the sunspot groups which show a reversed polarity distribution are very effective for the production of solar proton flares.NASA Associate with University of Maryland.     

SID flares and sunspot morphology

The degree of association between geoeffective (SID producing) flares (hereafter called SID flares) and sunspot morphology is examined. It is found that: (1) the frequency of SID flares associated with sunspot groups is linear function of sunspot area and rate of change in area; (2) the SID flare intensity is dependent on the sunspot area and on the magnetic morphology (field geometry); (3) the probability of a sunspot group being magnetically complex (henceforth called complex ratio) is a linear function of spot area, the larger this area the more likely a group is in the βγ or δ magnetic class; (4) the complex ratio exhibits the greatest degree of association to SID flare frequency. We conclude from these results that a higher frequency of D-region ionizing flares (emitting a soft X-ray flux >2 × 10^?3 erg cm^?2 s^?1) is likely to accompany the disk transit of large area, complex spot groups. This combination of morphological factors reflects a shearing of the associated force-free magnetic field, with accumulation of free magnetic energy to power SID flares. Mutual polarity intrusion would be one observational signature of the pre-flare energy storing process.     

Sunspot and Auroral Activity During Maunder Minimum

The extremely low sunspot activity during the period of the Maunder minimum 1645–1715 was confirmed by group sunspot numbers, a new sunspot index constructed by Hoyt and Schatten (1998a,b). Neither sunspots nor auroral data time behavior indicate the presence of 11-year solar cycles as stated by Eddy (1976). The evidence for solar cycles was found in the butterfly diagram, constructed from observations made at Observatoire de Paris. After Clivier, Boriakoff, and Bounar (1998) the solar cycles were reflected also in geomagnetic activity. Results are supported by the variation of cosmogenic isotopes ¹⁰Be and ¹⁴C. The majority of the observed 14 naked-eye sunspots occurred on days when telescopic observations were not available. A part of them appeared in the years when no spot was allegedly observed. Two-ribbon flares appear in plages with only very small or no sunspots. Some of these flares are geoactive. Most aurorae (90%), which were observed during the Maunder minimum, appeared in years when no spot was observed. Auroral events as a consequence of proton flares indicate that regions with enhanced magnetic field can occur on the Sun when these regions do not produce any sunspots.     

The correlation of solar flare production with magnetic energy in active regions

An investigation of 531 active regions was made to determine the correlation between energy released by flares and the available energy in magnetic fields of the regions. Regions with magnetic flux greater than 10²¹ maxwell during the years 1967–1969, which included sunspot maximum, were selected for the investigation. A linear regression analysis of flare production on magnetic flux showed that the flare energy is correlated with magnetic energy with a coeificient of correlation of 0.78. Magnetic classification and field configuration also significantly affect the production of flares.This work was supported by the Aerospace Sponsored Research Program.