水文地质学的新概念及其生态问题

水文地质学最初是由地质学及水文学相结合而形成的一门学科，它基本上采用地质学的研究方法。从本世纪７０年代中期开始，研究地下水的水文地质学已逐渐变为研究地下水圈的学科。地下水圈是指地壳内部的统一的含水系统，它包含有相互作用的不同状态和形式的Ｈ２Ｏ。近年来，一些新理论的引入，拓宽了原有水文地质学的概念，使之从对现象的研究转向为对过程及其规律的研究。水文地质学传统的和新的问题应在适当的工程标准上予以解决，同时应重视其生态效应。水是地球内部具有高度流动性的物质，因此，人类活动对岩石圈的影响将首先导致水文地质条件的变化，并进而引起地下水圈的污染、水的枯竭及自然条件的恶化。文章主要论述生态水文地质学研究的目的、原则及生态水文地质系统的体系。生态水文地质学研究的目的是提出管理地下水圈体系及其质量状态的方法。     

发展中的水文地球化学

“水文地球化学”是一门建立在水文地质学和地球化学基础上的新学科。它已成为水文地质学的一门分支,是研究地下水中各种化学成分的形成过程和水的结构的一门学科。具体地说,就是研究地下水中的所有元素,离子、分子     

环境水文地质学的最新发展与今后趋向

环境水文地质学是从七十年代到八十年代，在我国逐渐发展而形成的一门新学科，也是在地质科学领域内，最新发现的若干分支学科之一。本文概略论述了环境水文地质学的基本概念与研究范畴，重点介绍了区域环境水文地质、污染环境水文地质、水文环境地球化学，以及地下水资源开发负环境效应等方面研究的最新成就，提出了这一新学科的发展趋向与今后任务。     

同位素水文地球化学

最近三十年来,由于同位素分析技术的发展,水的同位素分析已经成为水文地质学的现代研究方法之一。水文地质工作者不仅研究水的化学组成,即溶解于水中的盐类的化学组成(水文地球化学)而且进而研究水本身及某些溶解盐类的同位素组成,以获得传统方法不可能得到的一些重要水文地质信息。 同位素技术应用于水文地质学领域,已形成一门新的学科——同位素水文地质学(Isotope Hydrogeology),或称为同位素水文学(Isotope Hydrology)。同位素水文地质学包括用人工同位素示踪研究局部地区的水文地质条件,以及用环境同位素研究较广泛的水文地质学和地球化学问题两个完全不同的学科分支,后一个学科分支就是同位素水文地球化学。     

环境水文地质学

环境水文地质学是一门研究地下水环境恶化、保护和改善的新学科。它包括原生环境水文地质学、次生环境水文地质学和资源环境水文地质学三个分支,并不单指研究地下水污染及其防治的次生环境水文地质学。     

地下水水质评价与水资源管理：水文地球化学与同位素方法的应用研究进展

地下水系统是包含地质环境、地下水动力、地下水化学等子集的综合系统,早在2000年前的古罗马时代,人们就已应用水文地球化学方法开展地下水的水化学特征、地下水补给、径流与排泄等研究。近现代同位素技术的发展,为开展地下水补给和可更新性、追踪地下水污染等方面的研究,提供了极大帮助。研究者通过分析地下水样品的水文地球化学指标,如K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)等离子,结合δ18 O、δD、δ37 Cl、δ81 Br等稳定同位素指标,在地下水径流特征分析、水岩相互作用过程、地下水咸化、地下水资源管理以及地下水水质问题等研究方面取得了大量成果。本文概述了国内外近年来应用水文地球化学与同位素结合的手段进行地下水系统研究取得的成果及进展,着重回顾了在地下水咸化、地下水硝酸盐及微量有机污染以及地下水资源管理研究中的应用成果。文末讨论了应用水文地球化学与同位素结合的手段研究地下水系统的基本方法,探讨了开展地下水质质量评价与地下水资源管理的科学方法,展望了水文地球化学与同位素方法在地下水有机污染调查研究中的应用前景,认为该方法可以为地下水中新型及持久性有机污染物的来源及污染特征研究提供重要支撑。     

污染物质影响地下水化学成分变化的地球化学和生态学后果

被污染地下水的地球化学分类表明，污染物质进入地下水后，导致其中形成一套严格限定的，可用Eh-pH指标表达的地球化学条件，并导致出现新的、前所未知的水文地球化学现象。后者表现为：新的地球化学类型水的形成，酸性和碱性水分布面积的增大，水的氧化－还原电位的降低和逆向分带，以及水化学元素迁移形式的改变。从水中已发现的一系列污染物质（首先是氮的化合物和有机物）看，水文地球化学体系已变为始终不平衡的体系，这就决定了水文地球化学体系的不确定性和未来水文地球化学现象的不可预知性。     

水文地球化学模拟研究的现状

水文地球化学模拟是研究地质生态，地下水污染的一种新的方法，是多学科综合研究的产物，通过各种不同的水文地球化学模型，可以定量模拟各种自然过程和人类活动影响下水－岩相互作用及地下水中污染质的运移过程，预测地下水污染的发生，发展趋势，指导地地下水的监测，保护及合理开采，是地下水管理中不可缺少的一部分。综述了有关水文地球化学模拟研究的现状，对水溶液组分平衡的地球化学模型，地下水溶质运移模型，耦合水化学模型     

支撑城市可持续发展的地质调查工作

城市地质综合调查是在城市及周围潜在城市化地区的特定范围内,以地学(地质学、地球物理学、地球化学、地震地质学、水文工程环境地质学等多学科)手段为主,结合城市学、区域经济学等学科和城市社会、经济状况与发展需求,全面调查城市地表与地下空间可利用程度、地质灾害与地壳稳定性、地下水资源与质量、矿产资源与能源、生态环境与旅游资源等各方面国土资源基本状况,并评估及预测国土资源对城市发展的承载力。建立城市国土资源数据库与成果三维可视化管理服务系统,逐步建立地下水、地面沉降、地震、土地利用、生态环境地球化学、灾害地质等…     

地下水工程学的内涵及其发展前景

地下水工程学的研究范围很广,它包括地下水资源勘察、地下水的取水工程、地下水的监测、地下水回灌、地下水的防排工程、地下水污染修复工程、防海水入侵工程、地下水资源的管理与评价、地下水工程项目的招投标、设计、施工与监理等领域。与专门水文地质学相比,它具有研究领域更广、与其它学科联系更密切等特点,有望成为应用水文地质学方面研究范围最广的一门新兴学科。     

U.S. Geological Survey toxic Waste-Groundwater Contamination Program,fiscal year 1985

In fiscal year 1982, the U S Geological Survey began an interdisciplinary research thrust entitled Toxic Waste-Groundwater Contamination Program The objective of the thrust was to provide earth sciences information necessary to evaluate and mitigate existing groundwater contamination problems resulting from the planned or inadvertant disposal of wastes and from certain land-use practices, and to improve future waste disposal and land-use practices The program supports process-oriented and interdisciplinary field research, and regional groundwater quality studies This article provides an overview of the current (Fiscal Year 1985) activities of the Toxic Waste Program     

基于FEFLOW的三维土壤-地下水耦合铬污染数值模拟研究

`土壤-地下水耦合数值模拟是定量刻画水流和溶质运移的主要手段。现有大范围场地尺度的研究受到数据采集难度及模拟计算量的限制,多是将土壤和地下水分成两个系统,这种方式不利于模型之间的计算反馈,易出现计算误差,因此将土壤和地下水作为整体系统研究具有重要意义。为精确刻画实际场地土壤-地下水系统中污染物迁移规律,揭示变饱和反应溶质迁移模型的参数敏感性,以某铬污染场地为研究对象,基于现场试验及前人研究所获数据,采用Galerkin有限元法建立三维土壤-地下水模型,定量描述六价铬在土壤-地下水中的迁移规律。在此基础上,通过改变补给条件,研究潜水面在土壤-地下水系统中的波动。并讨论阻滞系数和反应常数对溶质运移的影响。结果表明:在土壤中,污染物最大水平迁移距离为场地东南侧300 m;地下水中污染晕最大分布面积约为1.632 km2;垂向上土壤中的六价铬仅需15.6 h即可下渗至潜水面,第6天贯穿含水层。当潜水面随着补给量变化而波动时,地下水中六价铬会随水流进入土壤,影响土壤中污染分布。对溶质运移参数的讨论显示,当反应常数由0增大至10?6 s-1时,迁移出场区边界时地下水中污染物浓度约减少2000 mg/L,较难迁移至涟水河。基于FEFLOW的数值模型,能够解决各系统之间交互性差的问题,提供较为精确的模拟结果。     

Chemical contaminant reactions and assessment of soil cleanup levels for protection of groundwater

About 70 percent of hazardous waste sites listed in the National Priority List (NPL) have some groundwater contamination that may require remediation. Such remediation is inadequate if the unsaturated soils above will continue to act as a source of groundwater contamination. Consequently, for most of these sites, it becomes necessary to determine what the cleanup levels for contaminants in soils should be so that subsequent contribution of contaminants from these soils to groundwater would not exceed groundwater protection levels. Representation of the dynamics of interactions between contaminants and soils is very complex, requiring among others, a thorough understanding of the chemical processes that influence the behavior of the contaminant once it enters the subsurface. Because of such complexities, environmental professionals frequently utilize methods with very simple assumptions that tend to err on the conservative side. While the public may feel protected, the needless spending of dollars could be avoided if attempts are made to incorporate, where possible, such complexities in the modeling efforts so that the system is represented as accurately as possible.     

氮、氧同位素在地下水硝酸盐污染研究中的应用

硝酸盐是地下水中难以去除的稳定污染物之一,是地下水氮(N)污染的主要形式.不同氮来源的硝酸盐氮、氧(O)同位素组成不同,可利用N、O同位素并结合其他同位素技术示踪硝酸盐污染源,识别反硝化过程,对于有效控制污染源和评估地下水对硝酸盐污染的恢复自净能力有重要意义.本文介绍了N、O同位素技术在地下水硝酸盐污染源追踪和反硝化过程的识别方面的原理和应用以及目前发展状况.     

与铁相关的几种渗透反应格栅材料性能的比较

挥发性氯代有机化合物为地下水和饮用水中最常见的挥发性有机污染之一。文中对日益引人注意的渗透反应格栅(PRB:permeable reactive barrier)材料进行了研究。主要在实验室条件下,利用中国现有的实用性材料———铸铁的铁屑、实验室合成双金属和纳米双金属作为反应介质,对反应的脱氯效果和机理、还原性脱氯的反应动力学和影响因素进行初步的研究,以寻求一种可以大量得到的廉价而高效的材料,研究它对氯代烃的降解效率。在研究中选择最有代表性的CT和PCE作为目标污染物,讨论粒状铁、双金属以及纳米双金属对氯代有机物的降解速率,确定气相色谱法测定水溶液中的氯代有机物浓度的最佳实验条件,比较3 类反应介质的特点和应用范围。     

Mapping groundwater contamination risk using GIS and groundwater modelling. A case study from the Gaza Strip, Palestine

Increasing pressure on water resources worldwide has resulted in groundwater contamination, and thus the deterioration of the groundwater resources and a threat to the public health. Risk mapping of groundwater contamination is an important tool for groundwater protection, land use management, and public health. This study presents a new approach for groundwater contamination risk mapping, based on hydrogeological setting, land use, contamination load, and groundwater modelling. The risk map is a product of probability of contamination and impact. This approach was applied on the Gaza Strip area in Palestine as a case study. A spatial analyst tool within Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to interpolate and manipulate data to develop GIS maps of vulnerability, land use, and contamination impact. A groundwater flow model for the area of study was also used to track the flow and to delineate the capture zones of public wells. The results show that areas of highest contamination risk occur in the southern cities of Khan Yunis and Rafah. The majority of public wells are located in an intermediate risk zone and four wells are in a high risk zone.     

A model for the assessment of aquifer contamination potential based on regional geologic framework

The texture and three-dimensional framework of geologic materials should be considered in assessments of groundwater's vulnerability to contamination because geology controls the movement of contaminants and groundwater and influences groundwater quality. Contaminants are introduced into, transmitted through, and stored by geologic materials. We present a model that identifies aquifers and ranks sequences of geologic materials by their relative potential for transmitting water and contaminants from land surface. With this basis, the model can be used to assess the potential for contamination of aquifers by surface activities such as landfitling of wastes or application of agricultural chemicals. A regional map of aquifer contamination potential can be generated from the model; it retains the geologic map information intact and available for reinterpretation or other uses.The model was developed using broad, regional map information and is intended to be a general tool for assessing the regional vulnerability of aquifers to contamination. It is not intended for local, site-specific use, but for prioritizing local areas where contamination potential and/or land-use history warrant more detailed assessment or monitoring. Because it provides a regional view of contamination potential, regional patterns or trends of map units should be evaluated, rather than using the map information literally to assess local areas. Methods of applying this model and contamination potential map to groundwater protection and management are currently being studied; research includes an attempt to statistically validate the model with water-quality data, and to identify natural groupings of the ranked contamination potential map units.     

A new model (DRARCH) for assessing groundwater vulnerability to arsenic contamination at basin scale: a case study in Taiyuan basin,northern China

A modified DRASTIC model for groundwater vulnerability assessment (abbreviated as DRARCH model by combining the first letters of its six assessment indices) was proposed. It is essentially the specific application of DRASTIC model rather than a new model. Both natural hydrogeological conditions that prevent groundwater from contamination and important intrinsic hydrogeochemical properties of sediments in vadose zone that are related to the retardation of contaminants were considered as vulnerability indices. The DRARCH model consists of six indices: (1) Depth to the water table, (2) net Recharge, (3) Aquifer thickness, (4) Ratio of cumulative thickness of clay layers to total thickness of vadose zone, (5) Contaminant adsorption coefficient of sediment in vadose zone, and (6) Hydraulic conductivity of aquifer. The rating values and the weights of these vulnerability indices were obtained by contaminant transport simulation and factor analysis method respectively. Furthermore, the DRARCH model was applied to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability to arsenic contamination in Taiyuan basin, northern China, where groundwaters with high arsenic concentration occur in some localities. GIS-based mapping of groundwater vulnerability using this model indicates that the distribution of very high and high-vulnerability areas corresponds well to that of high-arsenic groundwaters. The DRARCH model is therefore reliable and useful for guiding groundwater environment management.     

Combined analyses of chemometrics and kriging for identifying groundwater contamination sources and origins at the Masan coastal area in Korea

Hydrogeochemical analyses including the basic statistics of chemical components, Piper??s trilinear diagram, and Mazor??s compositional bivariate diagram revealed that the main source and origin of groundwater contamination was seawater intrusion in the study area. However, the other sources and origins of groundwater contamination could be found by the combined analyses of chemometrics and kriging. Cluster analysis was helpful for the classification on the basis of the contamination characteristics of groundwater quality; however, it was not sufficient for the apportionment of groundwater contamination sources. Factor analysis (FA) determined three factors with 81.07% in total variance: Factor 1 for seawater contamination, Factor 2 for nitrate contamination, and Factor 3 for iron contamination. Factor analysis determined the sources of groundwater contamination; however, it could not discover the origins of contaminants except Factor 1. In backward stepwise mode, discriminant analysis decreased the number of parameters from 18 to 6 in discriminating the contaminant type with 96.2% correctness. TDS, Ca, NO₃, Mn, Fe, and Br were the most significant parameters for the discrimination of contaminants. Kriging analysis was very useful for the understanding of correlation and similarity between contaminants and factors of FA, and for the investigation of contaminant origins. It also showed that the similarity between factor scores and contaminant concentrations was proportional to the magnitudes of factor loadings for contaminants. This study represented that the combined analyses of chemometrics and kriging were very indispensable to the identification of groundwater contamination sources and origins, as well as for the spatial classification and assessment of groundwater quality.     

地下水中常见无机污染物的原位治理技术现状

随着全球工业化的进展,许多地区地下水的污染问题越来越严重,成为世人共同关注的问题。世界地下水污染的治理技术在飞速发展,欧美地区已有了许多地下水治理工程,我国的地下水治理技术尚处于起步阶段。本文以地下水中常见的无机污染物为线索,总结了它们的来源、危害及国内外治理技术的现状,以期对地下水污染的调查与治理工作有所借鉴。