海南澳洲管体星虫卵细胞发育及生殖周期研究

澳洲管体星虫(Siphonosoma australe)是海南当地极具特色的星虫资源, 经济价值高。近年来该资源急剧衰竭, 开展星虫资源恢复与保护十分重要。文章对海南澳洲管体星虫卵细胞的显微与超微结构进行研究。结果显示: 1) 卵细胞发育经历4个阶段: 生长前期, 体腔液中大量光滑的凹饼状红细胞出现表面凹凸不平的褶皱(直径小于30μm), 暗示这些红细胞是卵原细胞; 生长后期, 30~40μm的卵细胞表面褶皱消失, 变成光滑的圆厚饼状, 并出现厚度1μm的卵黄膜, 卵黄颗粒开始积累; 成熟前期, 卵细胞球状, 直径60~120μm, 卵黄膜增厚至5~11μm, 卵黄颗粒增多, 细胞核增大, 部分染色质形成高电子密度的团块散布于核内; 成熟后期, 直径120μm, 卵黄膜厚11~12μm, 卵黄颗粒充满整个卵细胞, 膜孔外露于膜表层。2) 成熟期澳洲管体星虫卵黄膜仅分为两层: 有一定厚度的均质内层和多层重叠膜结构组成的外层, 同时外层上覆盖有粒状突。膜孔结构简单, 主要是膜凹陷折叠形成。3) 卵黄颗粒分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型, 其发生途径主要由线粒体、内质网、高尔基体和溶酶体等细胞器演变而成, 亦可由卵母细胞吞饮而成。最为常见的是高尔基体包裹形成的Ⅱ型卵黄颗粒。4) 海南文昌海域澳洲管体星虫的繁殖季节为4—8月, 其中5—7月是繁殖高峰期。3月初卵母细胞开始出现, 4—8月成熟卵细胞在体腔中保持一定密度, 9月份卵细胞密度降至极低, 10月份后消失。澳洲管体星虫作为一种新的具有热带特色的水产种质资源, 其卵细胞发育及生殖周期研究将极大推动其繁育及保护的相关技术探索。     

光裸星虫体腔液中卵子发生的超微结构

为探究光裸星虫卵子发生的细胞学特点,利用电镜技术观察了光裸星虫体腔液中卵子发生过程的超微结构变化。结果表明:(1)光裸星虫体腔液中存在游离的卵原细胞和卵母细胞,卵母细胞的发育分为卵黄形成前期、卵黄形成初期、卵黄旺盛合成期和成熟期4个阶段。(2)卵原细胞的细胞器少,核质比大。卵黄形成前期,卵母细胞的细胞器有所增加,大量核仁外排物进入胞质中;出现卵黄膜和胶质膜,卵黄膜遍布微孔。卵黄形成初期卵母细胞核有较多突起,细胞器大量增加,出现分散分布的卵黄粒。卵黄旺盛合成期卵母细胞迅速增大,卵黄大量积累。成熟期卵母细胞核膜突起回缩,胶质膜易于脱落。(3)卵黄分为2种。Ⅰ型卵黄电子密度高,不发生融合,为内源性卵黄;II型卵黄中等电子密度,可融合为无定形卵黄块,为外源性卵黄。(4)成熟卵母细胞卵黄膜为三层,外层为颗粒层,表面具有粒状突;中层初始为均质结构,不断增厚并纤维化;内层致密,厚度不均。胶质膜电子密度极低。(5)卵子外有滤泡细胞,其核质比很大,细胞器少,在卵母细胞成熟期发生凋亡。文章还探讨了胶质膜、卵黄膜、滤泡细胞的功能,以及细胞器在卵黄形成中的作用。研究结果积累了光裸星虫卵子发生细胞学资料,为光裸星虫生殖调控与人工繁育研究提供理论参考。     

可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)卵子发生的组织学研究

采用组织学方法研究了可口革囊星虫卵巢结构及卵子发生过程的形态学变化,以探究可口革囊星虫卵子发生过程及特征。结果表明,可口革囊星虫的卵巢位于收吻肌基部,由小叶组成的带状或块状组织。卵原细胞在卵巢中发育至早期卵母细胞时期单个或成团脱离卵巢入体腔液中,卵母细胞团细胞很快分离为单个细胞;卵母细胞在体腔液中发育成熟后进入肾管;生发泡破裂是卵母细胞成熟的标志;体腔中卵母细胞无滤泡膜,卵黄膜的形成与发育靠卵母细胞本身;卵径小于60μm的卵母细胞呈圆形,卵径大于60μm的卵母细胞为卵圆形,形态上成熟的卵母细胞短径约115-120μm、长径约140—145μm、卵黄膜厚7—9μm。以卵原细胞与卵母细胞发育的形态学特征为依据,将可口革囊星虫的卵子发生过程划分为：卵原细胞增殖期（卵径〈10μm）、卵母细胞小生长期（卵径10—20μm）、卵母细胞大生长期Ⅰ（卵径20—60μm）、卵母细胞大生长期Ⅱ[大小为（60pm×70μm）-（120μm×145μm）]、卵母细胞成熟期及退化期6个阶段,反映了可口革囊星虫卵子发生过程的动态变化。     

小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis体长-体重关系幂指数与产卵群体空间分布相关性研究

鱼类产卵群体的相关研究一直是渔业领域关注的热点,对鱼类的产卵期、产卵场的研究是鱼类生态习性研究方向的重要组成部分。本文在前期研究证实鱼类体长-体重关系幂指数可以指示鱼类产卵期的基础上,利用2004年4个季节的东海大面积调查数据,尝试利用同一时间点上的各个调查点幂指数信息来分析鱼类产卵场分布特征,结果发现,成熟产卵个体仅在春季出现,而未成熟产卵个体4季均有分布,以此推测小黄鱼存在"跳过产卵"现象。另外发现,单靠幂指数大小,不能区分各个产卵成熟阶段,也不能区分产卵个体与非产卵个体;而怀卵个体出现站点的幂指数平均值偏低于匀速生长,空间上也具有类似特征,即幂指数相对低的地方一般对应怀卵个体相对集中的水域。本文依据幂指数分布,推断小黄鱼成熟产卵群体有3块相对集中水域,即舟山渔场近海、济州岛西南侧和江外与舟外渔场临近水域。     

可口革囊星虫早期形态及发育特征

本文报道了可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的胚胎和幼体形态发育过程.可口革囊星虫为体外授精的种类,生殖细胞在体腔液中发育生长,其成熟配子经肾管排出体外,繁殖期星虫肾管极为膨胀.光镜下成熟精子为蝌蚪状,包括一膨大的头部和一细长的尾鞭,总长度42.58±1.31μm,其中头部长4.93±0.32μm.成熟卵子为近圆形,卵径为138.4×127.8μm~145.0×125.6μm,卵膜较厚,达6.8~8.1μm,沉性卵,卵黄密度高且分布均匀.体腔内未成熟卵细胞中央区卵黄较少而略呈透明状.卵裂的类型为完全卵裂和螺旋型卵裂.原肠胚胚体外周丛生纤毛,开始依靠纤毛摆动缓慢自转.担轮幼虫呈梨形,体表纤毛发达,顶端着生一丛10~15根、长40~70μm的鞭毛,依靠鞭毛和纤毛的不停摆动作快速的螺旋曲线运动,具一定的趋光性.担轮幼虫的摄食器官与消化道尚未形成,其营养方式靠自身卵黄提供.变态为浮游的海球幼虫时体长177.5~191.2μm,摄食器官与消化道形成并开始摄食单细胞藻,海球幼虫后期体长达640~750μm.变态为稚虫后营底栖生活,初期体长750~820μm,随着稚虫的生长,身体逐步变长,内部器官逐步发育完全,成为与成体相同的形态.在28.2~29.1℃和盐度25.77的条件下,从受精卵到初孵海球幼虫的发育时间为45~48h,文中给出了在2种水温条件下各发育阶段的时序表.     

星虫动物繁殖生物学研究进展

星虫(Sipunculida)是一小类不分节、蠕虫状的海产体腔动物。目前,世界上已记录星虫共约16属250多种,我国已发现2科8属36种。星虫动物门下只设立一个星虫纲一个星虫目,其下分为4科,分别为Golfingiidae科,Phascolosomatidae科,Sipunculidae科和Aspidosiphonidae科。其中Golfingiidae科的种类最多,占总种数近半。星虫动物主要栖息于潮间带至浅海的沙、泥沙底质及岩礁、珊瑚礁、藻场的沉积沙泥环境中,营埋栖生活,温带至热带海域均有分布。绝大多星虫种类具有经济价值,不仅是底栖经济鱼类和甲壳类优质的天然饵料,不少种类还是海珍食品。光裸方…     

可口革囊星虫Phasolosma esculenta体腔液的抗菌活性研究

可口革囊星虫Phasolosma esculenta为我国特有的一种可食用海洋经济动物。本文以可口革囊星虫为研究对象,利用琼脂径向扩散、涂板计数等方法研究其体腔液中物质的抗菌活性以及理化特性。研究结果表明,可口革囊星虫体腔液中存在抗菌活性物质,并且该物质对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus等3种革兰氏阳性细菌具有明显的抗菌效果,但对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli等3种革兰氏阴性细菌以及葡萄牙假丝酵母Candida lusitaniae抗菌效果不明显。结果还发现:(1)不同提取方式出现明显不同的抗菌效果,与体腔液上清液和2%乙酸提取体腔液所得提取物的抗菌效果相比,超声破碎处理提取物的抗菌效果最为明显。(2)理化特性研究发现该抗菌物质抗菌效力持久,抗冻融,并且在5~30 ℃范围内最适抗菌温度约为25 ℃;该物质不耐高温,60 ℃处理10 min后该物质的抗菌作用完全消失;此外,该物质的抗菌作用不依赖金属离子的存在。(3)超滤管过滤截留琼脂扩散结果表明该抗菌物质的分子量在100 kDa以上。     

山东北部沿海四角蛤蜊性腺发育年周期研究

研究了山东省滨州市无棣县马山子海区四角蛤蜊的繁殖周期及其与环境因子的关系。自2007-04～2008-03,每月采集1次样品,同时,测定采样点的水温、盐度和叶绿素a含量。组织学观察结果表明该地区四角蛤蜊全年只有1个主要的产卵季节:7～9月。配子成熟及排放期间,水温和叶绿素a含量均处于较高水平,可为性腺发育提供能量,也有利于幼虫的存活和生长。从配子发生到成熟,卵径逐渐增大,并在产卵前达到最大,产卵后则降低。雌雄个体在数量上存在显著差异(雌∶雄=1.138∶1,P<0.05),雌性略多于雄性,未发现雌雄同体现象。条件指数(软体部干重/壳干重×100)的研究结果显示该地区四角蛤蜊在配子排放后,11月至次年1月间存在1个明显的恢复期,从最低值3.95(10月)逐渐上升至峰值11.95(次年1月)。     

光裸星虫体腔液细胞的显微和超微结构

利用光镜和透射电镜技术研究了光裸星虫(Sipunculus nudus)体腔液细胞(不包括生殖细胞)的显微和超微结构。结果表明,光裸星虫体腔液细胞密度为(1.73±0.51)×108/mL,可区分为8种类型,包括红细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性颗粒细胞、淋巴样细胞、血栓细胞、网状细胞、盘状细胞和壶状细胞复合体,各类型细胞占细胞总数的比例分别为79.62%、5.23%、1.31%、2.86%、6.77%、1.74%、1.52%和0.94%。各类型细胞中,红细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性颗粒细胞、淋巴样细胞、血栓细胞与其他无脊椎动物血液(体液)中的同类细胞类似。网状细胞、盘状细胞和壶状细胞复合体较为特殊。其中,网状细胞内有很多单层膜包被的空泡,大部分泡内电子密度很低,少数为中等电子密度;部分细胞内具有中间电子密度高、边缘电子密度低的颗粒;网状细胞可能是颗粒细胞释放颗粒后的残余体。盘状细胞表面密布微绒毛,胞质中有1个很大的液泡,液泡内容物电子密度低,有很多细而短的纤维状结构,该细胞的功能尚不了解。壶状细胞复合体由前端的泡状细胞和后端的纤毛细胞构成,能在体腔液中自由"游动",并能分泌粘液黏附各种衰老细胞、外来异物。     

赤点石斑鱼雌性性腺的周期发育

据性腺组织学观察结果和繁殖生物学资料,探讨了福建近海赤点石斑鱼雌性性腺发育规律,对卵母细胞时相、性腺发育期的周年变化、性成熟特性、性转变年龄和生长等方面作了较详细的描述和分析。雌性性腺发育可分为6期,即稚龄、未成熟或产后恢复、正在成熟、接近成熟、成熟流卵和产后期。大多数功能雌性初次性成熟在Ⅲ龄组。功能雌性转变为功能雄性始于Ⅵ龄组。5—9月为生殖季节,5—6月为产卵盛期。雌性每年产卵一次,其性腺发育和成熟系数与水温关系密切。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.