渤海海底埋藏黄土及沿岸出露黄土的成因

根据自60年代以来渤海海底的15个地质钻孔及最近的大量海上调查资料，在其他学者对渤海沿岸出露黄土各种特征详尽研究的基础上，分析了晚更新世末期以来渤海的陆架区环境特征。结果表明，晚更新世末期强劲的西北冬季风使出露的渤海海底部分发生沙漠化，在下风头形成黄土堆积。部分黄土被全新世海相层覆盖形成埋藏黄土，在辽东半岛、庙岛群岛及山东半岛沿岸则形成出露黄土。     

江苏南通黄泥山黄土粒度与环境磁学特征及其成因

选取江苏省南通市黄泥山150cm黄土堆积剖面为研究对象,进行环境磁学及粒度分析,探讨黄泥山黄土堆积的成因。研究发现该堆积物属黏土质粉砂,其粒径较镇江下蜀黄土及北方红黏土、黄土为细。南通黄泥山黄土堆积与镇江大港下蜀黄土的磁性特征具明显的相似性。结合粒度、环境磁学数据推测南通黄泥山黄土堆积与大港下蜀黄土相同,为风成堆积物,堆积物磁性参数的高、低变化反映了暖湿、干冷沉积环境的交替。黄泥山黄土较镇江大港下蜀黄土剖面具有较低的细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物含量和较高的退磁参数S-100比值,指示南通黄土与大港黄土相比,总体上经历了较弱的成壤作用。     

黄土高原东西部末次间冰期以来黄土显微特征与古气候记录

以西安刘家坡和甘肃会宁西雁山末次间冰期以来黄土剖面为例,通过剖面土壤结构特征、骨架颗粒矿物成分、主要碎屑颗粒形态、骨架颗粒接触关系以及孔隙特征的分析对比,研究了黄土高原东西部黄土显微特征,进而探讨了其古气候意义。研究进一步证明,古土壤形成期气候比黄土形成期气候湿热,黄土剖面中黄土与古土壤交替反映了干与湿、热与冷的古气候变换;在古土壤形成期气候较湿热的总趋势下,黄土高原东南部比西北部更为湿热,在黄土形成期气候较干冷的总趋势下,黄土高原西北部比东南部更为干冷,这与现今黄土高原的区域性气候差异一致。     

渤海东侧海岸带黄土中的放射虫

阐述了海岸带黄土中放射虫的种类及组合特征，并对其来源进行了探讨，初步认为：放射虫最初是在间冰期高海面时被黄海暖流带入的渤海的，后来在冰期低海面时，裸露的海底受强大的西产向低空气流作用，致使一些放射虫壳体伴随沙尘而沉降到附近海岸黄土之中。     

渤海东侧海岸带黄土中的放射虫

阐述了海岸带黄土中放射虫的种类及组合特征，并对其来源进行了探讨。 初步认为：放射虫最初是在间冰期高海面时被黄海暖流带入渤海的，后来在冰期低 海面时，裸露的海底受强大的西北向低空气流作用，致使一些放射虫壳体伴随沙尘 而沉降到附近海岸黄土之中。     

粒度端元揭示的芝罘剖面末次间冰期—末次冰期气候环境变化特征

山东半岛北部芝罘剖面末次间冰期—末次冰期(124.9～62.85kaBP)层段由砂黄土、黄土、古土壤叠覆堆积组成。为获取反映该地区气候变化的环境敏感粒组,应用端元分析模型对粒度数据进行反演,得出4个粒度端元。各端元在垂直方向上呈现出有规律的峰谷变化,结合平均粒径及测年结果,认为CEM1与CEM2主要反映了末次间冰期间冰阶夏季风强盛,气候暖湿,古土壤发育的沉积环境;CEM3反映了末次间冰期冰阶冬季风短暂增强,气候相对干冷,黄土发育的沉积环境;CEM4反映了末次冰期强冬季风主导下黄土堆积速率加快,成壤作用弱的沉积环境。各端元揭示的冷暖气候振荡,与朝那黄土磁化率指示的夏季风强弱、西峰黄土32μm粒组指示的冬季风强弱以及渤海底栖有孔虫记录的沿岸海侵/海退事件具有较高的同步性。     

辽东半岛南部一滨海黄土剖面的孢粉分析及意义

辽南地区滨海土孢粉分析结果表明，滨海黄土是寒冷、半干旱气候环境条件下的产物，末次冰期低海面时渤海裸露的海底沉积物是本区黄土的一个重要物源。     

商州黄土记录的最近六十万年来东秦岭古环境变迁

商州黄土剖面系东秦岭南侧的商—丹断陷盆地中丹江三级阶地上的黄土堆积,其形成年代不晚于０．６ＭａＢ．Ｐ．。在过去０．６Ｍａ这个时段,商州黄土剖面地层结构、磁化率以及粒度和地球化学特征反映的东秦岭６个湿热—干冷气候旋回与黄土高原黄土剖面的气候变化记录以及深海沉积氧同位素气候阶段是相吻合的。     

渤黄海表层沉积物粘土矿物组成及分布特征对物源的指示意义

通过对在渤、黄海海域73个站位的表层沉积物中粘土矿物种类和含量分析,研究了渤、黄海表层沉积物粘土矿物的组合类型、分布特征及其物质来源。研究结果表明,渤、黄表层粘土矿物组合为:伊利石、蒙脱石、高岭石、绿泥石,渤海表层粘土粒级沉积物中有方解石存在,黄海表层粘土粒级沉积物中有长石存在。伊利石含量最高,高岭石和绿泥石含量次之,蒙脱石含量最低。伊利石含量在渤海含量高,北黄海含量低,南黄海西高东低;蒙脱石含量在渤海高,在北黄海东高西低,在南黄海西高东低;高岭石含量在渤海低,在黄海高;绿泥石含量分布与蒙脱石相反,在渤海低,在北黄海东低西高,在南黄海西低东高。渤、黄海沉积物主要是入海河流输入的陆源物质,渤海沉积物以黄河物质为主。黄海沉积物主要来自黄海沿岸流携带来的现代黄河物质,老黄河口堆积体受侵蚀而搬运的物质,以及黄海暖流和长江冲淡水带来的长江物质。     

夏季渤海悬浮物粒径与浓度分布特征研究

为研究夏季渤海悬浮物粒径与浓度分布特征,我们利用现场激光粒度仪LISST于2015年6月、7月和8月在渤海海域进行了264个站位的悬浮物观测。观测结果表明,夏季渤海悬浮物存在左峰型(峰值范围在4-20μm)、右峰型(峰值范围在100-250μm)、双峰型和混合型4种主要粒径分布形态。悬浮物平均粒径和体积浓度空间分布都是近岸高,外海低;底层高,表层低。夏季渤海悬浮物浓度在6月、7月和8月存在显著变化,其中渤海表层、10m层和底层悬浮物体积浓度变化程度最大的海区分别为莱州湾、渤海中部海区和渤海湾,变化幅度分别为207%,240%和97%。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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