Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Qal’eh Dokhtar Formation (Middle–Upper Jurassic) in the West of Boshrouyeh, East Central Iran

The study area is located in the east Tabas Block in Central Iran. Facies analysis of the Qal’eh Dokhtar Formation (middle Callovian to late Oxfordian) was carried out on two stratigraphic sections and applied to depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy interpretation. This formation conformably overlies and underlies the marly-silty Baghamshah and the calcareous Esfandiar formations, respectively. Lateral and vertical facies changes documents low- to high energy environments, including tidal-flat, beach to intertidal, lagoon, barrier, and open-marine. According to these facies associations and absence of resedimentation deposits a depositional model of a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic ramp was proposed for the Qal’eh Dokhtar Formation. Seven third-order depositional sequences were identified in each two measured stratigraphic sections. Transgressive systems tracts (TSTs) show deepening upward trends, i.e. shallow water beach to intertidal and lagoonal facies, while highstand systems tracts (HST) show shallowing upward trends in which deep water facies are overlain by shallow water facies. All sequence boundaries (except at the base of the stratigraphic column) are of the no erosional (SB2) types. We conclude eustatic rather than tectonic factors played a dominant role in controlling carbonate depositional environments in the study area.     

箕状断陷湖盆缓坡带层序地层格架内成岩特征研究——以东营凹陷南部缓坡带沙河街组为例

东营凹陷在沙河街组沉积期为北陡南缓的箕状断陷湖盆。通过钻井岩心、测井、薄片及扫描电镜分析,在断陷湖盆的南缓坡带古近系沙河街组中识别出了冲积扇、河流、三角洲和湖？白沉积体系,以及滨浅湖砂坝和缓坡远端浊积扇沉积相。建立了东营凹陷南部缓坡带层序地层格架及层序演化模式。在此基础上,详细研究了层序地层格架内的成岩作用特征。层序地层格架内主要成岩作用类型有压实作用、压溶作用、溶解作用等,成岩阶段为早成岩A、B期,晚成岩A、B期。层序地层格架内发育了碳酸盐胶结、石英次生加大、高岭石胶结和泥岩压实四种成岩相。     

Stratigraphic correlation and paleoenvironmental analysis of the hydrocarbon-bearing Early Miocene Euphrates and Jeribe formations in the Zagros folded-thrust belt

The Lower Miocene Euphrates and Jeribe formations are considered as the main targets of the Tertiary petroleum system in the western part of the Zagros Basin. The formations consist of carbonates with some evaporate intercalations of the Dhiban Formation. This study utilized data from a field investigation including newly described outcrop sections and newly discovered productive oil fields within the Kirkuk embayment zone of the Zagros fold and thrust belt such as Sarqala and Kurdamir wells. This work is the first to show a stratigraphic correlation and paleoenvironmental interpretation by investigating both well data and new outcrop data. Three depositional environments were identified, (1) an inner and outer ramp belts environment, (2) shoal environment, and (3) restricted lagoon environment. Within these 3 environments, 12 microfacies were identified, based on the distribution of fauna mainly benthonic foraminifera, rock textures, and sedimentary structures. The inferred shallow water depths and variable salinities in both the Euphrates Formation and Jeribe Formation carbonates are consistent with deposition on the inner ramp (restricted lagoon and shoal) environments. Those found in the Euphrates Formation constrained the depositional environment to the restricted lagoon and shoal environment, while the microfacies in the Jeribe Formation provided evidence for an inner ramp and middle to outer ramp belt environments. This study represents the first detailed research that focuses on the stratigraphic correlation and changes in carbonate facies with the main aim to provide a wider understanding of stratigraphy of these carbonate reservoirs throughout the northern part of Iraq.     

准噶尔盆地东缘中侏罗统头屯河组层序地层与沉积演化

为揭示准噶尔盆地东缘中侏罗统头屯河组(J2t)层序地层特征及其沉积充填规律,结合露头、岩心及测井资料并运用高分辨率层序地层理论,对研究区头屯河组层序地层进行划分对比,对其沉积相展布特征和沉积环境演化规律进行研究。结果表明:头屯河组可划分出个1个Ⅲ级旋回、3个Ⅳ级旋回及9个Ⅴ级旋回,沉积物岩性以砂砾岩和泥岩为主,沉积环境主要为辫状河、辫状河三角洲和滨浅湖,发育向上"变深"对称型和非对称型的两种结构类型。头屯河组沉积时期湖泊较浅,沉积基底平缓,湖泊边缘坡度小,在头屯河组下段(J2t1)时期到头屯河组上段(J2t2)段时期经历了湖侵演变过程。结合研究区的层序地层和沉积相展布特征,认为研究区中侏罗统头屯河组具有辫状河、辫状河三角洲及湖泊3种沉积环境相结合的沉积演化模式。     

黔南独山地区晚石炭世—早二叠世早期沉积特征及层序地层研究

晚石炭世—早二叠世早期黔南地区发育一套巨厚层碳酸盐岩沉积,具有分布面积广、地层发育完整、剖面连续性好、沉积环境多样、岩性组合丰富等特点,是研究碳酸盐岩沉积特征及层序地层的理想场所。本文以黔南独山地区甲刀寨剖面为基干,以数条相邻剖面为辅助。运用沉积学及露头层序地层学的有关理论和研究方法对黔南地区露头实测资料进行沉积特征分析、层序划分及对比,认为黔南地区晚石炭世—早二叠世早期主要为碳酸盐局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘-斜坡、台盆相沉积,而独山地区仅发育局限台地、开阔台地相沉积,整体表现为北北东"台"、南南西"盆"的格局。层序充填特征表现为:早期层序充填主要受控于三级海平面变化;晚期构造运动相对加强,构造活动和三级海平面变化共同控制层序格架内的沉积充填,表现在台地内沉积的填平补齐。     

Sequence stratigraphic framework for mixed aeolian,peritidal and marine environments: Insights from the Pennsylvanian subtropical record of Western Pangaea

Due to difficulties in correlating aeolian deposits with coeval marine facies, sequence stratigraphic interpretations for arid coastal successions are debated and lack a unifying model. The Pennsylvanian record of northern Wyoming, USA, consisting of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate sequences deposited in arid, subtropical conditions, provides an ideal opportunity to study linkages between such environments. Detailed facies models and sequence stratigraphic frameworks were developed for the Ranchester Limestone Member (Amsden Formation) and Tensleep Formation by integrating data from 16 measured sections across the eastern side of the Bighorn Basin with new conodont biostratigraphic data. The basal Ranchester Limestone Member consists of dolomite interbedded with thin shale layers, interpreted to represent alternating deposition in shallow marine (fossiliferous dolomite) and supratidal (cherty dolomite) settings, interspersed with periods of exposure (pedogenically modified dolomites and shales). The upper Ranchester Limestone Member consists of purple shales, siltstones, dolomicrites and bimodally cross‐bedded sandstones in the northern part of the basin, interpreted as deposits of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate tidal flats. The Tensleep Formation is characterized by thick (3 to 15 m) aeolian sandstones interbedded with peritidal heteroliths and marine dolomites, indicating cycles of erg accumulation, preservation and flooding. Marine carbonates are unconformably overlain by peritidal deposits and/or aeolian sandstones interpreted as lowstand systems tract deposits. Marine transgression was often accompanied by the generation of sharp supersurfaces. Lags and peritidal heteroliths were deposited during early stages of transgression. Late transgressive systems tract fossiliferous carbonates overlie supersurfaces. Highstand systems tract deposits are lacking, either due to non‐deposition or post‐depositional erosion. The magnitude of inferred relative sea‐level fluctuations (>19 m), estimated by comparison with analogous modern settings, is similar to estimates from coeval palaeotropical records. This study demonstrates that sequence stratigraphic terminology can be extended to coastal ergs interacting with marine environments, and offers insights into the dynamics of subtropical environments.     

珠江口盆地东部珠江组层序岩相古地理特征

在层序地层学和沉积学理论指导下,以油气勘探为目标,根据岩芯观察、岩石薄片鉴定分析、测井资料、地震资料,确定珠江口盆地（东部）珠江组主要发育：（1）碎屑岩沉积体系一三角洲、滨岸和浅海相;（2）碳酸盐岩沉积体系一开阔台地、台地边缘及台地前缘斜坡相。通过暴露标志、岩性岩相组合、生物组合及测井为主的层序界面识别,将珠江组划分为4个三级层序。在此基础上,对珠江口盆地（东部）珠江组取三级层序体系域或三级层序为成图单元,进行层序岩相古地理编图,详细探讨了珠江口盆地（东部）珠江组古地理特征及演化。结合各相带储集物性特征,认为珠江组SQ1-HST、SQ2-HST及SQ3晚期形成的台缘、台内礁滩沉积是寻找有利储集层的重要储集相带。     

泰国呵叻盆地二叠系Pha Nok Khao组碳酸盐岩沉积相特征

通过研究区3口钻井岩芯、测井、录井资料分析,结合薄片鉴定、阴极发光、X衍射、同位素及微量元素分析等分析手段,对呵叻盆地二叠系碳酸盐岩沉积相发育特征及沉积模式进行了系统分析。研究表明,呵叻盆地二叠系Pha Nok Khao组发育缓坡型无障壁碳酸盐台地沉积,研究区位于碳酸盐台地前缘斜坡部位,以海水浪基面为界,可划分为台地前缘浅水斜坡亚相及较深水斜坡亚相。浅水斜坡亚相指示沉积环境为位于浪基面以下或附近、水动力弱、弱还原-弱氧化的台地前缘斜坡环境;较深水斜坡亚相组合指示沉积环境为位于浪基面以下、水体较深、水动力弱、弱还原-中等还原的前缘斜坡环境。整体来看,研究区二叠系碳酸盐岩沉积时期主要为水体较深、水动力弱、垂向上沉积环境稳定的低能环境沉积。该沉积环境不利于形成良好的基质孔隙条件,有利储层发育主要取决于碳酸盐岩地层后期改造程度。     

滦平盆地大北沟组—大店子组沉积和地层格架及陆相层型意义

依据大量实测剖面资料初步建立了滦平盆地侏罗－白垩系大北沟－大店子组地层格架,证明盆地在两组沉积期为西南高、东北低的簸箕形,两组地层从西南向东北在地层厚度、沉积旋回组成、相序与环境和标志层的分布等方面均发生规律性变化。地层格架不仅有助于研究盆地形成演化、构造应力条件和火山活动,而且可以确定盆地沉降中心,确定建立地层层型的候选剖面。位于盆地沉降中心的张家沟剖面大北沟组－大店子组以扇三角洲前缘半深湖－深湖相深水沉积为主,由5个完整的沉积旋回（SDC）组成。旋回沉积相序大北沟组由滨浅湖相－前扇三角洲半深湖、深湖相－扇三角洲前缘相构成;大店子组明显水体加深,沉积环境相对单一,地层厚度增大,旋回相序由半深湖、深湖相泥页岩、粉砂岩夹砂岩组成,部分层位为扇三角洲前缘的砂、砾岩层。两组沉积较厚,达665m。并且排除了其它剖面上“蜂窝梁砾岩”（辫状河道－分流河道砾岩）对下伏层侵蚀造成的大北沟组顶部沉积间断,以及“玄武安山岩”喷发活动造成的大店子组顶部地层缺失。张家沟剖面沉积连续、暴露完全、化石极为丰富,是建立侏罗－白垩系临界阶陆相层型的研究界线划分的理想剖面。     

Siliciclastic deposit of the Nahr Umr Formation, sedimentological and depositional environment studies, central and southern Iraq

The depositional facies and environments were unraveling by studying 21 subsurface sections from ten oilfields in the central and southern Iraq and a large number of thin sections of the Nahr Umr (siliciclastic deposit) Formation (Albian). This formation is mainly composed of sandstone interlaminated with minor siltstone and shale, with occurrence of thin limestone beds. Nahr Umr Formation is subdivided into three lithostratigraphic units of variable thicknesses on the basis of lithological variations and log characters. Mineralogically and texturally, mature quartz arenite and sandstones are the common type of the Nahr Umr Formation. The sandstones are cemented by silica and calcite material and have had a complex digenetic history. Compaction, dissolution, and replacements are the main diagenetic processes. Prodelta, distal bar, distributary mouth bar, distributary channel, over bank, and tidal channel are the main depositional environments recognized for the Nahr Umr Formation, within the studied wells. This formation was deposited in shallow marine and fluvial–deltaic environments and exhibit progradational succession of facies. Eight sedimentary facies that have been identified in the Nahr Umr Formation include claystone lithofacies, claystone siltstone lithofacies, lenticular-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, wavy-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, flaser-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, parallel and cross lamination sandstone lithofacies, trough cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies, and planar cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies. The depositional model of the Nahr Umr Formation environment was built based on the lithofacies association concepts.     

重庆地区晚二叠世煤系层序地层与聚煤作用

重庆地区上二叠统包括龙潭组/吴家坪组和长兴组,主要发育海陆过渡相(海湾-泻湖-潮坪)及浅海碳酸盐沉积,其中龙潭组和吴家坪组为同期异相沉积。通过对区内钻井剖面及露头剖面的分析,在本区上二叠统中识别出区域性构造不整合面和沉积相转换面等地层界面,并将上二叠统划分为2个三级层序。基于近海煤盆地的背景,研究区厚煤层常靠近初始海泛面发育。总体来看,近海含煤盆地三级层序以海侵体系域聚煤最好。      

黔北-川东南志留系层序格架下的沉积体系演化特征及有利区带预测

黔北—川东南志留系受加里东运动抬升剥蚀仅残留中、下统地层,通过大量钻井及野外露头资料的沉积学研究,应用层序地层学方法,划分出8个三级层序,其中下志留统龙马溪组2个（SSQ1~SSQ2）,石牛栏组或小河坝组2个（SSQ3~SSQ4）,中下志留统韩家店组4个（SSQ5~SSQ8）,识别出三角洲、陆棚、碳酸盐台地3类沉积体系,在等时地层格架中探讨了各沉积体系特征及其平面展布。通过层序地层划分对比及有利沉积相带研究,指出了两类有利储集层:一类为台地浅滩相和台地前缘斜坡相礁滩型生物灰岩、颗粒灰岩储层,主要发育于石牛栏期三级层序SSQ3和SSQ4的高位体系域,纵向上分布于石牛栏组中、上部,横向上分布于研究区南部叙永—习水—观音桥一带;另一类为浅水陆棚碎屑岩储层,主要发育于小河坝期三级层序SSQ4高水位体系域,横向上分布于南川—石柱—利川等地。     

鄂西北上震旦统灯影组沉积相及构造古地理

湖北省丹江口、谷城、郧县及邻区河南浙川等地广泛分布的灯影组碳酸盐岩,几乎均系较深水或深水环境下的产物。按照沉积作用特征将其分为6种成因类型,即重力流沉积、滑坡滑塌沉积、较深水静水沉积)。浅水机械沉积和生物沉积（藻）碳酸盐岩及少量陆源碎屑岩。它们组成了5种不同的剖面结构（岩相序列）。根据各种类型剖面的空间分布对灯影期沉积古地理进行了恢复。该区在灯影期系一总体呈北西向延伸的被动大陆边缘,西北部发育藻礁沉积,推测北部淅川附近存在碳酸盐水下高地。     

鲁西南地区官庄群沉积特征与沉积环境分析

鲁西南地区上白垩统—始新统主要发育官庄群,前人对该群的研究大多集中于地层归属年代的划分上,而对于沉积环境的分析涉及较少。本文主要运用岩石学、沉积地球化学方法对鲁西南地区平邑盆地广阜庄-挑沟剖面地层沉积特征及沉积环境演化进行了研究。结果表明:官庄群的固城组为陆相河湖碎屑岩沉积,卞桥组为浅湖碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩沉积,常路组以滨浅湖碳酸盐岩沉积为主,朱家沟组为一套山麓洪积扇沉积;卞桥组和常路组碳酸盐岩总体属于高盐度、强蒸发的陆相咸化湖泊环境沉积产物;官庄群沉积旋回的发育主要受蒙山断裂的多期次活动及古气候条件控制。     

Facies associations of the Bathonian Hamam Formation from Northwestern Jordan

Two stratigraphic sections of the Hamam Formation (Bathonian Stage, Middle Jurassic) exposed in the western part of Wadi Zarqa region, northwestern Jordan, are described and interpreted on the basis of palynoflora and facies analysis in order to reconstruct their depositional environments and sequence stratigraphic framework, which not discussed before. Five facies associations have been identified in the Hamam Formation characterized by a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic ramp setting, ranging from incised fluvial valley fill facies, beach foreshore restricted inner ramp to high-energy shoals and mid-ramp settings. The palynoflora includes well-preserved miospore assemblages which are recorded only from the incised fluvial valley fill facies for the first time and yielded 64 miospore species belonging to 40 genera. Most of these taxa are long-ranging and have been reported from Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks worldwide, except Callialasporites dampieri, Murospora florida, Granulatisporites jurassicus, Piceites expositus, Pityosporites parvisaccatus, Leptolepidites verrucatus, and Protopinus scanicus which have short ranges in the Middle Jurassic. Furthermore, these rocks are rich in shallow-marine Neo-Tethys macro-invertebrates supporting a Bathonian age. Two third-order depositional sequences bounded by three regional unconformities at the Bajocian–Bathonian and Bathonian–Callovian stage boundaries as well as within the Bathonian are defined based upon facies characteristics and stratal geometries. A regional correlation of sequence boundaries of similar age indicates that they are eustatic in origin.     

川西北若尔盖一带三叠系层序及沉积环境分析

川西北地区三叠系广泛发育，其地层层序及岩性特征与相邻的西秦岭南部一带十分相似。根据若尔盖—南坪实测地层剖面资料的对比研究，将该区三叠系划分为：中三叠统光盖山组和上三叠统咀朗组、纳鲁组、卡车组４个岩石地层单位。通过沉积相标志的综合分析，该区中—晚三叠世时期主要有以下几种沉积类型：碳酸盐岩碎屑流沉积，等深流沉积，陆源碎屑浊流沉积，非重力流正常深海盆碳酸盐岩及碎屑岩沉积。表明该区为大陆斜坡至深海盆地环境     

珠江口盆地惠州凹陷南部珠江组混合沉积作用

珠江口盆地惠州凹陷南部珠江组下部广泛发育陆源碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩的混合沉积。通过测井、地震和岩心等资料综合研究了工区混合沉积的岩石学特征、沉积模式和分布规律。研究认为工区混合沉积可分为相缘混合和原地混合,相缘混合主要是在浅海三角洲相和碳酸盐岩台地相边界的结合部位、在低能水动力环境下的细粒陆源碎屑与泥晶碳酸盐的混合沉积,原地混合主要是在三角洲前缘高能水动力条件下的砂级硅质碎屑颗粒与碳酸盐生物碎屑的混合沉积。原地混合沉积对储层的储集性能和渗流特征有显著影响。描述了原地混合沉积的泥岩—碳酸盐岩—砂岩—碳酸盐岩—泥岩相层序,并讨论了陆源碎屑注入、古地形、海平面升降及三角洲迁移等影响透光带范围的因素是如何控制研究区的混合沉积分布的。     

川北前陆盆地上三叠统须家河组陆相层序地层

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